only which he has failed to make ; and the punishment should follow ame proportion. When a father sushis son of an offence, what is his e, but to counsel the boy not to aggrait by falsehood? He entreats him to ss his fault, and it shall then be either ven, or its punishment mitigated. e, on the other hand, he warns him of everity of the punishment which awaits if falsehood be added to the offence. in English criminal procedure, who t be wished to act the part of a r to an accused person, so far from selling him to acknowledge his guilt, ses him, on the other hand, to with. 7 his plea of guilty, if he has made it, to say nothing which may tend to his adice in the minds of the jury. The e, instead of taking the cause, as might xpected, neither of the prosecutor nor e prisoner, but of truth and justice, to d his mind to sift the evidence, and t facts, for the purpose either of clearor of convicting the prisoner, as such 3 may turn out to require, at once takes with the prisoner against the proser; presumes, contrary to every probaty, the innocence of the accused, and falsehood of the accusation, where leaning on either side ought to be adted. So contrary is legal wisdom and rcy to every procedure which plain unsophisticated minds, if left to themes, would follow.

Such are the leading views which reflecon our subject has suggested. There other parts of it which well deserve sideration, but which our limits at pret do not allow of pursuing. June, 1834.

J. S. E.

OURNAL OF A SUMMER'S EXCURSION BY THE ROAD OF MONTECASINO TO NAPLES, AND FROM THENCE OVER ALL THE SOUTHERN PARTS OF ITALY, SICILY, AND MALTA, IN THE YEAR MDCCLXXII. By the late Sir WILLIAM YOUNG, Bart. F.R.S. a prefatory address, the writer says, Travelling through a part of Italy visited by few, and described by none, I ought it incumbent on me to take such tes as might thereafter give an adequate ea of the state and face of the country to curious of my friends and acquaintance. render the narrative less dry, I have erspersed several classical remarks and otations, and, for the sake of my female quaintance, I have regularly and literally nslated them.

"In the progress of the same tour, I visited

the islands of Sicily and Malta; these, indeed, are countries better known, and yet, on comparing this account with others, I cannot deem it so wholly devoid of novelty as not to give some little information, with a little entertainment.

"These few pages, the wild offspring of often a fatigued, often a distempered brain, are not to be more severely scrutinized than a social conversation, for, when I arrived at my evening stage, I retired, to relate to my friend the state of the day; and the following pages are simply copied from those genuine papers."

The original manuscript was interspersed with various sketches of interesting sports and antiquities. But that journal was lost long before the author died; and the copy, from whence this abstract is taken, was burnt with other property, belonging to the last surviving sister of Sir William, in a fire about two years ago.

It is rather remarkable, that a very valuable manuscript journal, with beautiful drawings of objects and scenes in the West Indies, by the same hand, met a similar fate.

The following particulars of the author are here given, as no biography of him has hitherto appeared.

William, the eldest son of Sir William Young of Délafonde, in the county of Bucks, by Elizabeth the only child of Dr. Brook Taylor, the friend of Newton, was born at Chalton House near Canterbury, Nov. 30, 1750. From Eton he went to Clare Hall, Cambridge; but soon left that seat of learning for University College, Oxford, where he had the present Lord Stowell for his tutor. In 1772 he travelled with the late Marquis of Buckingham, then Mr. Grenville, and accompanied by the celebrated John Brown of Edinburgh, the landscape painter. In 1786, Mr. Young was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society; and in 1788 he succeeded to the baronetcy by the death of his father, who was governor, and almost sole proprietor, of the island of St. Vincent. During the American war, the author served in the Buckingshire militia; and in the French revolutionary war, he commanded the yeomanry of that county. In 1784 he was returned to parliament for St. Mawes, but afterwards he sat for the town of Buckingham. In 1807 he was appointed governor and captain general of Tobago, where he died in January, 1815. He was twice married, and by his first lady, the daughter of Charles Lawrence, Esq., of Cowley near Uxbridge, he had six children, four sons and two daughters; but by his second wife, a relative of the marchioness of Buckingham, he left no issue. Sir

William Young was an accomplished scholar, a finished gentleman, and a sincere Christian. The inhabitants of Tobago, in gratitude for the benefits derived from his government, erected a noble monument to his memory. He published several tracts on political subjects, particularly the Poor Laws, and he revised the manuscript of Bryan Edwards's History of the West Indies. But the work by which he is best known is "The History of Athens," published first with the title of "the Spirit of Athens," in 1777 and, lastly with the portrait of the author, in 1804. He also printed a few copies of a memoir of his grandfather, Dr. Brook Taylor, with the correspondence and some posthumous pieces of that great mathematician.

rious eye.

"About four in the afternoon we arrived at Pilestrina, better known by its ancient name Præneste. It is placed on the extreme point of a branch of the Apennines shooting forth into a most extensive and highly cultivated plain. This peculiarity of situation makes it a most beautiful point of view for many miles; and in return regales it with prospects as various as extensive; at the same time its altitude and want of shelter lay it open to the Tramontane winds, which, rushing from the snowy summits of the Apennines, cool even the glowing cheek of summer.

Seu mihi frigidum Præneste,

The modern town is still replete with vestiges of its ancient grandeur. Near the centre of the town are the remains of five ancient columns, the capitals of four them, of a fine Composite order; and little above is a piece of ancient wall, with two very rich Corinthian pilasters; and over the whole place are scattered many frag ments and remains of antiquity; but by much the most remarkable are those of the famous temple (of Fortuna Primogenita: says Silius Italicus:

Præneste sanctified by the hallowed moant of Fortum "Sacrisque dicatum Fortuna Præneste jugis."

Trace the remains of this temple, and they will be found very well to coincide with the expression "jugis;" for, indeed, the whole side of the mountain must have been hallowed ground. Four terraces were raised, one above the other, on the declivity of the mountain, the lowest terrace being the longest, the next shorter, and thus on pyramidically to the vertex, where stood the high fane of the goddess. These ter races were faced with walls of about thirty feet altitude of diverse matter and deco ration; the lowermost is of brick, orna mented with niches; the second wall is perforated with arches, adorned with pi lasters; the third is of the opus reticulatum, or net-work, and bears the appearance of having been incrusted; the fourth and last, of which there are many remains, is of hewn stone. It was in this temple, as we learn from Pliny, that the mosaic pave ment was first made use of. "Lithostrata pavimenta captivere jam sub Sylla par vulis certe. Crustis extat hodieque quod in Fortunæ delubro Præneste fecit."

Kingdom of Naples, Monte Casino, April 31. The cock just hailed the dawn, the sky was grey, the divers objects of the vast plain below half glimmered to the sight, when we descended from Præneste. Our road lay through a country most beautifully

Quis timet aut timuit gelidâ Præneste ruinam?

On "cold Præneste's" dreary rock. This, as well as most other places, is fond of throwing its antiquitiy back as far as the Trojan war: some say it was founded by Prænestus, son of Ulysses and Circe; Plutarch says, by another son called Telegonus, who built and named the place Пpivisos, which the barbarism of vulgar pronunciation gradually drew into Præneste. Virgil gives the honour of founder to one Cæculus.

"Nec Prænestinæ fundator definit urbis
Vulcano gentium pecora inter agrestia Regem
Inventumque focis, omnis quem credidit ætas,
Cæculus.'

And great Præneste's founder, Cæculus
Who sprang from Vulcau, rul'd the rustic tribe.

twisted and winding amidst cloud-capped, mountains. The richness of soil and cultivation in these bottoms was beyond idea; and what seemed most surprising, through a vast tract of these luxuriantly laboured vales, not a house, scarcely a hut, was to be seen. The country people, fearful of the bad air occasioned by the stagnated water, pent up vapours, and strong exha lations in these deep valleys, flock to small towns placed on the declivity of the hills. It was observable, with respect to the pea sants, that the women went barefoot, while the men were all well and cleanly shod. They seemed a happy, honest, hard-working people; nor could there be a better

proof of it, than that we met not with a beggar during the whole journey; whereas, on the high roads of Italy, a traveller is greeted with the moan of half the village, every post you arrive at.

The second day, late in the evening, we arrived at Casino; near it are some few fragments of a temple, and small amphitheatre. Twelve years ago a stone was found there, and is now deposited in the convent of Mount Casino, with this inscrip

tion :

Ummidia C. T. Quadratilla Amphitheatrum et Templum Cassinatitus sua pecunia fecit."

From the little town of Casino, you have three miles of very steep ascent to the convent of that name. We delivered our letter of recommendation, when one of the order very politely offered us his services. The convent is of vast extent; its church is very large, and richly encrusted with the most precious stones and marbles; but both the architecture and incrustation are of the worst taste. It possesses several good pictures, chiefly of the Neapolitan school; of which the finest is a large picture over the great door, representing the sanctification of Saint Benedetto, the founder, by Luca Giordano. In the refectory is a most noble and large picture of the miracle of loaves and fishes by Bassan; and in the private apartments of the convent, among several other good oid pictures, is a fine Holy Family by Raffaele. In the library is a chair, quite perfect, of Oriental red marble, of most excellent workmanship, said to be of the time of Augustus. This is supposed to be one of the richest and most powerful convents in Italy.

A word with respect to its institution. The community consists of near eighty religious persons, all of noble birth, and a father abbe, whose office endureth six years; at the end of which he returns to a private station in the order, and another is then chosen in his room. The superior is, by his office, first baron of the kingdom of Naples; and if honour should attend power and riches, pre-eminence of place is justly his, for the convent numbers from the lofty pinnacle where it stands, six and thirtyvillages, which, with the adjacent lands, belong to them, and are subject to their feudal jurisdiction in its greatest extent, besides various possessions in Calabria and other parts of Italy. They are obliged by their institution to hospitality; every traveller, poor or rich, having a claim to bed and board for three days, in a style of magnificence and accommodation according to his rank.

We dined in a private apartment, with the father who shewed us the convent: our dinner consisted of nine dishes, of most excellent cookery. Voluptuous anchorets! every kind of trade, recommended by necessity or pleasure, is carried on within their walls. Last carnival, I am informed, they had music here to divert them with operas. They go any where within the limits of Italy, whenever they choose; for they are in nothing restricted, as in other orders; they hunt, they shoot, indeed, what do they not do? There were but thirty religious of the eighty at the convent, when I visited it. Going up to the convent, I was desired to observe an impression in the rock, made by the knee of Saint Benedetto, when he said his intaglio of a knee, but must own was disprayers there. I expected a most perfect appointed. By-the-bye, these reverend lords being obliged to entertain all who choose to honour them with their company, have taken care to render the passage through their domain so difficult, as to obviate any temptation their good cheer might offer, More pains indeed are taken here to destroy the roads than in any other part of Italy to mend them.

Ariano, May 13th.

The seventh day we arrived at Naples: a few days afterwards Mr. T— joining us, we engaged a muleteer, and immediately set forward towards Apulia; a horse falling sick the first day, we, only made sixteen miles through a very rich flat country. The cultivation might, in some parts, be termed even triple; fruit - trees, supporting festoons of vines, afforded in this climate a by no means noxious shade to various sorts of grain. To obviate any accident to their fruit-trees, they substitute the hoe to the ploughshare, and turn the furrow by manual labour; the men and women promiscuously working in the field: the severest toils of agriculture being in this country common to both sexes.

The second day we passed Avellino, anciently called Avellinum. It is no despicable town, and the approach to it through a long avenue of exceedingly large poplars is most noble: it is situated in a bottom, surrounded by very high mountains, covered with woods. We dined there, and the same evening reached Mirabella, having passed a rich mountainous country, and very populous, if one may judge from the number of the villages, no single house being to be seen. At daybreak, leaving Mirabella, we still continued mounting and descending the ridges of the

Apennines, abounding much in corn, little in cattle the prospect was every where on a vast and striking scale, highly contrasted with hill and dale, of which not a spot escapes the vigilance of the countryman, save now and then a towering snow-clad rock, which, raising its huge head into the seventh heaven, seemed to disdain all commerce with men. The rivers here are by no means either so profitable or ornamented as in tamer plain countries; they are either impassable torrents which lay waste the country, or mere beds of gravel, according to the accidents of weather and

season.

In the evening we arrived at Arriano, the ancient Ara Jani, situated on the pinnacle of an exceeding high mountain. It is an extensive town, of a most snigular appearance, from the grottoes formed in the side of the hill, and rising in rows one above another, which being fortified with doors, make tolerable dwellings for the poorer inhabitants. Nine miles to the south of Arriano is the famous lake of Ansanto, of which Virgil speaks :—

Est locus, Italiæ in medio sub montibus altis,
Nobilis, et fama multis memoratus in oris,
Amsanati valles: densis hunc frondibus atrum
Urget utrumque latus nemoris, medioque fragorus
Dat sonitum saxis et torto vertice torrens.

A spot there is i' the midst of Italy
Shaded by the Apennines' huge top, and known
And fam'd through distant lands, Ampsanctus'vale:
On either side impends a gloomy grove,
In th' midst a torrent dashing from above,
Rolls with deep murmurs thro' the rocky vale.

Foggia, May 16, 1772. Fifteen miles from Arriano commences the large forest of Bovino, set apart for the chace of his Sicilian majesty; leaving which we entered on a hilly down of rich pasture, from whose brow, at thirty miles distance, we had a fine prospect of the Adriatic, looking over an immense vale, beautifully checkered with corn, pastur. age, and villages. Nearly in the centre of this plain stands Foggia, a pretty provincial town, containing some few gentry. On our arrival, finding a fair there, said to be the greatest in the kingdom for live-stock of all kinds, we determined to stay a day or two. The cattle were not very numerous, small, and out of order: the horses have in general the happy quality of vice without spirit. From Foggia towards the sea you look on the towering mount Gargano, not a little noted in Italy for its chapel and grotto of I forget what saint; stretching into the sea, it forms the great gulf of Manfredonia, so Virgil:

Appulus Adriacus exit Garganus in undas.

It stands solitary and aloof from the other mountains which border this plain; oper alone, exposed: hence it is a striking and well-chosen descriptive circumstance of a stormy season, that

Querceta Gargani laborant.
Garganus labours now with all his oaks.
Molfata, May 19.

What a vast, what a level plain! miles and miles have we travelled over, and the horizon seemed to fly before our horses' heads! At thirty miles' distance from Foggia we found a single house, with no other accommodation than dirty straw. The next morning we continued our journey over the plain, an immense down, spotted here and there with acres of various kinds of grain, and eight miles from our last rest we arrived at and crossed the Ofanto, better known by the ancient, name of Aufidus. Spite, however, of the poets, the river, when we passed it, was but a lame and muddy stream: yet Horace says,

Sic tauriformis volvitur Aufidus,
Qui Regna Dauni præfluit Appuli,
Cum sævit, horrendemque culti
Diluviem meditatur agris.

And thus the horned Aufidus doth roll,

Where thro' Appulian Daunus' realm he pours, When rushing from his boist'rous source he threats A dreadful deluge to the laboured field.

And, again,

Cum ripa semel avolsos ferat Aufidus acer.
Snatch'd with the moulder'd bank away,
Of rapid Aufidus the prey.

The truth is, that rivers in this country may come under any predicament according to circumstances of season. Having passed this famous river, we entered on the memorable field of Cannæ, the most level, and forming part of the most extensive plain ever beheld. It was here that, in the second Punic war, Hannibal routed and destroyed almost the whole Roman army under the command of Terentius Varro.

Four miles from the Aufidus we reached Barletta, anciently called Barduli; a well-built sea - port town, formerly tolerably fortified; but the walls are now in ruin, and nothing in decent repair but the castle. There seems to be but bad riding for vessels of burden, and even small boats are much exposed. In the market there is an antique colossal imperatorial statue, but not of fine workmanship.

From Barletta we reached Trani, likewise a maritime town. It carries its antiquity as far back as the Trojan war, claiming Tyrannus the son of Diomede for its founder, who called it Tyrannum. Trajan rebuilt and augmented it: and from that

waves.

for brevity's sake it was afterwards called

Trajani, and at present Trani. The same day we passed another maritime town, called Biscelio, and from Biscelio late in the evening arrived at Molfata. The country we passed between Barletta and Molfata was exceedingly rich in various sorts of corn, and vines, almond, pomegranate, and olive-trees, being at random distances, and reared in the same field with the barley and wheat.-I never saw any thing which so much resembled the antique accuracy in building as in these small maritime towns, They are built of a kind of hard stone, or rather bastard marble than stone, so well and truly fitted together, that there is almost room to doubt whether they make use of any cement. The houses, however, are as nasty and inconvenient within as they appear handsome and well-built from without. The road from Naples, as far as Barletta, is very good, for which the public is obliged to the king's taking the chace of Bovino; as it is obliged, for the road from Naples to Rome, to his majesty's being married.-Kings in these regions are not kings of the people, but the people are the people of the kings.

Bari, May 20.

our

Scarcely had the sun appeared from the mountain's top when we renewed our journey. The country was in the same richness of cultivation as that we passed on the preceding day; but the road was most insufferably bad: more than once crazy equipage failed, when, being obliged to descend, we were well soused by the rain, which fell in torrents. I could not help thinking of Horace, who, in the account of his journey into these parts, complains much of the like impediments: Inde Rubos fessi pervenimus: utpote longum, Carpentes iter, et factum corruptius imbri. Postera tempestas melior, via pejor, ad usque Bari moenia piscosi.

Tir'd out, as travellers well might be, who'd past
So many miles, and those most rugged made
By rain still worse; to Rubum thence we came :
The next day brighten'd, but the road grew worse,
Een till we touch'd on Bari's fishy coast.

And, indeed, it is finely situated for fishing, enjoying a very flat sandy shore; it hath a very good little port for small vessels, but I saw no place where those of burden might meet with the same shelter and security. This town is the provincial capital of the country for many miles round, which district bears the title of Terra di Bari: and is, moreover, the seat of an archbishop. The town is large for this part of the world, bears a decent appearance from without, but within doors still presents the same nauseous scene of dirt and vermin as the neighbouring places; the best and most

hospitable houses being negligently left to cobwebs and every kind of filth. There is nothing remarkable in the town, save the cathedral of St. Nicholas, a Gothic building, in which are mixed some few attempts at the Grecian taste; several antique granite columns are made use of in the building, but the odd capitals which are posted on them, one would think must have been designed by way of ridicule. Below the cathedral is a subterraneous church, well worth looking into on account of the singularity of the ceiling, which is all painted, and by some masterly hand; we thought it savoured of the school of Calabrese.

In proportion as we were distant from Naples, we found the females of a less hideous race; the sex in these parts is really not disgusting even to an English eye.

(To be continued.)

DR. FRANKLIN'S ALLEGORY OF
HUMAN LIFE.

DR. FRANKLIN, though unquestionably a very ingenious writer, levied such large contributions upon the works of other authors, especially those who were comparatively but little known, that if all the borrowed portions were restored to their rightful owners, not much would be left for the honour of the American philosopher. Among the letters of the Doctor is one to a French lady, in which he says:

"You may, perhaps recollect, Madam, when we lately spent so happy a day in the delightful gardens of Moulin Joli, with the amiable society who reside there, that I stopped in one of our walks, and permitted the company to pass on without

me.

"We had been shewn an infinite number of dead flies of the ephemeron species; the successive generations of which, it is said, are born and die on the same day. I happened to perceive on a leaf a living family engaged in conversation.

"You know, Madam, I understand the languages spoken by all the species inferior to our own. The very close application I give to the study of them, is perhaps the best excuse I can offer for the little proficiency I have made in your charming tongue.

"Curiosity led me to listen to the conversation of these little creatures; but from the vivacity peculiar to their nation, three or four of them spoke at once, and I could scarcely learn any thing from their discourse. I understood, however, from some broken sentences which I caught now and then, that they were warmly dis