CONTENT S.

INTRODUCTION.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS,

Solar system-Planets-Middle position of the Earth-
Figure of the Earth-Ptolemaic system-Copernicus—
Conception of Geography.

PAGE

1

THE EARTH AS THE DWELLING-PLACE OF MAN,

8

General remarks.

GEOGRAPHY AS A SCIENCE,

10

The Earth and Man-Geography-Scientific definition of
Geography-Geography as a science.

WHAT GEOGRAPHY AS A SCIENCE HAS YET TO ACCOMPLISH, 16 The Earth a unit-Geographical treatises-Comparative Geography.

SOURCES OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE,

The study of our own neighbourhood-Strabo, Cluver,
Humboldt.

THE SCIENCES ILLUSTRATIVE OF GEOGRAPHY,

Illustrative sciences-Nautical science.

COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY.

PART I.

THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH CONSIDERED IN ITS MOST

GENERAL RELATIONS.

Flattening of the poles-The surface of the earth.

THE THREEFOLD COVERING OF THE EARTH,

34

The atmosphere-Depth of the sea-The interior of the

earth.

39

41

47

THE SUPERFICIAL DIMENSIONS OF THE LAND AND WATER

ON THE GLOBE,

Water and land-Area of the earth.

CONTRAST OF THE LAND AND WATER HEMISPHERES,

Continents and islands-Contrast of the hemispheres-The

great coast-belt-Historical contrast.

THE POSITION OF THE CONTINENTS, AND ITS INFLUENCE

ON THE COURSE OF HISTORY,

Structure and architectural relations of the continents.

THE PYRAMIDAL FORMS OF THE GREAT LAND-MASSES,

AND THEIR SOUTHWARD DIRECTION TOWARD THE OCE-

ANIC HEMISPHERE,

Pyramidal structure-Hypothesis as to its origin-Surface
of the moon.

SITUATION OF THE CONTINENTS IN THEIR RELATION TO

EACH OTHER AND TO THEIR COLLECTIVE WHOLE,

Continents-Submarine volcanic connection-Arctic polar

lands-The polar world-America--Australia.

THE HISTORICAL ELEMENT IN GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE,

Matter and spirit-Steam navigation-Europe's advanta-

geous position-Natural endowment of the various con-

tinents-Perfectibility of the earth-The oldest homes

of culture.

48

51

59

PART II.

A MORE EXTENDED INVESTIGATION REGARDING THE EARTH'S

SURFACE,

Plains - Relative' and absolute heights-Highlands and

lowlands-Lands of transition.

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70

74

HIGHLANDS OR PLATEAUS OF THE FIRST CLASS,

The Asiatic plateaus-The African highland-the Ameri-

75

can plateaus.

81

PLATEAUS OF THE SECOND CLASS,

Lower Asiatic plateaus-Lower African plateaus-Lower

American plateaus-Lower European plateaus-Use and

misuse of the word plateau-Limits of the lower plateaus.

MOUNTAINS AND MOUNTAIN-LANDS,

-

Mountains and plateaus-Height of mountains-Size of

mountains-Linear elevation-- Mountain-systems — Di-

visions of mountains Mountain-chains Serrated

ranges-Peaks and passes-Ranges of demarcation-

Superimposed mountains-Independent mountain-sys-

tems.

THE RELATIONS OF PLATEAU-SYSTEMS,

Geological differences between plateaus-The continents,

with their respective plateaus.

91

106

Intumescence of the earth-The great plateau circle.

Volcanic forces-Deposits from water--Geography and

geology.

LOWLANDS,

Limits of lowland-

The polar flat regions America,

Africa, and Australia, the continents of lowlands.

111

116

THE MIDDLE EUROPEAN LOWLANDS,

General description.

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122

THE ORIGIN OF THE GREAT CENTRAL EUROPEAN PLAIN, 124

General remarks.

THE PONTO-CASPIAN PLAIN, THE GREAT DEPRESSION OF

THE OLD WORLD,

129

THE REGIONS OF TRANSITION BETWEEN HIGHLANDS AND

LOWLANDS; THE RIVER-SYSTEMS OF THE GLOBE,

General remarks.

TERRACE-LANDS AND RIVERS IN THEIR GENERAL CHAR-

ACTER,

-

---

Terrace-lands Rivers Their individuality

individualit Water-

sheds-Territory watered-Falls.

RIVERS MORE CLOSELY CONSIDERED,

146

147

152

Direction-Watersheds-District drained-River-valleys.

UPPER COURSE OF RIVERS,

General descriptive remarks.

MIDDLE COURSE OF RIVERS,

General descriptive remarks.

LOWER COURSE OF RIVERS,

General descriptive remarks-River's mouth - Naviga-

tion of rivers - Sinuosity of rivers: its influence on

civilisation-Sources-Double streams-Cross streams

-Weak and strong currents.

157

161

166

The historical influence of plateaus-The influence of
river-systems on civilisation-The European terrace-
lands-The Danube terraces.

Teleology of the earth's structure-Horizontal and ver-

tical dimensions-Articulation-Strabo on the articula-

tion of Europe.

THE SUPERFICIAL DIMENSIONS AND ARTICULATION OF

THE CONTINENTS,

Africa Asia Europe - The European triangle The

articulation of Europe-Its extremities-Its relation to

the other continents-Its historical function-Its com-

plete preparation for the place assigned to it.

ISLANDS,

-

African islands

-

Asiatic islands

European islands -

Polynesia - Concentration and dismemberment - Eu-

rope.

-

THE RESULTS OF THE ABOVE CONSIDERATIONS BRIEFLY

STATED,

Review of the Old World.

THE NEW WORLD,

-

191

206

214

America South America - Terra del Fuego North

America-American polar regions-The future-Con-

clusion.

215