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being from a survey made in 1770. Long had lived in Jamaica as a judge, and his book was readily recognized as an important one.

The Negro problem in Jamaica fast becoming serious, William Beckford (not the author of Vathek) published his Negroes in Jamaica (1788), and two years later printed his Descriptive Account of the island of Jamaica (London, 1790), in two volumes. The negro slaves of the Spaniards, when deserted by them at the conquest of 1655, had fled to the mountains; and for a hundred and forty years they carried on an harassing warfare upon the settlements of the English. The story of their final subjugation is told in R. C. Dallas's History of the Maroons from their origin to the establishment of their chief tribe at Sierra Leone, with a succinct history of Jamaica (London, 1803). The book is accompanied by a map to illustrate the Maroon War, and another of the "Cockpit," the principal seat of that war in 1795-96. Cf. Bryan Edwards' three books: British Colonies in the West Indies (London, 1803); Proceedings of the Governor and asseciates of Jamaica in regard to the Maroon Negroes (London, 1796); Historical Survey of St. Domingo (London, 1801); Lord Brougham in the Edinburgh Rev., ii. 376; Once a Week (1865); Col. T. W. Higginson on “The Maroons of Jamaica" in the Atlantic Monthly (v. 213), and in his Travellers and Outlaws (Boston, 1889), where will also be found a similar treatment of the "Maroons of Surinam."

The later general accounts of Jamaica are: Robert Renny's History of Jamaica (London, 1807); An account of Jamaica and its inhabitants, by a gentleman long resident in the West Indies (London, 1808, 1809; Kingston, Jamaica, 1809); Drouin-de-Bercy's Histoire civile et commerciale de la Jamaique (Paris, 1818); Cynric R. Williams's Tour through Jamaica, 1823 (London, 1826, 1827); J. Stewart's View of the past and present states of Jamaica (Edinburgh, 1823); James Hakewell's Picturesque Tour of Jamaica (London, 1825); G. W. Bridge's Annals of Jamaica (London, 1828), etc.1

A large part of the interest, early and late, of West Indian history centres in that island where the Spaniards founded their first city, Hispaniola, and the best key to the bibliography and

cartography of the subject is in an enumeration by H. Ling Roth in the Supplemental Papers (vol. ii.) published in 1887 by the Royal Geographical Society, and for the maps alone in the section on Haiti in Uricoechea (pp. 70-79). Benzoni (1565) gives one of the best early descriptive accounts. Gomara (1568) is an early historian, to say nothing of the rest. D'Anville, in his maps, endeavored from his study of Herrera and Oviedo to place the earliest of the Spanish settlements, and these maps are found in the Paris edition (1730) of Charlevoix's Histoire de l'isle Espagnole, ou de St. Domingue, ecrite particulièrement sur des mémoires, MSS., de P. J. B. Le Pers, jésuite, missionnaire à S. Domingue, et sur les pièces originais qui se conservent au dépôt de la Marine. There were later editions: Paris, 1731; Amsterdam, 1733, all of which give much help in the cartography of the time of its publication. This is the earliest monographic history of the island, helpful in the study of the early periods; but to be supplemented for later ones by B. Ardouin's Etudes sur l'histoire d'Haiti (Paris, 1853-1861), in eleven volumes, covering the period 1784-1843; Barbé-Marbois's Histoire des désastres de Saint Domingue, précedée d'un tableau de régime et des progrès de cette colonie, depuis sa fondation jusqu'à d'Epoque de la Révolution Française (Paris, 1796?); Antonio del Monte y Tejada's Historia de Santo Domingo, desde su Descubrimiento hasta nuestras Dias (Madrid, 1853-1860); Jonathan Brown's History and Present Condition of St. Domingo (Philad., 1837); Thomas Madiou's Histoire d'Haiti (Port-au-Prince, 1847-48), in 3 volumes, covering 1492-1807, but chiefly elucidating the revolutionary period 1789-1807; and Baron V. P. Malouet's Collection de Mémoires ... sur l'administration des Colonies (Paris, 1802), in vol. iv., gives us the administrative aspect of its history towards the close of the eighteenth century.

Champlain, in his Voyage to the West Indies (1599-1600), gives us some of the earliest graphic helps for the period following the era of discovery and colonization. It was not till thirty years later that the little island of Tortuga (Tortue, as the French called it), adjacent to Hispaniola, received (1630) from St. Kitts

1 See a list of anonymous publications on Jamaica in Sabin's Dictionary, vol. ix.

2 Cf. Sabin's Dictionary, xviii. p. 260. There is a collection of Hayti tracts given to Harvard College Library by Obadiah Rich; and the "Hunt Collection" in the Boston Public Library is a full survey of Haytian history.

3 Ramusio's map (1556) is given ante, Vol. II. p. 188. After the eighteenth century came in the chief maps are those of Delisle (1722-1725, etc.); that in Labat (v. 55); those of D'Anville (1730-31); in Prévost (xv.) and Allg. Hist. der Reisen (1759), xvii.; Bellin (1764, etc.); Jefferys (1762, etc.); Juan Lopez (Madrid, 1784); Bryan Edwards (1797); that in Ducœur-Joly's Manuel des habitans des S. Domingue (Paris, 1803); and J. B. Poirson's (1803, 1825) in Métral's Expéd. à St. Domingue (Paris, 1825).

4 These are said to be in existence, and Le Pers is said not to have been satisfied with Charlevoix's use of them.

NOTE TO OPPOSITE CUT.

From Long's Jamaica (London, 1774), vol. ii.

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* From Champlain's own sketch as reproduced in his Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico (Hakluyt Soc.), 1859. Drawn in 1599 or 1600.

settlers a negro insurrection (1678); and when Governor De Cussy came in 1684 he found that Tortuga had been deserted for the advantages of the larger island. The compacting of the French was opportune, for when war broke out between France and Spain in 1689, both sides rallied round their national flags in their marches and conflicts on the island. At the battle of Sabana Real, Jan. 21, 1691, the Spaniards from the easterly end overcame the French and sacked Cape François. The French were soon recruited from St. Kitts, when the English drove the French thence; 1 and in turn Du Cosse, now made governor, attacked Jamaica and brought

away much plunder. The scales soon turned, for the English and Spaniards joined forces and captured Cape François. This retaliatory warfare ceased when the Peace of Ryswick (1697) confirmed France in her possession of the western end of the island, which now under peaceful French domination entered upon a career of prosperity.

At the Spanish end the times were after a while more stirring. The hostilities between Spain and England in 17402 exposed the commerce of the English to many hazards in these waters, and the town of Santo Domingo gained importance by the accessions to its resources

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from the Dutch and Danish trade, which was invited, and inducements were held out to immigrants, when a considerable body came from the Canary islands. Still later the Spaniards did not neglect the opportunity for predatory exploits when the war of 1762 followed in the train of events.

The boundary disputes, which were a bar to pacification, were finally brought to a close by a treaty in 1777, under which the French and Spanish parts of the island were satisfactorily separated. The treaty is given with a "notice historique" in Calvo's Recueil des traités, iii. 99, and in English in the appendix of Hazard's

Santo Domingo. Hilliard d'Auberteuil published at this time his Considérations sur l'état present de la Colonie française de Saint Domingue (Paris, 1776-77), in two volumes. The condition of the island in the year just before the bursting of the revolutionary passions is portrayed for us, for the Spanish part, in Antonio Sanchez Valverde's Idea del Valor de la isla Española (Madrid, 1785), the author having been long a resident, and the inheritor of his father's collection of papers. For the French part, M. L. E. Moreau de Saint Méry published his Lois et Constitutions des Colonies Françaises de l'Amérique sous le Vent (Paris, 1784-85), in five volumes; but

1 Margry has given contemporary material respecting the early settlements of the French, 1692, in the Revue Maritime et Coloniale (Paris, 1862), pp. 794-1818.

2 D'Anville's war map of the West Indies at this time is a convenient accompaniment of the naval accounts. * From a print in Du Tertre's Antilles (Paris, 1667).

the French Revolution breaking out he did not complete the work till a Description topographique et politique de la partie Espagnole de l'ile de Saint Domingue appeared in Philadelphia (1796, and a large map; also in English, by W. Cobbett, 1796), and a Partie Française (Philad., 1797-98), a second edition of both parts coming out in Paris, 1875-76.

When the doctrines of the French Revolution began to be talked of, the rich French planters thought their opportunity was come, and they began to organize to secure their independence. They called assemblies, but they denied the mulattoes a share in their deliberations, which naturally drove the half-breeds into the support of equal rights, while the governor and his party

drifted into open war with the whites and their assembly. The mulattoes prematurely rose under one of their number, James Ogè, who had been sent over by the National Assembly of France to present their decree establishing equal rights; but they were soon put down, while Ogè fled within the Spanish territory. He was given up on condition that his life should be spared; but the whites were faithless, and broke him on a wheel.

The passions of all sides were at once let loose. The whites were divided among themselves, and this did much to help the negroes, who now rose in revolt, to carry out under great provocation their nefarious plans of murder and devastation. It was a curious spectacle, with the negroes embattled for the French king, and the whites in opposition. The blacks were not generally successful in the field till the mulattoes joined them, when at Croix des Bouquets, March 28, 1792, they defeated the white forces.

We have the French official reports on the causes and scenes of this period of horror in several forms: J. Ph. Garan-Coulon's Rapport sur les troubles de Saint Domingue (Paris, 1797-99), in four volumes. An inquiry into the causes of the insurrection of the negroes in the island of St. Domingo; to which are added Observations of M. Garran-Coulon before the Nat. Assembly (London, 1792). Production historique des faits qui se sont passés dans la partie de l'ouest, depuis le commencement de la révolution de Saint Domingue jusqu'au premier Février, 1792, présentée par les gardes nationales du Port-au-Prince à Messieurs les Commissaires Civils (Port-au-Prince, 1792). A particular account of the commencement and progress of the 1 Carter-Brown, iii. no. 3554.

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There was a further contribution to the study of this period in the record of the visit to the island of F. A. Stanislaus, the Baron de Wimpffen, whose Voyage to Saint Domingo, 1788-1790, translated from the original MS., was first published in London (1797), while the original text appeared a few months later (Paris, 1797).

NOTE. The above cut is reproduced from Charles Yves Cousin d'Avalon's Histoire de Toussaint-Louverture (Paris, 1802). Cf. other engravings in Antoine Métral's Hist. de l'Expédition des Français à Saint Domingue (Paris, 1825); in Louis Dubroca's Vie de Toussaint-Louverture (Paris, 1802). Marcus Rainsford, in his St. Domingo (London, 3d ed., 1802) gives a full-length back view, with profile head, in uniform, as sketched by Major Rainsford from life. Still another likeness is in Toussaint-Louverture's frühere Geschichte nach Englischen Nachrichten bearbeitet (Fürth, 1802).

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