interfere with the appointment of school trustees by city councils. No Federal, State, or county officer shall be appointed a district trustee, but this provision shall not apply to any fourth-class postmaster, superintendent of the poor, commissioner in chancery, commissioner of accounts, or notary public; every trustee shall be a resident of the district for which appointed. See also A (b1), State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units-districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; C (b) Local bonds and indebtedness; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (a), School population and attendance, general; O (b), Agricultural schools.

Washington: County board of education of each county shall consist of five members, including county superintendent, who shall be ex officio chairman; other members shall be appointed by said superintendent to serve two years; members shall hold a valid teacher's certificate and shall, with exception of said superintendent, receive $5 per day and expenses for time officially employed. Powers and duties: To grade manuscripts of pupils who take State examination for eighth grade or grammar school certificates; adopt textbooks for public schools of school districts of the second division; assist county superintendent in preparation of manuals, courses of study, rules and regulations for circulating libraries, and to perform such other duties as may be required; adopt rules and regulations for schools of county not inconsistent with code of public instruction or with rules of State board of education or superintendent of public instruction.

See also A (c2), County officers; A (f), Administrative units-districts, etc.; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study; N (a), High schools.

Wisconsin: County board of education shall consist of five members, elected by qualified voters, one each year, to serve five years; the county board of education district shall include the entire county, except such parts as are located within a city having a board of education, a superintendent of schools, or other board vested with power to examine and license teachers, and in counties now having more than one superintendent district each such district shall constitute a county board of education district; electors of such city shall have no voice in electing county board of education. Any resident of county board district qualified to vote at school elections shall be eligible to membership on said board; said board shall fill vacancies in its number until next election; said board shall hold semiannual meetings; shall receive per diem as granted to county board of supervisors, but for no longer than 15 days per year, and traveling expenses. Powers and duties of county board: To appoint assistant superintendent; appoint a clerk for county superintendent; form, organize, or consolidate school districts; appoint and fix compensation of county board of examiners; each member shall visit schools for at least two days in the year; make annual report to State superintendent and his assistants; fix salary of county superintendent, to be not less than $1,000 per year, excluding expenses; exercise all powers and privileges of county training school board; make annual fiscal report to county board of supervisors. State aid in sum of $500 shall be granted each county board each year.

See also G (c), County and local normal schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; O (b), Agricultural schools.

Wyoming: See A (f), Administrative units-districts, etc.; K (b), Free textbooks; S (b), Public-school libraries.

A (c2). County Officers.

Alabama: County superintendent elected at November election by qualified voters; term, four years; begins October 1 succeeding election; oath of office required; bond approved by State superintendent. Duties: To have office at county seat, where he shall be on first Saturday in each month; notify districts of amount of school funds apportioned by county board; examine condition of sixteenth section and other school funds; make annual report to State superintendent; prepare teachers' pay roll for county school treasurer. May forfeit office for failure to make annual report; books may be examined by State superintendent or by authorized agent; State superintendent fills vacancies; compensation, 4 per cent of moneys disbursed, but not exceeding $1,800. If county board employs superintendent for entire time, his compensation shall be as fixed by such board, but not less than $1,000. Duties: To devote entire time to visiting and supervising schools; make suggestions to teachers; call attention of school boards to needed improvements in buildings, equipment, etc.

See also A (b2), State officers; A (c1), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (c), Local taxation; D (b), State aid, approval of plans; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; S (b), Publicschool libraries.

Arizona: A county superintendent of schools shall be elected in each county by the qualified electors thereof; term, two years. Duties: To apportion school moneys to districts; draw his warrant, on the order of the trustees of any district, upon the county treasurer for all necessary expenses against the school fund of such district; preside over teachers' institutes and secure lecturers therefor; enforce the course of study, the use of adopted textbooks, and the rules and regulations for examinations prescribed by the State board of examiners; conduct examinations of applicants to teach; distribute blanks, etc., which he may receive for the use of school officers; preserve all official documents and record all his official acts; fill vacancies in boards of school trustees; make such reports as State superintendent may require; notify district trustees of meeting to be held for purpose of inquiring into expediency of a change of textbooks by State board of education; visit and examine each school at least twice a year, but he need not visit schools employing supervising principals or city superintendents, and for visitation he shall receive traveling expenses; attend meetings called by State superintendent. He shall, when there is sufficient money in a district fund to maintain school eight months, employ a teacher and keep school open for such term if trustees fail to do so. He may, with consent of board of supervisors, appoint a deputy whose salary shall be fixed by supervisors. He may require trustees of a district to repair a schoolhouse or abate a nuisance and to provide suitable outhouses.

See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units-districts, etc.; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; E (b), General certificates; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (b), School census; K (b), Free textbooks; N (a), High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges; T (b), Schools for the deaf.

Arkansas: County court shall biennially appoint in each county, not divided into two judicial districts, one county examiner, and in county divided into two districts said court may appoint one examiner for each such district.

County superintendent.—A county superintendent of schools shall be elected in each county for a term of two years, but the question of whether a county superintendent shall be elected in any county shall first be submitted to the qualified electors, and majority must favor such election. County examiner shall hold office until superintendent is elected and qualified. County superintendent shall be at least 25 years old, shall have taught in the county at least 24 months within the preceding five years, and shall hold a first-grade, professional, or State teacher's license. He shall hold quarterly examinations, using questions furnished by State superintendent, and grant licenses to those passing satisfactory examinations. Qualifications required: Third grade, valid for six months, examination in spelling, reading, writing, English grammar, arithmetic, geography, and United States history; second grade, valid for one year, examination in subjects required for third grade and in history of Arkansas, physiology, and theory and practice of teaching; first grade, valid for two years, examination in subjects required for second grade and in civil government and elementary algebra. At request of a district board, superintendent may issue a certificate to teach a special subject in such district. Duties of superintendent: To keep accurate accounts with school districts; keep a record of teachers and with dealers in school supplies, which supplies must have his approval; furnish plans for the erection of new schoolhouses; keep a record of amounts voted for various purposes in the several districts and sign warrants only for purposes for which money was voted at the last annual May meeting; require monthly reports from teachers and term reports at the end of the term. Superintendent may cite any teacher to reexamination and may revoke license for cause. He shall assist in the use of adopted textbooks where county uniformity has been voted, and shall assist in district adoptions where county uniformity has not been voted; he shall prepare a course of study, following plans suggested by State superintendent; he shall see that districts are supplied with necessary blanks, etc.; he shall keep a record of district boundaries and also a record of his official acts; he shall devote his entire time to his duties and shall visit each school at least once a year; he shall make an annual report to the Stte superintendent; he shall hold a five-day county institute in June. Compensation of county superintendent shall be the same as the county judge of his county, but shall not exceed $1,200 nor be less than $600; he shall also receive fees for examining teachers. All laws applicable to the office of county examiner not in conflict with this act shall be applicable to the office of county superintendent. A city having a school population of 5,000 or more shall be exempt from the provisions of the act creating the office of county superintendent; school board in such city shall have control and shall determine the course of study and fix the qualifications of teachers; the superintendent of schools duly elected therein shall have the powers and duties of a county examiner within said city. (Twenty counties have county superintendents.) County examiner.-The county examiner, before taking office, shall stand examination prescribed for applicants for first-grade license; State superintendent shall hold, or cause to be held, such examination. County examiner shall receive salary as fixed by county judges, but shall not receive more than county treasurer receives from applicants for teachers' licenses. He shall hold quarterly examinations of teachers, using questions prepared by State superintendent. He may hold a private examination on request of directors

of district in which applicant proposes to teach. He shall grant certificates to applicants showing required qualifications. He may cite to reexamination any holder of a license, and may revoke such license for cause. Grades of licenses shall be as already described under "County superintendent." Examiner shall make annual report to the State superintendent; he shall number the school districts of the county in order and shall keep a record of the same. County court may allow expenses for postage, records, etc., but not to exceed $25 in any one year.

See also A (b2), State officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks.

California: A county superintendent of schools shall be elected by the qualified voters; term, four years. Duties: To superintend schools of the county, apportion school moneys to districts, and may require county auditor to report amount of unapportioned funds on hand; report districts having five or fewer pupils in attendance to county supervisors, who may declare district suspended or lapsed (district may be reestablished when eight in attendance is secured); apportion $550 to suspended district to be used in case of reestablishment; may ask that suspended districts be declared lapsed (suspended district may be merged with adjoining district; property of lapsed district shall be sold and proceeds given to district of which lapsed district becomes a part); on order of district school board, draw his requisition on county auditor for necessary expenses against the school fund of the district, and auditor on approving shall draw warrant in favor of claimant; keep open to inspection a register of requisitions; visit and examine each school at least once a year; hold teachers' institutes, secure lecturers, report teachers for nonattendance; enforce the use of course of study, the use of State textbooks, rules for the examination of teachers; issue temporary teachers' certificates; distribute blanks, etc., received for the use of school officers; keep in his office reports of State superintendent; keep a record of his official acts and of the county board of education; pass upon plans for schoolhouses except those in incorporated cities having school boards; appoint trustees to fill vacancies and trustees in new districts; appoint a clerk and a janitor when trustees fail to do so; report to State superintendent as required by him; preserve reports of officers and teachers and deliver records, etc., to his successor; grade each school in July (no teacher holding certificate below grade fixed for school shall be employed to teach the same); approve contracts of districts with United States Government for the education of Indian children and receive and transmit funds for same to county treasurer; disapprove orders from districts for want of funds in the treasury, but to indorse such orders for payment in future with interest; give notice when funds become available that outstanding orders can be approved and paid; keep record of interest allowed on such orders and report the same to county treasurer and county auditor; he shall forfeit $100 for failure to so report; appoint teacher and keep school for six months when sufficient funds are available and trustees fail to do so. He may require trustees to repair buildings, abate nuisances, etc., to cost not exceeding $50; may draw requisition for his necessary expenses allowed by law; may appoint a deputy, not to be paid out of the school fund (deputy's salary paid out of fund from which superintendent is paid). He shall make an annual statistical report to the State superintendent; keep transcript of boundaries of school districts, and when they are conflicting, board of supervisors shall correct them. He shall

receive actual and necessary traveling expenses, not exceeding $10 per district. If receiving $1,500 or more salary, he shall have no other vocation.

See also A (c1), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units-districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (c), Local taxation; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; F (c), Teachers' pensions; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; N (a), High schools.

Colorado: A county superintendent shall be elected biennially by the qualified electors of each county; county commissioners shall fill vacancy. Salaries: Counties of first class, $2,800; second class, $2,000; third class, $1,200; fourth class, $1,100; fifth class, $800; sixth class, $500; seventh class, $100; in all counties except those of the first and second classes county commissioners may allow traveling expenses; commissioners shall furnish office and supplies at county seat. If superintendent is unable to perform duties, he may appoint a deputy; in counties of the first class superintendent, under direction of county commissioners, may appoint an assistant or deputy. Superintendent shall report annually to state superintendent as said superintendent may direct, and for failure to make such report he shall forfeit $100. Duties of county superintendent: To supervise schools generally; visit schools at least once in each quarter while they are in session; examine accounts of district officers; keep a record of his own official acts; obey instructions and decisions of State superintendent; held county teachers' associations; publish annually a statement of the apportionment of school funds. County superintendents shall, except in districts of the first class, fill vacancy in office of district director; he shall ascertain boundaries of school districts and keep a record of the same, and may harmonize boundaries where conflicts exist. He shall examine annual school census lists to detect duplications and errors. District secretary shall annually ascertain the number of blind and deaf persons between 4 and 22 years old, and superintendent shall report the same to superintendent of the school for the deaf and blind. Superintendent shall make quarterly apportionment of the general school fund and may apportion at other times when there is sufficient money; he shall certify the same to county treasurer, and shall notify district clerks of amount apportioned; apportionment shall be made on basis of school census. County treasurer shall keep a separate account with each district; he shall place to credit of each district amount of money certified by county superintendent, and shall pay out the same on legally drawn warrants of districts, but if superintendent shall notify treasurer that any board of directors has not complied with the law, treasurer shall retain funds of said directors until further notice from superintendent. He shall render quarterly statements to district boards.

See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units-districts, etc.; C (a), Local finance and support, general; C (c), Local taxation; E (b), General certificates; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; J (b), Medical inspection; N (a), High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges; T (b), Schools for the deaf.

Connecticut: See J (a), Health, general.

Delaware: The general superintendence of the public schools of each county shall be vested in a county superintendent of schools; such superintendents shall be appointed by the governor; term, two years; salary, $1,200 each; contingent fund, $300 annually. He must have had at least 20 months' experience as a teacher, must be a graduate of a reputable college or normal school, or