from the ground perhaps as early as July. When I last examined the roots before my departure, or about the middle of May, no pupa were found; but winged insects were obtained as early as July in France, and after my return I had no difficulty in obtaining all I wished, especially during the latter part of September. The pupae are easily recognizable with a good lens, by the little dark pad-like wing-sheaths at the sides of the body (Fig. 129, e, f)—and the sexes may even be distinguished at this stage by the greater constriction of the body near these pads in the female, compared to the male, her abdomen being larger. Before giving forth the winged insect, these pupa become quite restless and active, and in a state of nature they no doubt issue from the ground.

The winged female (Fig. 129, g, h) seems to be much more common than the male, and is distinguished by her more lengthened abdomen - the wings, when closed, extending not much more than its length beyond the tip, while in the male they extend more nearly three times its length. The dusky thoracic band is not so distinct and the abdomen is more produced at the apex in the male; and there is also a slight difference in the venation of the wings of the two sexes, which venation is best seen in the fresh specimens, as it becomes in a measure obsolete in drying. In the abdomen of the female two or three large eggs are plainly visible, especially after being soaked in acetic acid. The twojointed tarsus or foot is also plainly visible in such specimens, and I have found the joint movable, while M. V. Signoret, of Paris, has obtained the skin of the tibia or shank with the basal joint of the tarsus hanging to it. Prof. Westwood also refers to a short basal tarsal joint in the gall insect which he described. These facts, trivial as they may appear, are very important in a scientific view, as they forever settle the differences that have existed as to the proper systematic position which the louse occupies.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DIFFERENT VINES TO THE ATTACKS OF THE LOUSE. I have carefully examined a great many different kinds of vines within a circuit of thirty miles of St. Louis, as well as in Cole, Jefferson and Boone counties, in this State, and the summary which follows indicates the susceptibility of the different varieties to this disease. There may be objection on the part of some persons to the placing of some of the varieties in the following tables and the opinions both of botanists and vine-growers

*

are so at variance that I shall give in the subsidiary note my reasons for so placing them. I am familiar with the views of many of the leading grape-growers of the country, and have had an opportunity of studying the genus by the excellent herbarium

CLASSIFICATION OF THE N. A. GRAPE-VINES.-In few genera of plants is it more necessary to accumulate abundant material in order to arrive at correct classification than in the genus Vitis. The species are with difficulty defined, as they vary in a marked manner in different sections of the country; and the foliage of the same individual vine often varies greatly at different ages and seasons. Preserved leaves are not alone to be trusted therefore, but every stage of growth must be considered, from the wood to the different leaves, the blossom, bunch, berry and even the seed, which in its shape, and especially in the development of its raphe (or cord) furnishes, according to Dr. Engelmann, some of the most permanent distinguishing traits between the species.

It is interesting to know that not a single real species has been added to those belong. ing to the old territory of the United States, east of the Mississippi river, since the time of Linnæus and Michaux; though Rafinesque, LeConte, and perhaps others, have attempted to distinguish a great many more.

The number of Grape-vines bearing edible fruit,* now considered species by the best botanists in the territory of the United States, is limited to 9. They may be tabulated as follows:

I. VINES WHICH ARE OF PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCE, AS HAVING YIELDED OUR DIFFERENT CULTIVATED VARIETIES.

4.

46

Vulpina Linn. Southern Fox, or Muscadine.

II. VINES OF LESS CONSEQUENCE, AND WHICH HAVE THUS FAR GIVEN NO CULTIVATED VARIETIES.

8.

9.

66

Candicans Engelm.

Mustang Grape of Texas.
Rupestris Scheele. Bush Grape or Sand Grape.

Of these 9 species only 4 grow wild in our own state, viz; æstivalis, cordifolia, riparia, and rupestris.

In stating last year (3rd. Rep. p. 90) that our cultivated varieties had been referred to four species, including cordifolia and omitting riparia, I followed the later editions, of Gray's Manual, in which the latter is considered as a variety of the former. The reasons for adopting a different course will be found in the following synopsis which has been kindly prepared for me by the author.

1.

THE TRUE GRAPE-VINES OF THE OLD UNITED STATES.

BY DR. GEORGE ENGELMANN OF ST. LOUIS.

GRAPE-VINES WITH LOOSE BARK (AT LAST SEPARATING IN SHREDS), CLIMBING BY THE AID OF BRANCHED TENDRILS, OR (IN NO. 4) SCARCELY CLIMBING AT ALL. a. Berries small, 3-6 or rarely 7 lines in diameter; seeds obtuse, with the raphe (or cord) more or less prominent (except in No. 4) over the top. All the species of this group,

There are a few species forming the sections (or, according to others, genera) Cissus and Ampelopsis which are now classed with Vitis; but they bear no edible fruit, and are otherwise easily distinguished from the true grape-vines.

of Dr. Engelmann. It is gratifying to know, therefore, that the position given to such cultivated varieties as obtain in this herbarium, agrees with that given to them by leading grape-growers the views of the botanist and the practical man coinciding.

just like the European grape-vine, exhibit on well grown shoots a regular alternation of two leaves each having a tendril (or its equivalent, an inflorescence), opposite to them, and a third leaf without such a tendril.

1. VITIS CORDIFOLIA Michaux - Usually tall, climbing high, trunks not rarely 6-9 inches in diameter. Leaves middle sized, heart-shaped, mostly entire or rarely slightly trilobed, with shallow broad teeth, usually smooth and shining on both sides, the young ones sometimes slightly downy below; berries among the smallest; in large bunches, black without a bloom, maturing late in the fall, usually with only one short and broad seed marked by a prominent raphe.

This is a common plant especially of the river-bottoms, and well known under the name of Winter grape, Frost grape or Chicken grape. It is found from New England to Texas, and westward to the western limits of the wooded part of the Mississippi valley. In this valley, at least, the fruit has a strongly- and even fetidly-aromatic taste. No cultivated varieties of the species are known.

2. VITIS RIPARIA Michaux-Mostly a smaller plant than the last, but with larger and more or less cut-lobed glabrous shining (or rarely when young, slightly downy) leaves, the lobes long and pointed; the teeth also more pointed than in cordifolia; berries as small, or usually larger than in the last, mostly with a bloom, in smaller bunches, mostly 1 or 2 seeded; seeds with a less prominent raphe.

This species prefers thickets or rocky soil on river banks and extends as far west and south as the last, and much farther north, being the only grape-vine in Lower Canada, where it is found even 60 miles north of Quebec. The northern form, in Canada, northern New York to Michigan and Nebraska, has fewer and larger berries in a bunch and is easily distinguished from V. cordifolia. The southwestern form, however, approaches more closely to this last species, with which Prof. Gray in the later editions of his Manual has united it. The fruit ripens earlier than that of cordifolia, and is much pleasanter. In St. Louis a variety found on the rocky river banks is brought to market in July. A number of cultivated varieties are referable to this species, among which the Taylor Bullit, the Delaware and the Clinton, are the most prom. inent.

3. VITIS ÆSTIVALIS Michaux - Smaller than the first, climbing over bushes and smaller trees, leaves large, of firmer texture than the preceding ones, entire, or often more or less deeply and obtusely 3-5 lobed, with short and shallow, broad teeth; when young always very woolly, mostly bright red or rusty; at last smoothish but dull and never shining like the preceding ones; berries usually larger than in both others and, when well grown, in compact bunches, coated with a distinct bloom; seeds usually 2 or 3 with a very prominent raphe.

This is the well known Summer grape common throughout the middle and southern States, usually found on uplands and in dry open woods or thickets, maturing its fruit in September. It is the most variable of our grape-vines and hence has seduced superficial observers into the establishment of numerous nominal species. A form with large leaves which retain their rusty down at full maturity has often been mistaken for Labrusca, which does not grow in our State. Another form, more bushy than climb ing, with deeply lobed rusty-downy leaves and very sweet fruit, is Vitis Lincecumii of the sandy soil of Louisiana and Texas. This species assumes a peculiar form approaching V. cordifolia through its smaller black berries without bloom and in larger bunches, when it gets into shady woods with rich soil. Another form, with ashy-white, downy, scarcely lobed leaves, and fruit like the last mentioned, which grows in our bottoms, often climbing high trees, or growing over bushes on the banks of lakes, I have distinguished by the name of cineria. It is not always easy to distinguish such forms from the other species and perhaps less so to unite them under the

When we find it so difficult to properly separate the wild species, we can no longer wonder at the difference of opinion as to the nature of many of our cultivated varieties; for some of them have become so modified that they furnish scarcely any indication of their parentage. If those grape-growers who take interest in such matters will send specimens of such cultivated varieties as they wish to properly classify, to Dr. Engelmann, either directly or through me, they will at least get the opinion of one who is

single species æstivalis, unless the essential characters above enumerated be closely attended to, and the numberless gradual transitions from one form into the other be watched.

We cultivate many varieties of this valuable species, the most important of which are the Virginia seedling,the Cynthiana and the Herbemont.

4. VITIS RUPESTRIS Scheele-A small bushy plant, often without any tendrils, rarely somewhat climbing; leaves small (2-3 inches wide) mostly broader than long, heartshaped, scarcely ever slightly lobed, with broad coarse teeth and usually an abruptly elongated point, glabrous, and of a rather light green color; berries middle-sized, on very small bunches; seeds mostly 3-4, obtuse, with a very delicate raphe.

This very peculiar grape-vine is found only west of the Mississippi, from the Missouri river to Texas and westward probably to New Mexico. In our State where it is called Sand grape, and in Arkansas, it grows on the gravelly banks and over-flowed bars of mountain streams; in Texas also, on rocky plains, whence the Latin name; it is there also known under the name of Sugar grape. Its luscious fruit ripens with us in August.

It is nowhere yet in cultivation but may in future prove of value.

b. Berries large, 7-9 or even 10 lines in diameter; raphe scarcely visible on the more or less deeply notched top of the seed.-These plants on well grown shoots bear a tendril opposite each leaf with only rare and irregular intermissions.

5. VITIS LABRUSCA Linnæus - Plants usually not large, climbing over bushes or small trees, though occasionally reaching the tops of the highest trees, with large (4-3 inches wide) and thick, entire or sometimes deeply lobed, very slightly dentate leaves, coated when young with a thick rusty, or sometimes whitish, wool or down, which in the wild plant remains on the lower side but almost disappears in the mature leaf of some cultivated varieties: berries large, in rather small or middle-sized bunches, bearing 2 or 3 or sometimes 4 seeds.

This plant, usually known as the Fox-grape or Northern Fox-grape is a native of the eastern slope of the continent from New England to South Carolina, where it prefers wet thickets; it extends into the Alleghany mountains and here and there even down their western declivity, but is a stranger to the Mississippi Valley. The most important varieties of this grape-vine now cultivated in our country (such as the Catawba, Concord, Isabella, Hartford Prolific, and dozens of others) are the offspring of this species; they are all easily recognized by the characters above given, and more readily by the peculiar arrangement of the tendrils as above described.

II. GRAPE-VINES WITH A FIRMLY ADHERING BARK, WHICH DOES NOT SCALE OFF; TENDRILS ALMOST ALWAYS SIMPLE; BERRIES VERY LARGE (7—10 LINES IN DIAMETER), VERY FEW IN A BUNCH; SEEDS WITH TRANSVERSE WRINKLES OR SHALLOW GROOVES ON BOTH SIDES.

6. VITIS VULPINA Linnæus-Bushy or sometimes climbing high, with small (2 or at most 3 inches wide) rounded, heart-shaped, firm and glossy dark green leaves, smooth or rarely slightly hairy on the under side, with coarse, large or shallow teeth.