vent the legislature of this Commonwealth from making such alterations in the government of the said university as shall be conducive to its advantage, and the interest of the republic of letters, in as full a manner as might have been done by the legislature of the late Province of the Massachusetts Bay.

SEC. 2. Wisdom and knowledge, as well as virtue, diffused generally among the body of the people, being necessary for the preservation of their rights and liberties; and as these depend on spreading the opportunities and advantages of education in the various parts of the country, and among the different orders of the people, it shall be the duty of legislatures and magistrates, in all future periods of this Commonwealth, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries of them, especially the university at Cambridge, public schools and grammar schools in the towns; to encourage private societies and public institutions, rewards and immunities, for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufactures, and a natural history of the country; to countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public and private charity, industry and frugality, honesty and punctuality in their dealings; sincerity, good humor, and all social affections, and generous sentiments, among the people.

ART. XVIII. All moneys raised by taxation in the towns and cities for the support of public schools, and all moneys which may be appropriated by the State for the support of common schools, shall be applied to, and expended in, no other schools than those which are conducted according to law, under the order and superintendence of the authorities of the town or city in which the money is to be expended; and such moneys shall never be appropriated to any religious sect for the maintenance, exclusively, of its own school.

MICHIGAN.

ART. II, SEC. 3. No money shall be appropriated or drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious sect or society, theological or religious seminary; nor shall property belonging to the State be appropriated for any such purpose. * * *

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ART. III, SEC. 2. No elector shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his being employed in the service of the United States or of this State, * * nor while a student at any institution of learning. * ART. IX, SEC. 8. Any officer elected by a county, city, village, township, or school district may be removed from office in such manner and for such cause as shall be prescribed by law.

ART. X, SEC. 1. All subjects of taxation now contributing to the primary-school interest fund under present laws shall continue to contribute to that fund, and all taxes from such subjects shall be first applied in paying the interest upon the primary school, university, and other educational funds in the order herein named, after which the surplus of such moneys shall be added to and become a part of the primary-school interest fund.

SEC. C.

The legislature shall provide by law a uniform rule of taxation for such property as shall be assessed by a State board of assessors, and the rate of taxation on such property shall be the rate which the State board of assessors shall ascertain and determine is the average rate levied upon other property upon which ad valorem taxes are assessed for State, county, township, school, and municipal purposes.

ART. XI, SEC. 1. Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.

SEC. 2. A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected at the regular election to be held on the first Monday in April, 1909, and every second year thereafter. He shall hold office for a period of two years from the first day of July following his election and until his successor is elected and qualified. He shall have general supervision of public instruction in the State. He shall be a member and secretary of the State board of education. He shall be ex officio a member of all other boards having control of public instruction in any State institution, with the right to speak but not to vote. His duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law.

SEC. 3. There shall be a board of regents of the university, consisting of eight members, who shall hold the office for eight years. There shall be elected at

each regular biennial spring election two members of such board. When a vacancy shall occur in the office of regent it shall be filled by appointment of the governor.

SEC. 4. The regents of the university and their successors in office shall continue to constitute the body corporate known as The Regents of the University of Michigan.

SEC. 5. The regents of the university shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the university. The president of the university and the superintendent of public instruction shall be ex officio members of the board of regents, with the privilege of speaking but not of voting. The president shall preside at the meetings of the board and be the principal executive officer of the university. The board of regents shall have the general supervision of the university and the direction and control of all expenditures from the university funds. SEC. 6. The State board of education shall consist of four members. On the first Monday in April, 1909, and at each succeeding biennial spring election. there shall be elected one member of such board, who shall hold his office for six years from the first day of July following his election. The State board of education shall have general supervision of the State normal college and the State normal schools, and the duties of said board shall be prescribed by law. SEC. 7. There shall be elected on the first Monday in April, 1909, a State board of agriculture, to consist of six members, two of whom shall hold the office for two years, two for four years, and two for six years. At every regular biennial spring election thereafter there shall be elected two members, whose term of office shall be six years. The members thus elected and their successors in office shall be a body corporate to be known as the State Board of Agriculture. SEC. 8. The State Board of Agriculture shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the agricultural college, who shall be ex officio a member of the board, with the privilege of speaking but not of voting. He shall preside at the meetings of the board and be the principal executive officer of the college. The board shall have the general supervision of the college, and the direction and control of all agricultural college funds, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law.

SEC. 9. The legislature shall continue a system of primary schools, whereby every school district in the State shall provide for the education of its pupils without charge for tuition; and all instruction in such schools shall be conducted in the English language. If any school district shall neglect to maintain a school within its borders as prescribed by law for at least five months in each year, or to provide for the education of its pupils in another district or districts for an equal period, it shall be deprived for the ensuing year of its proportion of the primary-school interest fund. If any school district shall, on the second Monday in July of any year, have on hand a sufficient amount of money in the primary-school interest fund to pay its teachers for the next ensuing two years as determined from the pay roll of said district for the last school year, and in case of a primary district, all tuition for the next ensuing two years, based upon the then enrollment in the seventh and eighth grades in said school district, the children in said district shall not be counted in making the next apportionment of primary-school money by the superintendent of public instruction; nor shall such children be counted in making such apportionment until the amount of money in the primary-school interest fund in said district shall be insufficient to pay teachers' wages or tuition as herein set forth for the next ensuing two years.

SEC. 10. The legislature shall maintain the university, the college of mines, the State agricultural college, the State normal college and such State normal schools and other educational institutions as may be established by law.

SEC. 11. The proceeds from the sales of all lands that have been or hereafter may be granted by the United States to the State for educational purposes and the proceeds of all lands or other property given by individuals or appropriated by the State for like purposes shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest and income of which, together with the rents of all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be inviolably appropriated and annually applied to the specific objects of the original gift, grant, or appropriation.

SEC. 12. All lands, the titles to which shall fail from a defect of heirs, shall escheat to the State, and the interest on the clear proceeds from the sales thereof shall be appropriated exclusively to the support of the primary schools. SEC. 13. The legislature shall appropriate all salt-spring lands now unappropriated, or the money arising from the sale of the same, where such lands have

already been sold, and any funds or lands which may hereafter be granted or appropriated for such purpose, for the support and maintenance of the agricultural college.

SEC. 14. The legislature shall provide by law for the establishment of at least one library in each township and city; and all fines assessed and collected in the several counties, cities, and townships for any breach of the penal laws shall be exclusively applied to the support of such libraries.

SEC. 15. Institutions for the benefit of those inhabitants who are deaf, dumb, blind, feeble-minded, or insane shall always be fostered and supported.

ART. XIII. SEC. 4. The regents of the University of Michigan shall have power to take private property for the use of the university, in the manner prescribed by law.

MINNESOTA.

ART. IV, SEC. 33. * The legislature shall pass no local or special law regulating the affairs of, or incorporating, erecting, or changing the lines of, any county, city, village, township, ward or school district, or creating the offices, or prescribing the powers and duties of the officers of, or fixing or relating to the compensation, salary or fees of the same, or of the mode of election or appointment thereto, * * regulating the management of public choosing any officer of schools or any members of library boards, or upon any such purposes. * *

ART. VII, SEC. 7. Every person who by the provisions of this article shall be entitled to vote at any election shall be eligible to any office which now is, or hereafter shall be, elective by the people in the district wherein he shall have resided 30 days previous to such election, except as otherwise provided in the constitution or the Constitution and laws of the United States.

SEC. 8. Women may vote for school officers and members of library boards, and shall be eligible to hold any office pertaining to the management of schools or libraries.

Any woman of the age of 21 years and upward and possessing the qualifications requisite to a male voter may vote at any election held for the purpose of choosing any officer of schools or any members of library boards, or upon any measure relating to schools or libraries, and shall be eligible to hold any office pertaining to the management of schools and libraries.

ART. VIII, SEC. 1. The stability of a republican form of government depending mainly upon the intelligence of the people, it shall be the duty of the legislature to establish a general and uniform system of public schools.

SEC. 2. The proceeds of such lands as are or hereafter may be granted by the United States for the use of schools within each township of this State shall remain a perpetual school fund to the State; and not more than one-third of said lands may be sold in 2 years, one-third in 5 years, and one-third in 10 years; but the lands of the greatest valuation shall be sold first: Provided, That no portion of said lands shall be sold otherwise than at public sale. The principal of all funds arising from sales or other disposition of lands or other property, granted or intrusted to this State in each township for educational purposes, shall forever be preserved inviolate and undiminished; and the income arising from the lease or sale of said school land shall be distributed to the different townships throughout the State, in proportion to the number of scholars in each township, between the ages of 5 and 21 years; and shall be faithfully applied to the specific objects of the original grants or appropriations.

Suitable laws shall be enacted by the legislature for the safe investment of the principal of all funds which have heretofore arisen or which may hereafter arise from the sale or other disposition of such lands, or the income from such lands accruing in any way before the sale or disposition thereof, in interesthearing bonds of the United States, or of the State of Minnesota, issued after the year 1860, or of such other State as the legislature may, by law, from time to time direct.

All swamp lands now held by the State, or that may hereafter accrue to the State, shall be appraised and sold in the same manner and by the same officers, and the minimum price shall be the same less one-third, as is provided by law for the appraisement and sale of the school lands under the provisions of title 1 of chapter 38 of the general statutes. The principal of all funds derived from sales of swamp lands, as aforesaid, shall forever be preserved inviolate and undiminished. One-half of the proceeds of said principal shall be appropriated to

the common-school fund of the State. The remaining one-half shall be appropriated to the educational and charitable institutions of the State in the relative ratio of cost to support said institutions.

SEC. 3. The legislature shall make such provisions, by taxation or otherwise, as, with the income arising from the school fund, will secure a thorough and efficient system of public schools in each township in the State.

But in no case shall the moneys derived as aforesaid, or any portion thereof, or any public moneys or property, be appropriated or used for the support of schools wherein the distinctive doctrines, creeds, or tenets of any particular Christian or other religious sect are promulgated or taught.

SEC. 4. The location of the University of Minnesota, as established by existing laws, is hereby confirmed, and said institution is hereby declared to be the University of the State of Minnesota. All the rights, immunities, franchises, and endowments heretofore granted or conferred are hereby perpetuated unto the said university; and all lands which may be granted hereafter by Congress, or other donations for said university purposes, shall vest in the institution referred to in this section.

SEC. 5. The permanent school funds of the State may be loaned upon interest at the rate of 5 per cent per annum to the several counties or school districts of the State, to be used in the erection of county or school buildings. No such loan shall be made until approved by a board consisting of the governor, the State auditor, and the State treasurer, who are hereby constituted an investment board for the purpose of the loans hereby authorized; nor shall any such loan be for an amount exceeding 3 per cent of the last preceding assessed valuation of the real estate of the county or school district receiving the same. The State auditor shall annually, at the time of certifying the State tax to the several county auditors, also certify to each auditor to whose county, or to any of the school districts of whose county, any such loan shall have been made, the tax necessary to be levied to meet the accruing interest or principal of any such loan, and it shall be the duty of every such county auditor forthwith to levy and extend such tax upon all the taxable property of his county, or of the several school districts, respectively, liable for such loans-as the case may be— and in all such cases the tax so assessed shall be 50 per cent in excess of the amount actually necessary to be raised on account of such accruing principal or interest. It shall be levied, collected, and paid into the county and State treasuries in the same manner as State taxes, and any excess collected over the amount of such principal or interest accruing in any given year shall be credited to the general funds of the respective counties or school districts. No change of the boundaries of any school district after the making of any such loan shall operate to withdraw any property from the taxation herein provided for; nor shall any law be passed extending the time of payment of any such principal or interest, or reducing the rate of such interest, or in any manner waiving or impairing any rights of the State in connection with any such loan. Suitable laws, not inconsistent with this amendment, may be passed by the legislature for the purpose of carrying the same into effect.

SEC. 6. The permanent school and university fund of this State may be invested in the bonds of any county, school district, city, town, or village of this State, but no such investment shall be made until approved by the board of commissioners designated by law to regulate the investment of the permanent school fund and the permanent university fund of this State; nor shall such loan or investment be made when the bonds to be issued or purchased would make the entire bonded indebtedness exceed 15 per cent of the assessed valuation of the taxable real property of the county, school district, city, town, or village issuing such bonds; nor shall such loans or indebtedness be made at a lower rate of interest than 3 per cent per annum, nor for a shorter period than 5 years, nor for a longer period than 20 years, and no change of the town, school district, city, village, or of county lines shall relieve the real property in such town, school district, county, village, or city in this State at the time of the issuing of such bonds from any liability for taxation to pay such bonds. ART. IX, SEC. 1. Taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects, and shall be levied and collected for public purposes, but public burying grounds, public schoolhouses, public hospitals, academies, colleges, universities, and all seminaries of learning

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SEC. 12. Suitable laws shall be passed by the legislature for the safe-keeping, transfer, and disbursements of the State and school funds *

MISSISSIPPI.

ART. IV, SEC. 66. No law granting a donation, or gratuity, in favor of any person or object shall be enacted, except by the concurrence of two-thirds of each branch of the legislature, nor by any vote for a sectarian purpose or use.

SEC. 69. General appropriation bills shall contain only the appropriation to defray the ordinary expenses of the executive, legislative, and judicial departments of the government, to pay interest on State bonds, and to support the common schools.

SEC. 90. The legislature shall not pass local, private, or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, but such matters shall be provided for only by general laws, viz:

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(p) Providing for the management or support of any private or common school, incorporating the same or granting such school any privileges.

ART. VIII, SEC. 201. It shall be the duty of the legislature to encourage by all suitable means the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and agricultural improvement, by establishing a uniform system of free public schools, by taxation, or otherwise, for all children between the ages of 5 and 21 years, and, as soon as practicable, to establish schools of higher grade.

SEC. 202. There shall be a superintendent of public education elected at the same time and in the same' manner as the governor, who shall have the qualifications required of the secretary of state, and hold his office for four years and until his successor shall be elected and qualified, who shall have the general supervision of the common schools, and of the educational interests of the State, and who shall perform such other duties and receive such compensation, as shall be prescribed by law.

SEC. 203. There shall be a board of education, consisting of the secretary of state, the attorney general, and the superintendent of public education, for the management and investment of the school funds, according to law, and for the performance of such other duties as may be prescribed. The superintendent and one other of said board shall constitute a quorum.

SEC. 204. There shall be a superintendent of public education in each county, who shall be appointed by the board of education by and with the advice and consent of the senate, whose term of office shall be four years, and whose qualifications, compensation, and duties shall be prescribed by law: Provided, That the legislature shall have power to make the office of county school superintendent of the several counties elective, or may otherwise provide for the discharge of the duties of county superintendent, or abolish said office.

SEC. 205. A public school shall be maintained in each school district in the county at least four months during each scholastic year. A school district neglecting to maintain its school four months, shall be entitled to only such part of the free school fund as may be required to pay the teacher for the time actually taught.

SEC. 206. There shall be a common-school fund which shall consist of the poll tax (to be retained in the counties where the same is collected) and an additional sum from the general fund in the State treasury which together shall be sufficient to maintain the common schools for the term of four months in each scholastic year. But any county or separate school district may levy an additional tax to maintain its schools for a longer time than the term of four months. The common-school fund shall be distributed among the several counties and separate school districts, in proportion to the number of educable children in each, to be determined from data collected through the office of the State superintendent of education, in the manner to be prescribed by law. SEC. 207. Separate schools shall be maintained for children of the white and colored races.

SEC. 208. No religious or other sect, or sects, shall ever control any part of the school or other educational funds of this State; nor shall any funds be appropriated toward the support of any sectarian school; or to any school that at the time receiving such appropriation is not conducted as a free school.

SEC. 209. It shall be the duty of the legislature to provide by law for the support of institutions for the education of the deaf, dumb, and blind.

SEC. 210. No public officer of this State, or any district, county, city, or town thereof, nor any teacher or trustee of any public school, shall be interested in the sale, proceeds or profits of any books, apparatus, or furniture to be used in any public school in this State. Penalties shall be provided by law for the violation of this section.