stored throughout the island. Toussaint was treacherously seized and sent to France, where he died in durance, April, 1803.

Toussaint is the central figure of a large body of historical writings, and the following titles in their chronological order will indicate the growth of interest and the development of knowledge:

Charles Esmangart's Des Colonies Françaises et en particulier de l'ile de Saint-Domingue (Paris, 1801).

Louis Dubroca's La Vie de Toussaint Louverture; suivie de notes sur Saint Domingue. . . et des opérations militaires du Général Leclerc (Paris, 1802), upon which was based a Histoire de Toussaint Louverture par Charles Yves Cousin d'Avalon (Paris, 1802).

The successive books of Captain Marcus Rainsford: A Memoir of Transactions that took place in St. Domingo in the spring of 1799, affording an idea of the present state of that country, the real character of its black governor, Toussaint L'Ouverture, and the safety of our West India islands from attack or revolt (London, 1802, 31 pp.); St. Domingo, or an historical, political and military sketch of the Black Republic, with a view of the life and character of Toussaint L'Ouverture, and the effects of his newly established dominion (London, 1802, 2d ed., pp. 63); An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti, comprehending a view of the principal transactions in the revolution of St. Domingo (London, 1805, pp. 477). This last has a long appendix of historical documents, with a plan of Cape François as it was before its destruction.1 A German translation was published at Hamburg in 1806.

René Perin's L'Incendie du Cap ou le Régne de Toussaint Louverture (Paris, 1802).

F. C.'s Soirées Bermudiennes, ou Entretiens sur les évènements qui ont opéré la ruine de la partie française de l'isle Saint Domingue (Bordeaux, 1802).

Lemonier - Delafosse's Second Campagne de Saint Domingue, Dec., 1803-July, 1809; précédée de souvenirs historique de la première campagne : expédition du général-en-chef, Leclerc, Dec., 1801Dec., 1803 (Havre, 1846).

John R. Beard's Life of Toussaint L'Ouverture, the negro patriot of Hayti: comprising an account of the struggle for liberty in the island, and a sketch of its history to the present period (London, 1853).

Joseph St. Remy's Vie de Toussaint L'Overture (Paris, 1850), using material in the French archives; and his Mémoires du Général Toussaint L'Ouverture, écrits par lui-même, pouvant servir à l'histoire de sa vie, précédés d'une étude historique et critique, suivis de notes et Renseignements, avec un Appendice contenant les opinions de l'Empereur Napoléon 1er sur les évènements de Saint Domingue (Paris, 1853).

Hannah F. Lee's Memoir of Pierre Toussaint (Boston, 3d ed., 1854).

Charles Wyllys Elliott's Saint Domingo, its revolution and its hero, Toussaint L'Ouverture (N. Y., 1855).

An address on Toussaint Louverture, by Wendell Phillips, delivered Dec., 1861, and included in his Speeches, Lectures, and Letters (Boston, 1864).

Gragnon de Lacoste's Toussaint Louverture,

écrit d'après des documents inédits et les papiers historiques et secrets de la famille Louverture (Paris et Bordeaux, 1877).

A few minor references: An article by S. H. Swiney in Macmillan's Mag., lvi. 311; by H. Adams on Napoleon and St. Domingo in Revue historique, xxiv. 92; a dramatic poem on Toussaint by Lamartine; and Harriet Martineau's novel, The Hour and the Man (N. Y., 1841).

The Life and military achievements of Toussaint Louverture, from the year 1792 to the fall of 1803 (Philad.?, 1804; 2d ed., 1805).

Augustin Régis' Mémoire historique sur Toussaint Louverture, suivi d'une notice historique sur Alexandre Pétion (Paris, 1818).

Antoine Métral's Histoire de l'expédition militair des Français à Saint Domingue, sous Napoléon Bonaparte; suivi des mémoires et notes d'Isaac Louverture sur la même expédition, et sur la vie de son père (Paris, 1825; again, 1841). James Franklin's Present State of Hayti (London, 1828).

breaking out between England and France, a British fleet blockaded the port at the same time. On Nov. 19, the French surrendered the town and went aboard the ships, and going out the harbor lowered their flags to the English admiral.

The way was again open for an independent government, and the three black generals declared the island to be subject to no external power, and Jean Jacques Dessalines was made governor-general for life. Power, thus confirmed to him, awoke his baser nature, and he entered upon a murderous career against the French part of the population, which was cer

(1825) by which France was to enjoy some commercial privileges and receive a large money indemnity, failing the payment of which last the island was to become once more a colony of France.

Boyer continued in office till 1843, when he was deposed. The separation of the Spanish end of the island followed, under an independent government, Juan Pablo Duarte leading the revolt, which ended in the declaration of a separation from Hayti, February 27, 1844.

This later period and the last of the present survey has found special treatment by observer and student: Charles Mackenzie's Notes on

Hayti (London, 1830), with a fac-simile of one of Cristophe's proclamations. The author was consul-general for Great Britain, and had facilities for securing information. C. C. Robin's Voyage dans l'intérieur de la Louisiane,. de St. Domingue, etc. (Paris, 1807). Haytian Papers: a collection of the very interesting proclamations and other official documents; together with some account of the rise, progress, and present state of the Kingdom of Hayti, with a preface by Prince Sanders, agent for the Haytian Government [of Cristophe] (London, 1816). W. W. Harvey's Sketches of Hayti, from the expulsion of the French to the death of Christophe (London, 1827). A paper on Cristophe in Blackwood's Edinburgh

Mag., vol. x. (1821) p. 545. Jos. St. Remy's Pétion et Haiti; étude monographique et historique (Paris, 1854-58), in five volumes. Gilbert Guillermin de Montpinay's Journal historique de la Révolution de la partie de l'est de Saint Domingue, commencée le 10 Août, 1808 (Philad., 1810, Paris, 1811); and his Précis historique depuis le 10 Août, 1808, jusqu'à la capitulation de Santo Domingo (Paris, 1811). This last volume contains a "Plan des environs de St. Domingue avec les positions et retranchments des révolté, 27 Nov., 1808-July 3, 1809," and a portrait of General Ferrand. Dorvo-Soulastre's Voyage par terre de Santo Domingo au Cap François (Paris, 1809). William Walton, Jr.'s Present State of the Spanish Colonies, including a particular report of Hispaniola (London, 1810). The author was secre

tary to the expedition which captured the city of Saint Domingo, and he gives a plan of the campaign. History of the Island of St. Domingo from its discovery to the present period (London, 1818; N. Y., 1825; in French, 1829), - mainly concerning the events of 1814, etc. M. Wallez's Précis historique des négociations entre la France et Saint Domingue; suivi de pièces justicatives et d'une notice biographique sur le général Boyer (Paris, 1826). Inginac's Mémoires (Kingston, Jamaica, 1843). He was secretary under Boyer. The military events of this revolutionary period are touched with more or less fulness in Mathieu Dumas' Précis des Evénéments militaires, 17991814 (Paris, 1817-26), in nineteen volumes, and in Jomini's Guerres de la Revolution (Paris, 182024), in fifteen volumes. Cf. Lt.-General the

Baron Pamphile de la Croix's Mémoires pour servir à la histoire de la revolution de Saint Domingue (Paris, 1819).

It may be well now to run down the succession of the chief and most characteristic histories of the island, especially for its later periods, the writing of which was in the main instigated by the events that made part of the long revolutionary history of St. Domingo: J. B. J. Breton's Histoire de l'Isle de Saint Domingue (Paris, 1802). Drouin de Bercy's De Saint Domingue, de ses guerres, de ses revolutions, etc. (Paris, 1814).

The Baron de Vastey abandoned the French republic in 1795, and went over to the Spaniards. He was killed in 1820. His successive publica

tions: Reflexions politique sur les noirs et les blancs le Royaume d'Haiti (Cap Henry, 1816). Reflexions politiques sur quelques ouvrages et journaux français concernant Hayti (Sans Souci, 1817; in English in The Pamphleteer, London, xiii. 165); and Essai sur les causes de la révolution et des guerres civiles d'Hayti (Sans Souci, 1819; in English, Exeter, 1823).

Antoine Metral's Histoire de l'insurrection des esclaves dans le Nord de Saint Domingue (Paris, 1819), and his Histoire de l'Expédition des Français à Saint Domingue (Paris, 1844). History of the island of St. Domingo to the present period (London, 1818). Du Pradt's Pièces relatives à Saint Domingue et à l'Amérique (Paris, 1818), a supplement to his work on America. L. J. Claus

son's Précis historique de la révolution de Saint Domingue (Paris, 1819). Pamphile de la Croix's Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la révolution de St. Domingue (Paris, 1819), in two volumes. Charles Malo's Histoire de l'isle de Saint Domingue depuis sa découverte jusqu'à l'année 1818 (Paris, 1819); jusqu'en 1824 (Paris, 1825). Civique de Gastine's Histoire de la République de Haïti (Paris, 1819). Justin Placide's Histoire politique et statistique de l'ile de Hayti, écrits sur des documents officiels et des notes communiquées par [Sir] James Barskett (Paris, 1826). It has convenient maps for showing the respective territories of King Cristophe and President Pétion, and the range of the French rule. Jonathan Brown's History and Present Condition of St. Domingo (Philad., 1837), in two volumes. Peter S. Charotte's Hist. Sketches of the Revolution VOL. VIII.-19

and the foreign and civil Wars in St. Domingo (N. Y., 1840). Wilhelm Jordan's Geschichte der insel Hayti (Leipzig, 1846-49). Documents relatifs à touts les phases de la Révolution de Saint Domingue, recuellis et mis en ordre par Edmond Bonnet (Paris, 1864).

The best work on Porto Rico is Inigo Abbad's Historia, geografica, civil y politica de la isla de S. Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico (Madrid, 1788), edited by Villadores de Sotomayor, and reprinted with a collection of documents in P. T. Cordova's Memorias de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico, 1831), in two volumes.

The principal books on Antigua are John Luffman's Brief account of Antigua (London, 1789), and Antigua and the Antiguans from the time of the Caribs (London, 1844), in two vols.

Guadaloupe came into prominence with the attack of the British upon it, Jan. 23, 1759, the forces under General Barrington and the fleet under Commodore Moore. The attack is described, with a map, in Mante's Late War (Lon. don, 1772), and there is a contemporary map of the attack in the London Mag., 1759, p. 287, and a larger one in Jefferys' Atlas.1 Cf. E. E. BoyerPeyreleau's Les Antilles françaises, particulièrement la Guadeloupe, depuis la découverte jusqu'au 1er Nov. 1825 (Paris, 1825), in three volumes. Labat has maps of the early part of the last century.

On Dominica see Thomas Atwood's History of Dominica, the conquest by the French and its restoration to the British Dominions (London, 1791). Cf. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial series, vol. v. (1660–1668).

The island of Martinique has been frequently the point of struggle in the West Indian warfare. Labat describes it early in the eighteenth century, and gives us maps and plans of the Ville Royal, with its forts and the Fort St. Pierre. The attack of the English upon the French there and elsewhere in the Antilles is particularly described, with a plan of the naval and land attack, in Captain Richard Gardiner's Account of the expedition to the West Indies against Martinico, with the reduction of Guadelupe, etc., subject to the French king, 1759 (Birmingham, 1762; also in a French translation, 1762). Cf. London Mag., 1758. Martinique with St. Lucia and St. Vincent were again taken by the British in 1762, under Rodney and Monckton. Mante gives a map taken before its attack, and there is another in the London Mag., Apr., 1762. The island reverted to France under the treaty of Paris, 1763. Of the later capture by the British in 1794, we have a large folio by Cooper Willyams, An account of the Campaign in the West Indies, in 1794, under Sir Charles Grey and Sir John Jervis, with the reduction of Martinique (London, 1796). The Peace of Amiens (1802) carried the island again to the French, and in 1815 the English put down a Bonapartist revolt there and confirmed the French rule.

The first actual English settlement at St. Lucia was in 1638. Cf. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial series, vol. v. p. lxvi. We must also refer to the Memorials of the English and French Commissaries (London, 1755; see ante, V., 476), and the war scenes as narrated in Mante's Late War (London, 1772). The history of St. Vincent runs in part parallel with that of St. Lucia. Cf. Calendar of State Papers, Col. series, vol. v. (1660-1668). There is an Historical account of the island of St. Vincent, by Charles Sheppard (London, 1831). Papers concerning the expedi

are contained in Papers laid before the House of Commons (London, 1773). Cf. Sir William Young's Account of the Black Charaibs in the island of St. Vincents, with the Charaib Treaty of 1773, and other original documents (London, 1795).

The English took possession of the depopulated. Barbadoes in 1625. The rival claims of Carlisle, Montgomery, Marlborough and Courteen are traced in the Calendar of State Papers, Colonial series, vol. i. ; and later history in vol. v. (1 (1660-1668).

There was in these earliest days some transient connection with New England (cf. N. E. Hist. Gen. Reg., xxxix. 132; Narragansett Reg., iii. 230, 282). Nicholas Darnell Davis goes over the early history in his Cavaliers and Roundheads of Barbadoes, 1650-52 (Georgetown, Brit. Guiana, 1887). Cf. A Brefe Relation of the late horrid Rebellion acted in the island of Barbadoes,-acted by the Waldronds and their abettors, 1650. Written at sea by Nicholas Foster (London, 1650). R. Ligon's True and exact history of the Barbadoes (London, 1657, 1673), with a large folding-map, showing the houses of the planters. Cf. the map in Henri Justel's Recueil de divers Voyages (Paris, 1674). Samuel Clark's. True and faithful Account of the four chiefest plantations of the English in America; to wit, of Virginia, New England, Bermudas, Barbados (London, 1670). Blome, in his Jamaica (1672), also told of Barbadoes. In the next century we have the narrative of Labat, with his map (vol. iv.). Some Memoirs of the first settlement of the island of Barbados, to 1741 (Barbados, 1741). The Voyage of Robert in Green's Voyages (vol. i.). Defence of the Conduct of Barbadoes during the late expedition to Martinique and Guadeloupe (London, 1760). George Frere's Short History of Barbados to 1767 (London, 1768). Frere is called partial and unfair in Remarks on his book (Barbados, 1768). Jefferys' French Dominion. John Poyer's History of Barbados from the first discovery in 1605 till 1801 (London, 1808). R. H. Schomburgk's History of Barbadoes (London, 1848).