Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh

14th century ancient ārāmas artists Austine Avalokitesvara bhikkhus Bodhisattvas Brahminic Brom-ston Buddha Buddhist built celestial centres century A.D. Chamba Chap chen-bZang-po Chinese chorten cult cultural deities Delhi District Gazetteers doctrine du-khang Dug-pa Dutt established existence fact Francke Gandholā Ge-lug-pa Gon-khang gTsug Guge Himachal Pradesh Hindu Ibid iconometric Indian Indus influence institution Kah-dam-pa Kangyur Kanum Kar-gyu-pa Kashmir khang king kingdoms Kinnaur Kullu Ladakh Lahul Lahul and Spiti laity Lama Lamaism layout Lha-khang Lha-lun London Lotsaba Mahābhārata Mahāyāna mainland Mandi metres monas monasteries monastic architecture monks mudrā murals Nako Nyingmapa Padma bKai Padmasambhava painted period Punjab Rawalsar rDo-rje religious remained Rin-chen-bZang-po Sa-kya-pa Samya sangha sect Shimla socio-cultural spiritual Spiti valley structure style Sukumar symbolises Tabo Chos-hKhor tantric temple temporal teries thankā Tibet Tibetan tion tradition Upanisadic Vairocana Vajra Vajrayāna Vedic vihāra village Village-level monastery Waddell walls Western Himalaya Western Himalayan region Western Tibet yab-yum