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brain itself is of a smoky tint, and that the pia mater contains brown spots, which are never found in the brain of the European.

"Therefore, in the muzzle-like extension of the jaws, in the manual application of the foot, and in the early cessation of the brain-growth, the negro, speaking physically, approaches the ape.

"In his flattened nose, elongated cranium, simplicity of cerebral convolutions, rounded larynx, and less strongly marked curves of the vertical column, the negro approaches the child; for all these are found in the foetus of the child of the Aryan race in its different periods of development.

"And in the curvature of his arteries, in the flatness of his cornea, in the fulness of his muscles, in his general lack of enthusiasm, and love of repose, the negro presents the characteristics of old age.

"Thus it has been proven by measurements, by microscopes, by analysis, that the negro is something between a child, a dotard, and a beast. I cannot struggle against the sacred facts of science. But I contend that it is only degradation; that it is a disease; that it is not characteristic of the African continent, and that it is confined only to a small geographical area.'

"Savage Africa," by Winwood Read, p. 397.

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These statements have not been denied by the ethnologists and biologists of the scientific world, but have been generally assented to.

To be fair with Mr. Read, I must say he did not describe the typical negro, but a class below the highest type of the negro race. As to the extent of the area, it is no small portion of the west coast of Africa. Fully half of Africa, the northern half, is inhabited by the Aryan race, or of races whose blood is mixed with a strong infusion of Aryan blood. Mr. Read believes in the unity of the human race.

CHAPTER II

SOME AFRICAN TRIBES

THAT we may better understand the Southern negro, we will give a short chapter on a few of the leading tribes of Africa, from the highest to the lowest.

We now approach a singular phase in ethnology, or rather in the relational appearance of the negro to the white man-a fact which denies that the negro and the Aryan are of the same original or Adamic origin.

If the Ovambos, the Damaras, the Fans, the Hottentots are degenerate Zulus, it is singular, that in proportion as they are degenerate they are found of lighter color and of a greater resemblance to the white man. In all domestic species, as I have shown in another work, loss of color is one of the first signs of degenerate variation, so these lower tribes must have lost color in their evolution downward from the Zulu. The tribes below the Zulus occupy largely more than ninetenths of negro Africa. We must judge from this that the negro race in Africa is traveling to extinction.

The Zulus or Kaffirs "are darker than these lighter colored tribes, but not so black as the negroes of the West Coast. Their hair is crisp, short and curled, but not so woolly as that of the negro (of the West Coast); their lips, though large when compared with those of the Europeans, are small when compared with those of the negro.* Their form is finely modeled, their stature tall, their limbs straight, their forehead high, their expression intelligent, and altogether this group of mankind affords as fine examples of the human form as can be found anywhere on the earth.'

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The Zulus seem to be of a less variable type than the other tribes. Great variations among individuals of any species, whether in form, color, or habits, is a sign of degeneracy.

The Tonga, the Bechuana, the Ovambo, the Namequa, and some others, are classified by some with the Zulus; but they are lighter in color and resemble the European much more than the Zulus do.

The Bechuanas: "The Bechuana character is frank and sociable, which, however, does not arise

*Mr. Read does not class the Zulus with the negro. He strangely considers the inhabitants of the West Coast alone as true negroes.

from a benevolent disposition. They are exceedingly vindictive and revengeful, but easily propitiated with gifts. From the king to the slave, theft is a peculiar vice. The women are tenacious of their toilet, appearing to prefer the garb of Mother Eve. They are masculine, short, stout, and clumsy. They have little regard for human life. A husband may kill his wife if he likes, without any particular notice being taken of it."*

The Bechuanas have no notion of a superior being. “I have often wished," says Mr. Moffat, "I could find something by which I could lay hold on the minds of the natives; an altar to the unknown God, the faith of their ancestors, the immortality of any association, but nothing of the kind ever floated through their minds. They looked upon the sun with the eye of an ox." †

These stand about next to the Zulus. We have descriptive evidence from many reliable authors that the following tribes differ in appearance from the Zulus in an approach to the Europeans, though none of these authors noted this fact. They are all lighter in color; some, the color nearly of a ripe plum, some a sort of dark milkand-coffee color, etc., those of the smallest hands and feet being lighter in color and of less vigor.

* Anderson, p. 450.

† Anderson, P. 339.

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