public-school system; member shall serve without any compensation other than expenses incurred in performance of duties as such. State superintendent shall be ex officio a member of the State board and president thereof. Powers and duties of State board: To recommend needed school legislation; equalize through special appropriations, or otherwise, educational advantages throughout the State; inspect and require reports from schools and other institutions wholly or partly supported by the State, but a copy of report of such inspection shall be sent to the head of the institution inspected; encourage and promote agricultural education, manual training, domestic science, and such other vocational education as the State may require; prescribe rules and regulations for sanitary equipment and inspection of school buildings; take any other action necessary to promote the physical and moral welfare of school children; elect its officers annually, defining their duties; fix time of meetings; and make its own by-laws. Office of State board shall be in the State capitol, where all meetings shall be held except when otherwise decreed. The State board may employ such assistance and incur such expense as deemed necessary within the limits of the appropriations made for its use.

See also A (d), District boards and officers; B (c), Permanent State school fund; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; G (b), State normal schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; J (a), Health, general; O (a), Industrial education, general. Rhode Island: State board of education shall be composed of governor and lieutenant governor, ex officio, and one member from each county, except Providence County, which shall have two members; members of board shall be divided into three classes, two members elected every two years by legislature to serve six years; governor shall be president and commissioner of public schools secretary of said board; meetings shall be held quarterly and special meetings may be called by president or secretary. Powers and duties of board: To supervise and control public schools and other educational institutions established and maintained wholly or in part by State; elect commissioner of public schools; prescribe and cause to be enforced rules and regulations for carrying school laws into effect; provide registers for schools and institutions; prepare blanks for reports to be made to said board; make annual report to the legislature; provide for instruction at their homes of blind residents of State, sum of $3,000 per year to be annually appropriated for such purpose; provide, in cooperation with Brown University, courses of instruction designed to prepare students for positions as superintendents of public schools and high-school teachers and principals and appoint suitable persons to State scholarships to pursue such courses, $5,000 to be annually appropriated for such purpose. Said board may cause to be paid annually to each free public library a sum not exceeding $50 for first 500 volumes and $25 for each additional 500 volumes, the total for any library not to exceed $500 annually; shall establish rules for such libraries; may establish and maintain a system of traveling libraries, for which sum of $2,000 annually shall be appropriated. All payments herein authorized shall be made by State treasurer upon order of commissioner of public schools, approved by State board of education, to proper person in charge of library. Persons in charge of all schools, public or private, and all institutions of learning shall make an annual report to State board of education.

There shall be a State board of control and supply, consisting of five members appointed by governor, by and with advice and consent of the senate; one appointed each year; term, five years, Said board shall elect one of its

members president and another secretary. Said officers shall each receive annual salary of $3,000, other members $2,000. Board shall be allowed $3,000 for clerical assistance and expenses. Each member of board shall give $5,000 bond. Said board shall purchase and make all contracts for purchase of supplies and materials, repairs, alterations and improvements, and expenses incurred in and about the following institutions: State reform school, State home and school for children, Rhode Island institute for the deaf, Rhode Island school for the feeble-minded, and certain other State institutions.

See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units-districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b), State normal schools; J (b), Medical inspection; N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; T (b), Schools for the deaf; T (e), Schools for feeble-minded; U (c), Juvenile courts; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents.

South Carolina: The governor, the superintendent of education, and seven persons appointed by the governor shall constitute the State board of education. Term of appointive members, four years. Governor is chairman and superintendent is secretary. Meetings shall be held on call of the chairman or a majority of the members; majority, a quorum. Compensation of appointive members, $4 per day and mileage for not exceeding 20 days in a year. Said board shall be an advisory body to the State superintendent and shall hear and determine appeals from county boards of education. General powers: To make rules for the government of the public schools; prescribe rules for the examination of teachers; prescribe standards of proficiency for teachers; prescribe the course of study for the public schools; adopt for not less than five years a uniform series of textbooks; make contracts with publishers for furnishing the same, and require publishers to establish a depository in each county; grant State teachers' certificates and revoke them for cause; review, on appeal, an order revoking a county certificate; award scholarships created in State institutions by legislature. Scholarships provided for the State university, Clemson Agricultural College, the Citadel, and the Winthrop Normal and Industrial College shall be awarded by said board on the recommendations of the faculties of such institutions or of committees appointed by the trustees thereof. Such recommendations shall be determined by competitive examinations. Those receiving scholarships in the university shall be required to take the regular teachers' normal course, and shall give their notes for funds received to be payable eight years after date, but to be canceled without payment when promissor has taught two years. At least one scholarship awarded to Winthrop College in each county shall be granted to a rural community. Fifty-one scholarships (one from each county and seven from the State at large) are created in Clemson College; value, $100 each and free tuition.

See also A (b2), State officers; A (c1), County boards; A (c2), County officers; A (f), Administrative units-districts, etc.; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; B (e), State aid for elementary education; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; N (a), High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges; S (b), School libraries.

South Dakota: The control of the educational institutions supported in whole or in part by the State shall be vested in a State board of regents of education consisting of five members appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate, for a term of six years; none of said regents shall reside in the

counties in which State educational institutions are located. Two regular meetings shall be held annually and special meetings may be held; three regents constitute a quorum. Board shall be a body corporate, and as such shall have control of the property of said institutions, including the purchase of land, erection of buildings, etc. Said board is authorized to employ or dismiss the faculties and other employees of said institutions, determine the number and duties of such employees, and fix their compensation. For each institution board may determine departments, courses of study, textbooks, entrance requirements, etc. It shall fix tuition rates and may receive in any one of said institutions free of tuition two students appointed by each State senator and one by each representative; orphans of veterans of the SpanishAmerican War shall be admitted to such institutions free of tuition. Regents shall not create or continue departments in duplication of each other except where necessary for the special work of any particular institution. Regents may confer scholastic honors and degrees. The agricultural experiment station shall be under the control of said regents; regents shall encourage and provide for farmers' institutes; they shall have made a geological survey of the State and also a geological map of the State; they shall cause to be collected specimens of soils, rocks, minerals, and specimens of animal and vegetable life. State treasurer shall be treasurer of the regents of education. Regents shall have control of the expenditure of moneys appropriated for State educational institutions. Each regent shall receive $1,000 per annum and actual expenses when attending to duties. Regents may employ a secretary and stenographer. They shall report biennially to the governor.

See also E (f), Teachers' associations, reading circles; G (b), State normal schools; P (c), State universities and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; Q (d), Mining schools; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf.

Tennessee: Governor shall appoint a State board of education; term, six years, two being appointed biennially; governor and State superintendent shall be members ex officio; governor shall be president, and superintendent shall be secretary and treasurer. Duties of board: To report to legislature the operations of the board and condition of normal schools, with recommendations for improvement of normal and public schools. Said board is authorized to establish one or more normal schools; they may accept contributions from the Peabody Educational Fund or from other source. No pupil under 16 years old shall enter normal school, and all entering shall pass examination prescribed by State board; diplomas shall be granted to those completing the course, and such diploma shall entitle holder to teach anywhere in the State without further examination. White and colored normal schools shall be kept separate. State board shall make rules for examination of applicants for county superintendency. Other duties: To apportion funds for equalizing school conditions, stimulating consolidation and transportation, and encouraging appointment of county school supervisors; grade county high schools and exercise general control over the same; expend the fund for establishing school libraries.

Public-school system shall be administered by State superintendent, State board of education, county superintendent, and county board of education. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries.

Texas: Governor, secretary of state, and comptroller shall constitute State board of education; governor shall be president, and State superintendent secretary. Such board shall, on or before August 1, apportion on basis of school census State school fund to counties and cities, towns and districts constituting separate school organizations. Such board shall invest permanent State school fund; bonds may not be purchased unless they bear 3 per cent interest or more. Whenever any county or incorporated city, independent or common-school district, road precinct, drainage, irrigation, navigation, or levee district issues bonds, such bonds must be offered for sale to State board of education. Board may create school districts at eleemosynary institutions, and State superintendent shall appoint trustees for such district.

See also A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units-districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks.

Utah: State board of education shall consist of State superintendent of public instruction, president of State university, president of agricultural college, ex officio, and two persons appointed by the governor for term of four years. Board shall have general control and supervision of the public-school system. Board shall also promote the establishment of libraries and gymnasiums and may appoint and fix salary of secretary to work under direction of State superintendent. Compensation of members, $4 per diem -and expenses, but those drawing salary from State shall not receive per diem. Clerical assistance to extent of $250 per annum may be employed. Superintendent shall be chairman and shall appoint another member secretary.

See also A (c2), County officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; F (c), Teachers' pensions; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study; N (a), High schools. Vermont: State board of education shall consist of five members appointed by governor, with advice and consent of senate, in groups of two, two, and one; one group appointed biennially to serve six years; not more than three members shall be engaged in educational pursuits. Powers and duties: To elect chairman, vice chairman, and treasurer; hold four regular meetings annually and necessary special meetings; establish regulations; require, as said board and State treasurer may designate, bond of treasurer; appoint and fix salary of superintendent of education, whose term of office shall be three years; inspect and report upon expenditures of State funds; make biennial report to legislature; employ inspectors, clerks, lecturers, and other officers, prescribe their duties; publish and distribute educational bulletins; fix allowance for expenses of superintendent's office. Each member of said board shall receive $4 and expenses for each day officially employed. Sum of $7,000 is annually appropriated, to be apportioned by said board, for summer schools for elementary teachers, educational meetings, agricultural instruction, inspection of high schools, payment of services and expenses of said board, and for other purposes as board may direct; said board shall certify such apportionment to auditor of accounts; disbursement of such amounts for summer schools, educational meetings, and agricultural instruction shall be made by superintendent; for other purposes by said board. Said board shall, upon application of school boards of two or more towns for formation of a union for school supervision, give a hearing, and may order the school boards of such towns to elect a joint committee for said purpose; no union shall be formed except by vote of majority of school directors of towns

affected; State board shall prescribe qualifications of union superintendents; no such superintendent may be removed except by majority vote of joint committee, with approval of said board, and for good cause.

See also A (b2), State officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (b), State normal schools; G (c), County and local normal schools; H (g), Child labor; J (b), Medical inspection; L (j), Agriculture; N (a), High schools.

Virginia: Composition of State board of education: Governor, attorney general, superintendent of public instruction, and three experienced educators elected quadrennially by the senate from a list of eligibles consisting of one from each of the faculties and nominated by the respective boards of visitors or trustees of the University of Virginia, Virginia Military Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State Female Normal School at Farmville, School for the Deaf and Blind, and the College of William and Mary. The board thus constituted shall associate with itself two division superintendents, one from a county and one from a city, who shall be members but shall not participate in the appointment of school officers. Term of members elected by the senate, four years; term of division superintendents, two years, but not longer than they hold the office of superintendent. State superintendent shall be president of the board. Meetings shall be held upon the call of the president or a majority of the board; majority a quorum. Said board shall recover money due the literary fund. Powers and duties of board: To divide the State into school divisions comprising not less than one county or city each, but no county or city shall be divided; appoint, subject to confirmation by the senate, a superintendent of schools for each division thus created and fix his compensation and duties; prescribe the duties of the superintendent of public instruction; approve the appointment of the necessary employees for the office of the superintendent and fix their compensation; adopt by-laws for its own government and rules and regulations for the conduct of the schools; provide for the examination of teachers by a State board of examiners, and for the inspection of the schools; select textbooks and educational appliances for the public schools, but no book shall be changed within four years of its adoption; make with publishers for not exceeding seven years a contract or contracts to furnish books to the schools at a price not to exceed that for which books are sold elsewhere and to require a bond of each contracting publisher; guard against unnecessary multiplication of schools; approve plans of State superintendent for the conduct of summer normal schools and audit the accounts of such schools; decide appeals from State superintendent; order school election in county or district on any matter which may be legally referred to voters; invest the capital and unappropriated income of the literary fund in bonds of the State, the United States, school districts, or railroad companies, secured by first mortgages having a market value of at least 90 cents on the dollar; audit all claims to be paid out of the literary fund; approve apportionment of school moneys to counties; determine contingent expenses of the office of State superintendent; punish division superintendent for neglect of duty or official misconduct; appoint a board of five directors to have the management of the State library (except the law library); regulate the administration of the public-school system and make recommendations relating thereto to the legislature; report to the legislature at each regular session; perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. Necessary expenses of members, except members ex officio, shall be paid for the performance of official duties.