On the ridge that passes through the south side of the township, the Huron sites, like most others in Huronia, are on the northwest side of the ridge, presumably through dread of the depredations and forays of the relentless Iroquois. With their native caution, the Hurons feared to show even the smoke of their villages to their long-standing enemy, the thick woods being no protection against the quick sight of the Iroquois when looking from one hill to another in search of signs of the quarry, especially in the severer season of the year when the foliage was wanting, and camp fires

were more numerous.

The higher branch of this ridge in southeast Flos had no outlet across the wide swamps southward, and so the Hurons frequented it less than they probably would have done if it had ready access in summer at both ends. But on the other hand, as it afforded a shelter at its south face on that very account, there are a few sites there, besides the chain of sites along its north end, where the great trail to the Tobacco Nation touched it. The ridge in east Flos lay in the course of this great trail, and was plentifully dotted with sites.

The question as to the frequency of French relics, and the solution afforded by the sites of Flos, furnish evidences of Huron migration similar to that found in the townships formerly examined. Deducting from the 43 sites, six (viz., Nos. 7 and 13-17 inclusive), which I conclude were distinctly Pre-Huron, without signs of being overrun by Indians of the Huron tribes, we get 37 sites that belonged to Hurons, in all probability. Thirteen of the 37 sites yield French relics in small quantities, or 35 per cent. of the whole. In "Upper" Flos, i.e., the high ground of the ridge in the east of the township, the farmers find occasional iron relics of the early French, especially near the great Tobacco trail; but these are by no means so plentiful as on the hills north of Orr Lake. The obvious conclusion from this is that the more southerly of the two ridges was abandoned by the Hurons early in the historic period. In Champlain's time, the Hurons probably inhabited it, but soon afterward withdrew into the more sheltered or more secluded part of the territory farther north.

In the case of nearly every village site in the list, pottery fragments are found abundantly where the camps stood. In fact, this is one of the main features in determining where there was a village site. Accordingly it will be unnecessary to mention the circumstance of finding these common relics everywhere, but exceptions to the rule will be given in the notes. I have also varied the method followed for townships formerly examined and described in the earlier publications. By placing the ordinary statistics of the village sites, more particularly those of the lot and concession of each, the owners' names, etc., in tabular form, and placing only special features in the descriptive notes, the work, it is hoped, will be rendered more convenient. The numbering of the sites begins, as in the earlier lists,, at the northwest corner of the township, and passes to the southeast corner.

INDIAN BURIALS IN FLOS.

For this township there are six Huron bonepits reported, viz., at Nos. 9, 20, 22, 24, 29 and 36. It is worthy of note, and has a certain amount of significance, that in no case has a second bonepit been found, as is sometimes the case elsewhere in the Huron territory.

Patches of single graves or individual burials occur at two sites, viz., Nos. 39 and 42, which is fewer than in townships hitherto examined further east. This may be taken to signify that only a few of the sites in Flos were

those of Algonquin-speaking tribes, who generally adopted the practice of burying in single graves. It is clear that the burials were mostly those of Hurons who, as a rule, adopted the scaffold and bonepit mode of burial.

EARLY INDIAN TRAILS IN FLOS.

The main trail through Huronia from northwest to southeast passed across the northeast corner of Flos, coming out of Medonte. (See Report on Medonte.)

Across the northwest corner of the township, near Marl Lake, there was a trail of considerable importance passing from the Bear Nation, in Tiny Township, to the Tobacco Nation. From the occasional sites and relics. found along its course, it would appear to have passed just within the range of sand hills through Southern Tiny, and near the outlet of the Nottawasaga River. The smooth sand beach may also have been utilized for transit in those days, as it has been in our own times. The trail was doubtless the' one used by the Jesuit missionaries when passing to and fro, on their travels to the Tobacco Nation.

In the south side of the township, there was a great trail leading from "Upper" Flos, also to the Tobacco Nation. This ran from the Attignenonacs, who were located in Medonte township, while the one just mentioned as situated near Marl Lake, ran from the Bear Nation in Tiny. This Huron trail upon the southern ridge of the township, passed along its northerly edge, a position more significant than it may at first sight appear to be It corresponds with the placing of so many sites on the northerly edges of the ridges in all the townships, that is, on the side from the direction in which the Iroquois lived. The harassings had their due effect upon the Hurons' choice of position for the trails upon the "shady" side of the ridges. As the narrowing valley or estuary of Marl Creek runs up from the south, quite as far north as the 3rd line, the trail in question evidently crossed the creek somewhere north of that line. As well as for keeping out of sight of the Iroquois, the Hurons must have deviated to the north here also, on account of the fishing and hunting advantages of the Phelpston Marsh. As in most other cases where popular traditions of the positions of the trails support the archaeological evidence, so in the case of this trail there is the double evidence to support it. Old John Kenice, the first chief by popular election of the Rama band, (deceased, May 28, 1902), used to make occasional visits for fishing to the "Big Dump," (i.e., log slide), on the Nottawasaga River. He was reported as saying that the early Indians of the Dry Hills in the east had a trail across the south part of Flos to the Indians living along the Blue Mountains in the West, (i.e., the Petuns, or Tobacco Nation), and that the trail passed near the Phelpston bonepit. (See site No. 9.) He was thus relating a tradition of his tribe as to the existence of the trail. Old Kenice and his family, on their way to the Nottawasaga River, passed along what was substantially the same trail or its modern equivalent, (viz., the 4th line), and they used to camp at the foot of the hill east of Fergusonvale, at the edge of the high ground. His mode of travelling was by horse-team and waggon, seemingly to us an up to-date way for an Ojibway, but not the way the Hurons and ancient "Tobacconists" travelled over the same trail in the seventeenth century, nor even their instructors, the Jesuits. They all,-modern as well as ancient,-followed the same trail. That part of Sunnidale which this trail crossed has several village sites, and in it many single relics are also found, the latter doubtless dropped by the Indians en route, especially the stone axes and chisels.

Various evidences exist of another trail, viz., from the high ground of "Upper" Flos, to Cranberry Lake or Marsh in Tiny township. It was less significant than the others, and scarcely deserves to be put in the same class with the great Tobacco Nation trails. It would probably not be one of those followed by Champlain in 1615-6. The evidences of its existence consist chiefly in (1) isolated Indian relics, which are found along its course; (2) a village site (No. 19) beside it, at a place where the trail appeared to fork, and (3) the occurrence of an Indian trail down to modern times, along the line of which the early white settlers opened a bush road. There was a ridge of but slight elevation through the N. half of lot No. 9. concession 9, on which a hardwood bush afforded a convenient passage for this trail, while on both sides of it there was swampy ground.

The letters O.S., after a concession number, denote "Old Survey," and N.S.,

F.

F.

F.

Gavin Turner
Orsen J. Phelps.

John O'Hara

F.

Edward O'Hara.

Arthur Peacock..

F.

NOTES ON VILLAGE SITES OF FLOS.

No. 1. This is at the mouth of the Nottawasaga, on the south bank of the river. When the late John Van Vlack lived here, he found numerous Indian relics in his garden. On the opposite point or bar between the river and the bay, there was once an old trading post, and the river banks hereabout would naturally be the camping ground for the Indians while trading. The remains of this trading post are indicated on a MS. map of a survey for the Northern Railway in the year 1836, the projected terminus of the railway having been at the mouth of this river. This was the first survey ever made for a railway in Canada, yet another route was subsequently adopted. There have been rapid changes in the shape of the ground on the bar, owing to the effects of the winds upon the sand and the work of the river's current, so that it might now be difficult to show the spot where the post stood. The MS. map is preserved, along with many other documents relating to the survey, in the Toronto Public Library. The Indian relics found at this site indicate the presence of some Indians who camped here before the period of white

men.

No. 2. At the west side of Marl Lake, which is now partly drained. This appears to have been a frequent rendezvous of the early or prehistoric peoples, as well as of the Hurons. When this was the homestead of the late Walter Little, who was the first to settle here in 1880 and remove the forest, different members of his family found quantities of pottery fragments and other relics south of their dwelling house. Among these relics, two stone roller pestles and a large spear head of light colored chert indicated the presence of a people who lived here anterior to the Hurons of the historic period; while some clay pipes of well known patterns and an iron axe of French make showed that it had been, at a later period, a fishing village of the Hurons near the lake.

No. 3. There is a small stream near this site, flowing into the Nottawasaga River a short distance to the north. The Indian village that once stood here may have been a waterside village on the shore of the ancient inland lake of which Jack's lake is the remnant, its situation being at the place where the Nottawasaga entered the lake. The flat land which is flooded in springtime approaches the site.

No. 4. The most noteworthy feature of this site, is the abundance of stone axes and chisels found in its vicinity.

No. 5. This site is what is locally known as the "Big Dump," i. e., log-slide, and numerous relics of the usual kinds have been found at it. It is situated at the head of the flat ground of the river, where the Nottawasaga emptied into the earlier lake expansion, and having this position it is significant. Modern Ojibway Indians in considerable numbers formerly camped here to fish on the river.

No. 6. On a sandy knoll at the southwest corner of the farm, with clay plains in its neighborhood. Much of the flat land hereabout consists of a stiff, brownish clay. The site was not extensive, evidently consisting of only a few camps, which were almost surrounded by shallow ravines. The late James Trace, who settled here in 1876, found various relics, including a stone pipe with two bowls.

No. 7. A pre-Huron site on the north side of the Phelpston Marsh. There is a drop in the land, or low cliff, of some four or five feet in height along the margin of the marsh, and this cliff was evidently the shore of a former inland lake. A few rods from the margin, the relics were found, including a stone gouge. Its location is where the old margin takes a long