dollar of valuation, unless a proposition to increase such rate, specifying the rate proposed and the time during which the same shall be levied, shall have been submitted to the people at a general election and shall have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against it at such election.

SEC. 10. The making of profit, directly or indirectly, out of State, county, city, town, township, or school district money, or using the same for any purpose not authorized by law, by any public officer, shall be deemed a felony, and shall be punished as provided by law.

SEC. 15. The legislature shall provide by law such a system of county finance as shall cause the business of the several counties to be conducted on a cash basis. It shall also provide that whenever any county shall have any warrants outstanding and unpaid, for the payment of which there are no funds in the county treasury, the county commissioners, in addition to other taxes provided by law, shall levy a special tax, not to exceed 10 mills on the dollar of taxable property, as shown by the last preceding assessment, for the creation of a special fund for the redemption of said warrants; and after the levy of such special tax all warrants issued before such levy shall be paid exclusively out of said fund. All moneys in the county treasury at the end of each fiscal year, not needed for current expenses, shall be transferred to said redemption fund.

ART. VIII, SEC. 3. No county, city, town, township, board of education, or school district, or other subdivision of the State, shall incur any indebtedness, or liability in any manner, or for any purpose, exceeding in that year the income and revenue provided for it for such year, without the assent of two-thirds of the qualified electors thereof, voting at an election to be held for that purpose, nor unless, before or at the time of incurring such indebtedness, provision shall be made for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such indebtedness as it falls due, and also to constitute a sinking fund for the payment of the principal thereof, within 20 years from the time of contracting the same.

* **

SEC. 4. No county, city, town, township, board of education, or school district, or other subdivision, shall lend, or pledge the credit or faith thereof directly or indirectly, in any manner, to, or in aid of any individual, association or corporaton, for any amount or for any purpose whatever, or become responsible for any debt, contract or liability of any individual, association or corporation in or out of this State.

ART. IX, SEC. 1. The stability of a republican form of government depending mainly upon the intelligence of the people, it shall be the duty of the Legislature of Idaho to establish and maintain a general, uniform, and thorough system of public free common schools.

SEC. 2. The general supervision of the State educational institutions and public-school system of the State of Idaho shall be vested in a State board of education, the membership, powers, and duties of which shall be prescribed by law. The State superintendent of public instruction shall be ex officio member of said board.

SEC. 3. The public-school fund of the State shall forever remain inviolate and intact; the interests thereon only shall be expended in the maintenance of the schools of the State, and shall be distributed among the several counties and school districts of the State in such manner as may be prescribed by law. No part of this fund, principal or interest, shall ever be transferred to any other fund, or used or appropriated except as herein provided. The State treasurer shall be the custodian of this fund, and the same shall be securely and profitably invested as may be by law directed. The State shall supply all losses thereof that may in any manner occur.

SEC. 4. The public-school fund of the State shall consist of the proceeds of such lands as have heretofore been granted, or may hereafter be granted, to the State by the General Government, known as school lands, and those granted in lieu of such; lands acquired by gift or grant from any person or corporation, under any law or grant of the General Government; and of all other grants of land or money made to the State from the General Government for general educational purposes, or where no other special purpose is indicated in such grant; all estates or distributive shares of estates that may escheat to the State; all unclaimed shares and dividends of any corporation incorporated under the laws of the State; and all other grants, gifts, devises, or bequests made to the State for general educational purposes.

SEC. 5. Neither the legislature, nor any county, city, town, township, school district, or other public corporation, shall ever make any appropriation, or pay from any public fund or moneys whatever, anything in aid of any church or

sectarian or religious society, or for any sectarian or religious purpose, or to help support or sustain any school, academy, seminary, college, university, or other literary or scientific institution controlled by any church or sectarian or religious denomination whatsoever; nor shall any grant or donation of land, money, or other personal property ever be made by the State, or any such public corporation, to any church or for any sectarian or religious purpose.

SEC. 6. No religious test or qualification shall ever be required of any person as a condition of admission into any public educational institution of the State, either as teacher or student; and no teacher or student of any such institution shall ever be required to attend or participate in any religious service whatever. No sectarian or religious tenets or doctrines shall ever be taught in the public schools, nor shall any distinction or classification of pupils be made on account of race or color. No books, papers, tracts, or documents of a political, sectarian, or denominational character shall be used or introduced in any schools established under the provisions of this article, nor shall any teacher or any district receive any of the public-school moneys in which the schools have not been taught in accordance with the provisions of this article.

SEC. 7. The governor, superintendent of public instruction, secretary of state, and attorney general shall constitute the State board of land commissioners, who shall have the direction, control, and disposition of the public lands of the State, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law.

SEC. 8. It shall be the duty of the State board of land commissioners to provide for the location, protection, sale, or rental of all the lands heretofore, or which may be hereafter be, granted to the State by the General Government, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, and in such manner as will secure the maximum possible amount therefor: Provided, That no school lands shall be sold for less than $10 per acre. No law shall ever be passed by the legislature granting any privileges to persons who may have settled upon any such public lands, subsequent to the survey thereof by the General Government, by which the amount to be derived by the sale, or other disposition of such lands, shall be diminished, directly or indirectly. The legislature shall, at the earliest practicable period, provide by law that the general grants of land made by Congress to the State shall be judiciously located and carefully preserved and held in trust, subject to disposal at public auction for the use and benefit of the respective objects for which said grants of land were made, and the legislature shall provide for the sale of said lands from time to time, and for the sale of timber on all State lands, and for the faithful application of the proceeds thereof in accordance with the terms of said grants: Provided, That not to exceed 25 sections of school lands shall be sold in any one year, and to be sold in subdivisions of not to exceed 160 acres to any one individual, company, or corporation.

SEC. 9. The legislature may require by law that every child of sufficient mental and physical ability shall attend the public school throughout the period between the ages of 6 and 18 years, for a time equivalent to 3 years, unless educated by other means.

SEC. 10. The location of the University of Idaho, as established by existing laws, is hereby confirmed. All the rights, immunities, franchises, and endowments heretofore granted thereto by the Territory of Idaho are hereby perpetuated unto the said university. The regents shall have the general supervision of the university, and the control and direction of all the funds of, and appropriations to, the university, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. No university lands shall be sold for less than $10 per acre, and in subdivisions not to exceed 160 acres, to any one person, company, or corporation. SEC. 11. The permanent educational funds, other than funds arising from the disposition of university lands belonging to the State, shall be loaned on first mortgage on improved farm lands within the State, or on State or United States bonds, under such regulations as the legislature may provide: Provided, That no loan shall be made of any amount of money exceeding one-third of the market value of the lands at the time of the loan, exclusive of buildings.

ART. X, SEC. 1. Educational, reformatory, and penal institutions, and those for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf, and dumb, and such other institutions as the public good may require, shall be established and supported by the State in such manner as may be prescribed by law.

ART. XI, SEC. 2. No charter of incorporation shall be granted, extended, changed, or amended by special law, except for such municipal, charitable, educational, penal, or reformatory corporations as are or may be under the control

of the State; but the legislature shall provide by general law for the organization of corporations hereafter to be created: Provided, That any such general law shall be subject to future repeal or alteration by the legislature.

ART. XII, SEC. 4. *

* That cities and towns may contract indebtedness

for school, water, sanitary, and illuminating purposes: Provided, That any city or town contracting such indebtedness shall own its just proportion of the property thus created, and receive from any income arising therefrom its proportion to the whole amount so invested.

ART. XVIII, SEC. 6. The legislature, by general and uniform laws, shall provide for the election biennially in each of the several counties of the State, of * * a county superintendent of public instruction. * * * The salary and qualifications of the county superintendent shall be fixed by law.

ILLINOIS.

ART. IV, SEC. 22. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases; that is to say, for

* * *

*

* Providing for the management of common schools, ART. V, SEC. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, superintendent of public instruction, and attorney general, who shall each hold his office for the term of four years from the second Monday of January next after his election and until his successor is elected and qualified. * * *

shall be held

SEC. 3. An election for superintendent of public instruction on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November in the year 1870, and every four years thereafter.

Neither the governor,

SEC. 5. * * superintendent of public instruction, nor attorney general shall be eligible to any other office during the period for which he shall have been elected. SEC. 20. If the office of * *

*

superintendent of public instruction shall be vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the governor to fill the same by appointment, and the appointee shall hold his office until his successor shall be elected and qualified in such manner as may be provided by law.

*

**

SEC. 21. The officers of the executive department, and of all the public institutions of the State, shall, at least 10 days preceding each regular session of the general assembly, severally report to the governor, who shall transmit such reports to the general assembly,

* * *

ART. VIII, SEC. 1. The general assembly shall provide a thorough and efficient system of free schools whereby all children of this State may receive a good common-school education.

SEC. 2. All lands, moneys, or other property, donated, granted, or received for school, college, seminary, or university purposes, and the proceeds thereof, shall be faithfully applied to the objects for which such gifts or grants were made. SEC. 3. Neither the general assembly nor any county, city, town, township, school district, or other public corporation shall ever make any appropriation or pay from any public fund whatever anything in aid of any church or sectarian purpose, or to help support or sustain any school, academy, seminary, college, university, or other literary or scientific institution controlled by any church or sectarian denomination whatever; nor shall any grant or donation of land. money, or other personal property ever be made by the State or any such public corporation to any church or for any sectarian purpose.

SEC. 4. No teacher, State, county, township, or district school officer shall be interested in the sale, proceeds, or profits of any book, apparatus, or furniture, used or to be used in any school in this State, with which such officer or teacher may be connected, under such penalties as may be provided by the general assembly.

SEC. 5. There may be a county superintendent of schools in each county, whose qualifications, powers, duties, compensation, and time and manner of election and term of office shall be prescribed by law.

ART. IX, SEC. 3. *

Such other property as may be used exclusively for agricultural and horticultural societies, for school, religious, cemetery, and corporate purposes all municipal corporations may be vested with authority to be only by general law.

SEC. 8. County authorities shall never assess taxes the aggregate of which shall exceed 75 cents per $100 valuation, except for the payment of indebtedness

existing at the adoption of this constitution, unless authorized by a vote of the people of the county.

SEC. 9. The general assembly may vest the corporate authorities of cities, towns, and villages with power to make local improvements by special assessment or by special taxation of contiguous property, or otherwise. For all other corporate purposes all municipal corporations may be vested with authrity to assess and collect taxes.

*

*

SEC. 12. No county, city, township, school district, or other municipal corporation shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner or for any purpose to an amount, including existing indebtedness, in the aggregate exceeding 5 per centum on the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county taxes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. Any county, city, school district, or other municipal corporation incurring any indebtedness as aforesaid, shall before, or at the time of doing so, provide for the collection of a direct annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal thereof within 20 years from the time of contracting the same. This section shall not be construed to prevent any county, city, township, school district, or other municipal corporation from issuing their bonds in compliance with any vote of the people which may have been had prior to the adoption of this constitution in pursuance of any law providing therefor.

INDIANA.

ART. I, SEC. 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious or theological institution.

* * *

ART. IV, SEC. 22. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: Providing for supporting common schools, and for the preservation of school funds;

* *

ART. VIII, SEC. 1. Knowledge and learning generally diffused throughout a community, being essential to the preservation of a free government, it shall be the duty of the general assembly to encourage, by all suitable means, moral, intellectual, scientific, and agricultural improvement, and to provide by law for a general and uniform system of common schools, wherein tuition shall be without charge, and equally open to all.

SEC. 2. The common-school fund shall consist of the congressional township fund, and the lands belonging thereto;

The surplus revenue fund;

The saline fund, and the lands belonging thereto;

The bank-tax fund, and the fund arising from the one hundred and fourteenth section of the charter of the State Bank of Indiana;

The fund to be derived from the sale of county seminaries, and the moneys and property heretofore held for such seminaries; from the fines assessed for breaches of the penal laws of the State; and from all forfeitures which may accrue;

All lands and other estate which shall escheat to the State for want of heirs or kindred entitled to the inheritance;

All lands that have been or may hereafter be granted to the State, where no special purpose is expressed in the grant, and the proceeds of the sales thereof; including the proceeds of the sales of the swamp lands granted to the State of Indiana by the act of Congress, of the 28th of September, 1850, after deducting the expense of selecting and draining the same;

Taxes on the property of corporations that may be assessed by the general assembly for common-school purposes.

SEC. 3. The principal of the common-school fund shall remain a perpetual fund, which may be increased, but shall never be diminished; and the income thereof shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools, and to no other purpose whatever.

SEC. 4. The general assembly shall invest, in some safe and profitable manner, all such portions of the common-school fund as have not heretofore been intrusted to the several counties; and shall make provisions, by law, for the distribution, among the several counties, of the interest thereof.

SEC. 5. If any county shall fail to demand its proportion of such interest for common-school purposes, the same shall be reinvested for the benefit of such county.

SEC. 6. The several counties shall be held liable for the preservation of so much of the said fund as may be intrusted to them, and for the payment of the annual interest thereon.

SEC. 7. All trust funds held by the State shall remain inviolate, and be faithfully and exclusively applied to the purposes for which the trust was created.

SEC. 8. The general assembly shall provide for the election, by the voters of the State, of a State superintendent of public instruction, who shall hold his office for two years, and whose duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law.

ART. IX, SEC. 1. It shall be the duty of the general assembly to provide by law for the support of institutions for the education of the deaf and dumb, and of the blind; and, also, for the treatment of the insane.

SEC. 2. The general assembly shall provide houses of refuge for the correction and reformation of juvenile offenders.

ART. X, SEC. 1. The general assembly shall provide, by law, for a uniform and equal rate of assessment and taxation; and shall prescribe such regulations as shall secure a just valuation for taxation of all property, both real and personal, excepting such only for municipal, educational, literary, scientific, religious, or charitable purposes, as may be specially exempted by law.

IOWA.
FIRST.-EDUCATION.

ART. IX, SEC. 1. The educational interest of the State, including common schools and other educational institutions, shall be under the management of a board of education, which shall consist of the lieutenant governor, who shall be the presiding officer of the board, and have the casting vote in case of a tie, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in the State.

SEC. 2. No person shall be eligible as a member of said board who shall not have attained the age of 25 years, and shall have been one year a citizen of the State.

SEC. 3. One member of said board shall be chosen by the qualified electors of each district, and shall hold the office for the term of four years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. After the first election under this constitution, the board shall be divided, as nearly as practicable, into two equal classes, and the seats of the first class shall be vacated after the expiration of two years; and one-half of the board shall be chosen every two years thereafter. SEC. 4. The first session of the board of education shall be held at the seat of government on the first Monday of December after their election; after which the general assembly may fix the time and place of meeting.

SEC. 5. The session of the board shall be limited to 20 days, and but one session shall be held in any one year, except upon extraordinary occasions, when, upon the recommendation of two-thirds of the board, the governor may order a special session.

SEC. 6. The board of education shall appoint a secretary, who shall be the executive officer of the board, and perform such duties as may be imposed upon him by the board, and the laws of the State. They shall keep a journal of their proceedings, which shall be published and distributed in the same manner as the journals of the general assembly.

SEC. 7. All rules and regulations made by the board shall be published and distributed to the several counties, townships, and school districts, as may be provided for by the board, and when so made, published and distributed, they shall have the force and effect of law.

SEC. 8. The board of education shall have full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regulations in relation to common schools, and other educational institutions, that are instituted to receive aid from the school or university fund of this State; but all acts, rules, and regulations of said board may be altered, amended, or repealed by the general assembly: and when so altered, amended, or repealed they shall not be reenacted by the board of education.

SEC. 9. The governor of the State shall be ex officio a member of said board. SEC. 10. The board shall have no power to levy taxes, or make appropriations of money. Their contingent expenses shall be provided for by the general assembly,