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Harper's Family Library. It also appeared with deckungsreisen in alter und neuer Zeit. Eine a continuation by R. M. Ballantyne as The Geschichte der geographischen Entdeckungen, mit Northern coasts of America and the Hudson's Bay besonderer Berücksichtigung des 19. Jahrhunderts, Territory (London, 1854).

von Gerhard Stein (Glogau, 1883). Through the course of these explorations there have been recurrent attempts to square The separate recitals of the Arctic explorers theoretical views by the recorded results, gen. class themselves easily by their efforts to find erally towards the settlement of the question the passage to Asia, and by the search for Franktouching the desirability of further efforts. In lin in his efforts to that end; as well as by an 1836 we find Barrow, Richardson, Franklin, and emulating purpose to approach more nearly than Ross all considering the question, with this aim, before the pole, if not to attain it. in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society The attempts to find the passage, so long the (vol. vi. 34, etc.).

equivalent of a search for the Straits of Anian, Captain Beechey in 1843, in his Voyage, epit- are mixed up with the geographical vagaries of omized the earlier discoveries, while Barrow De Fonte and the rest (of which we can see the followed in his supplemental book (1846) already effects in the maps of Buache and Jefferys), mentioned.

and were conducted both on the side of the PaThe interest in the Franklin search gave rise cific and on the side of Baffin's and Hudson's to new summaries : P. L. Simmond's Sir John bays. Some of the early accounts of combats Franklin and the Arctic Regions (Lond., 1851, – with the ice in these high latitudes have come 2d ed.) ; Epes Sargent's Arctic Adventure by Sea down to us in the books that usually show in and Land (Boston, 1857), which was again issued their thumbing the popularity of their narraas Wonders of the Arctic World (Philad., 1873), tives. The creation of the Hudson Bay Comwith an additional chapter on later discoveries; pany was made on the ostensible ground in part and Sir J. Leslie's Polar Scas and Regions of organizing such a search from the regions (Lond., 1855; N. Y., 1859).

brought under their control.4 It was not till well There soon followed some more important into the century following its incorporation that books. John Brown published his Northwest the efforts, since the days of Frobisher, Davis, Passage and the plans for the Search for Sir John and Hudson, were of any importance on this Franklin (London, 1858, 1860), and Sir John side. One of the volumes published by the Richardson his Polar Regions (Edinburgh, 1861). Hakluyt Society chronicles the rising interest: This last book is a summary of the knowledge The Geography of Hudson's Bay ; being the Rethen attained, with a review of the progress of marks of Captain W. Coats, in many Voyages to discovery both towards the north and south that Locality, between the Years 1727 and 1751. poles, and is enlarged upon an article which he With an appendix, containing Extracts from the communicated to the Encyclopædia Britannica. log of Capi. Middleton on his Voyage for the Dis

C. R. Markham's Threshold of the Unknown covery of the North-west Passage in H. M. S. Regions (London, 1873, 2d ed.) is partly a re- “Furnace" in 1741-2. Edited by John Barrow, print of a series of articles in Ocean Highways. Esq. (London, 1852). This book, which rehearses the story of polar To this may be added, as indicating the conexplorations down to 1873, is considered one of temporary study of the problem: A description of the most successful summaries.2

the coast, tides, and currents in Button's Bay, being It is enough barely to mention some of the the North-west coast of Hudson's Bay ; also from later comprehensive surveys : David Murray the discoveries made in 1742 ... by Captain Smith's Arctic Expeditions (Edinburgh, 1875, Middleton and Captain Moor, showing from their etc.), and Recent Polar Voyages, 1848-1876 journals, a probability that there is a passage from (London, 1876). Two German works need to thence to the Western Ocean (London, 1745 [?] ). be mentioned: Friedrich von Hellwald's Im An Account of a Voyage for a Discovery of a ewigen Eis. Geschichte der Nordpol-fahrten von North West Passage by Hudson's Straights to the den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart (Stutt- Western and Southern Ocean of America, pergart, 1879); and Wilhelm Rubiner's Die Ent- formed in the Year 1746 and 1747 in the Ship

1 There is a life of Richardson by M'llraith (1868).

2 J. A. MacGahan, in his Under the Northern Lights (London, 1876), speaks of it as “ the only intelligent synopsis of Arctic knowledge" published up to that time,

3 See ante, Vol. II. 468, etc. 4 See ante, ch. i.

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Note. — The opposite map is a part of that in C. R. Markham's Threshold of the Unknown Regions (1873). The same book contains six charts of the Smith Sound route, from Bylot and Baffin to Hall, 1616-1873, compiled by E. G. Ravenstein. Cf. the maps in Lamont's Yachting in the Arctic Seas (London, 1876).

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