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There are two kinds of impersonals: active, as, it rains; passive, as, it is warm.

AUXILIARY or HELPING VERBS

The following are called helping verbs, being commonly set before other verbs, viz. Helping verbs of the present time are - formed thus:

Singular. I do, thou doest or you do, he doeth or does.
Plural. We do, ye do or you do, they do.

Singular. I may, thou mayest or you may, he may.
Plural. We may, ye may or you may, they may.
Singulur. I am, thou art or you are, he is.
Plural. We are, ye are or you are, they are.

Can and be are formed in the same manner.
Helping verbs of the past time are thus formed:
Singular. I did, thou didst or you did, he did.
Plural. We did, ye did or you did, they did.
Singular. I have, thou hast or you have, he hath or has.
Plural. We have, ye have or you have, they have.
Singular. I was, thou wast or you were,
Plural. We were, ye were or you were, they were.
Hud, might and could, are formed in the like manner.
Helping verbs of the future time thus:

he was.

Singular. I shall, thou shalt or you shall, he shall.
Plural. We shall, ye shall or you shall, they shall.
Singular. I will, thou wilt or you will, he will.
Plural. We will, ye will or you will, they will.

Such verbs as can be formed through the present and past times, without the aid of any of these helping verbs, are called principal verbs, and are formed thus:

Sing. I love, thou lovest or you love, he loveth or loves.
Plu. We love, ye love or you love, they love.

In the time past thus:

Sing. I love, thou lovedst or you loved, he loved. Plu. We loved, ye loved or you loved, they loved. The future time is formed by the help of shall or will. There are four sorts of principal verbs, as before observed, viz. active verbs, which signify doing or being; passive, by the help of am and be, which signify suffering; imperatives, that bid or command; and infinitives, or such as have an unlimited sense, known by the sign to before them.

Verbs that make the past time by adding ed to the present, as, I live, I lived, &c. are called regular verbs, as being formed after the common or usual way; but there are several irregulars, which are formed differently.

An irregular verb is thus formed, in the present time:
Sing. I fly, or am flying, thou fliest or you fly, he flieth or flies.
Plu. We fly, ye fly or you fly, they fly.

In the past time.

Sing. I flew, fled, or did fly, or was flying: thou fledst or didst йy, or you flew, fled, or did fly; he flew, fled, or did fly. Plu. We, ye or you and they flew, fled, or did fly.

PARTICIPle.

A participle is a word derived from a verb, and signifies being, doing, or suffering; and also implies time as a verb does, but is otherwise like a quality. Participles must end in ing; as loving, reading; and sometimes in d, t, or n; as loved, taught, slain, coming from irregular verbs. But when such words have an article before them, and are joined to a name, they are properly called qualities: as, a loving father, an obliging servant, a dancing dog, a learned man, a lion rampant, the prince regent, &c. But when we say, I am writing a book; Ye have praised the book; I am mending a pen; they are merely participles, and are always such when they have any relation to the time of acting and suffering.

ADVERBS.

The adverb, as its name imports, is added to the verb, and also to the adjective, to express some modification, or other circumstance of the action expressed by the verb, or the quality expressed by the adjective; as, the time he reads now ;-distance, the countries lie wide apart-relation, they are closely united; -quantity, an exceeding high mountain; quality, to live soberly-comparison, they are much alike ;-doubt, possibly, perhaps;-affirmation, yes, certainly ;-negation, no;-demonstration, truly, evidently ;-interrogation, how, what ;-manner, well, ill;-order, regularly;-place, here, there;-motion, slow, swift.

The adverb in English has no variation, except a few, which have the degrees of comparison: as, 66 soon, sooner, soonest; often, oftener, oftenest." Those ending in ly, are compared by more, and most; as, wisely, more wisely, most wisely.”...

PREPOSITIONS.

Prepositions are placed between words, to connect them with each other, and to shew the relation between them: they are generally placed before nouns and pronouns: as, "He rode from Windsor to London:" "She is above meanness :" "They are supported by labour.

Prepositions originally denote the relation or place, but are now

used to denote other relations: as, in, with, through, for, from, by, out, under, to, of, over, &c. Of has the same meaning with from learn of me, that is, from me: for signifies in the place or stead of another. The others evidently convey the idea of place, according to the general meaning of the words.

Prepositions are sometimes placed before verbs. and joined to them so as to form but one word: in which case they always alter the sense of the verb: as, to stund, signifies a posture-to understand, intends comprehension: also to go, to outgo; to look, to overlook. Sometimes they follow the verb, and are not joined to it; when they no less alter the meaning of the verb; as, to give, to give up; to cast, to cast off, to cast down, &c.

The preposition on is sometimes converted into an a, and that chiefly before the present participle: as a walking, a going, &c. which are evidently derived from phrases, I was on walking, I was on going; that is, employed on that action. Also, twelve a clock, as it is commonly pronounced, but written, twelve o'clock, was originally twelve on the clock.

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Some of the prepositions have the appearance and effect of conjunctions; as, After they left home," &c. "They prepared against the storm." "Before I depart," &c.

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CONJUNCTIONS.

Conjunctions are used to connect sentences together; so as from two or more simple sentences, to form one, which is called a compound sentence.

What a simple sentenee is, has been shown in page 16. A compound sentence, is formed of two or more such simple sentences: as "John loves his book, but Edward is a dunce." This is a compound sentence, formed by uniting the two following simple sentences together by the conjunction but:-John loves his book; Edward is a dunce.

Conjunctions are principally divided into copulative conjunctions, and disjunctive conjunctions. They both serve to connect the sentence; but the disjunctive conjunction expresses an opposi tion in the sense, as has been seen by the conjunction but. Also the conjunctions or, than, except, unless, although (though) yet, nevertheless, &c. are disjunctives.

"He and his friends are in London"-" I will go if you will accompany me"-" I respect her because she is amiable." Here and, if, because, are copulatives; but in the following sentence the words though and yet, are disjunctive: though he was frequently reproved, yet he would not refrain."

The following are the principal conjunctious:

The copulative. And, that, both, for, therefore, if, then, since, because, wherefore.

The disjunctive. But, than, though, either, or, as, unless neither, nor, lest, yet, notwithstanding.

INTERJECTIONS.

Interjections are words thrown in between the parts of a sentence, to express the passions and emotions of the speaker: as, "Oh! I have alienated my friend! alas! I fear for life :" virtue! how amiable thou art !"

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The English interjections, as well as those of other languages are comprised within a small compass. They are of different sorts, according to the different passions which they serve to express.-Those which intimate earnestness of grief, are, O! oh! ah! alas! Such as are expressive of contempt, are, pish! tush ! Of wonder, heigh! really! strange! Of calling, hem! ho! soho! Of aversion or disgust, foh! fie! away! Of a call of the attention, lo! behold! hark! Of requesting silence, hush! hist! Of salutation, welcome! hail! all hail!

DERIVATIVES.

A derivation of words shews, how every word may be formed in its proper case, mood, tense, and quality.

The genitive case singular is formed without the preposition of prefixed, by putting 's to the substantive of the possessor; as The master's eye, i. e. The eye of the master.

Many substantives, and sometimes adjectives, and sometimes the other parts of speech, become verbs, by prefixing the sign to before them, or by adding the termination en to the adjective; as, from a house, comes to house; from warm, to warm; from hard, to harden.

Substantives come sometimes from verbs: almost every verb has some substantive coming from it; for by the addition of er to the ending of the present tense, comes a substantive signifying the agent or doer, which is therefore called a verbal noun; as, from to hear, comes a hearer; from to carry, a carrier.

Note, Some substantives are formed from verbs by the addition of or to the ending of the present tense; as from to govern, comes a governor; from to solicit, a solicitor; from to visit, a visitor; from to possess, a possessor; from to sail, a sailor; from to direct, a director; also from to contribute, a contributor; and from to survive, survivor; dropping the e.

Adjectives are sometimes formed from substantives.

1. By adding the termination y, are formed adjectives: as, from health, comes healthy; from wealth, wealthy.

2. By adding the termination en; as, from ash, comes ashen ; from birch, birchen; from oak, oaken.

8. By adding the termination ful; as from joy, comes joyful; from youth, youthful; from sin, sinful.

4. By adding the termination some; as, from trouble comes troublesome, from game, gamesome.

5. By adding the termination less; as, from worth, comes worthless; from help, helpless; from tooth, toothless.

Note, The same thing is signified by an, in, or im, prefixed to adjectives; as, unpleasant, indecent, improper, &c.

6. By adding the termination ly; as, from man, comes manly; from God, godly; also from fit, comes fitly; from certain, certainly.

7. By adding the termination ish; as, from wolf, comes wolfish; from child, childish, sleep, sleepish; also from book, comes bookish; and from tickle, ticklish.

Words are derived from their primitives, by adding -ship, -dom, -rick, -wick, -ness, -head, hood.

1. Words ending in ship; as stewardship, fellowship, lordship, &c.

2. Words ending in dom; as popedom, kingdom.

3. Words ending in rick and wick; as bishoprick, bailiwick. 4. Substantives ending in ness; as from white, comes whiteness; from hard, hardness, &c.

5. Nouns that end in head and hood; as godhead, manhood, widowhood, brotherhood, livelihood, &c.

Note, There are also substantives (derived from adjectives and verbs) which are made by adding to the ending th, with some sinall change; as, from long comes length; strong, strength, warm, warmth; moon, month, &c. also from to die comes death; from grow, growth, &c.

SYNTAX.

Syntax is the disposing of words in their right case, gender, number, person, mood, tense, and place, in a sentence. Example. Good boys are not beaten; Here the words are placed according to syntax; whereas should I say, Beaten not are boys good, it would be unintelligible; because here is no syntax in this sentence.

There are two kinds of sentences, viz. simple and compound. A simple sentence is that wherein there is but one verb, and one nominative word of the subject, either expressed or understood; as, the boy reads.

A compound sentence is two simple sentences joined together by a conjunction, or by a relative; as who, which, that, or by a comparative word; as, so, as, such, so many, as many, more, than: as, I am diligent, and you are negligent. He is a naughty boy, who deserves correction.

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