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behind, and an indistinct pale golden streak along the base of the fringe from the costa not quite to the inner angle; while it seems not to have the two oblique lines of black scales described in C. coffeellum, nor the golden band which partially surrounds the spot in that species.

Mr. Chambers says also, in his note of correction, that "in the Transactions of the London Entomological Society, Ser. 2, Vol. v, pp. 21 and 27, and in Ser. 3, Vol. ii, p. 101, certainly two, and if my [his] memory is not at fault, three species [of Cemiostoma], are described from India." I have examined the pages to which he evidently intends to refer, and find that both the species mentioned, C. wailesellum and C. lotellum, are said to come from England.

I have had a new edition of the accompanying plate struck off, because the former one contained some errors introduced by the artist, who transferred my figures from paper to wood. Some of the figures are incomplete, because I have only drawn what I could see. This is especially the case with the larva.

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF FACE URNS IN BRAZIL.

BY PROF. CHARLES FRED. HARTT.

ON my visit last year to Brazil, my good friend, Senhor Ferreira Penna, showed me in the Museum of Pará a remarkably fine, well-preserved, and curiously-shaped burial vase of the class called by the Germans gesichtsurnen, or face urns, which had been obtained from a cave on the Rio Maracá, a little river in the Province of Pará, emptying into the Amazonas some fifty miles above Macapá. Of this urn, at his desire, I made the accompanying rough sketch with a few notes for publication in the NATU

RALIST.

The urn was intended to represent a human figure sitting on a low bench or stool. The body is cylindrical and, including the stool, is just about two feet in height.* Its diameter is about 9 inches. The legs spring from the body at a distance from its base equal to about one-fifth the height of the body. They are very short, small, cylindrical and hollow. They bend slightly to represent the knee, below which is a broad constriction intended for an ornament. Below this the leg swells to a ball as represented in the engraving. The feet are flat, irregular in shape, cut off squarely in front and furnished with six toes each. They are so constructed as to rest on the ground. The arms have their origin at a distance from the top of the body of the urn less than a

* The measurements given in this article are approximate, but were carefully estimated.

quarter of its height. They extend downward at an angle of 45°, more or less, and diverge a little. They bend abruptly downward at the elbow, the fore arm being perpendicular. The hands, resting on the knees, project forward like feet and are cut off squarely, the fingers, five in number, being indicated by scratches. This awkward turning forward of the elbows recalls the similar position of the arm of an Indian warrior, in the well known picture of the "Marriage of Pocahontas." The arms of the vase are cylindrical like the legs and not only longer but thicker than they. An armlet is represented just above the knee-like elbow, and a bracelet two or three inches above each wrist. Just above and between the shoulders are two short prominent ridges, shown in the engraving, which may be intended to represent clavicles. On each side, just back of the shoulder, is a similar ridge curved into a loop, the two ends of which are turned forward. On the back, coinciding nearly with the middle third of the mesial line is a thin finlike crest ornamented with lines drawn perpendicularly to the body. The figure is furnished with a carefully moulded, erect phallus. On the thigh is a low, cylindrical prominence, concave on the summit, shaped like the centrum of an ichthyosaur.

The head, answering as a cover, is in a separate piece, forming a hollow truncated cone 9-10 inches in height, the base being in outside measurement a little smaller than that of the upper part of the body of the urn. The top of the head is flat, with a projecting rim like a narrow brimmed hat and on the surface are a large number of sharp points, arranged in regular quincunx order. On the front of the cover is represented a face, the general arrangement of whose features is well shown in the sketch. The bounding line, eyes, eyebrows, nose and mouth are all in high relief and were applied after the head-like cover had been moulded. Around the base of the head-like cover are six holes to which other perforations in the rim of the base correspond. These were intended for strings used in tying on the cover, after which a brown wax was used to lute the two together. Of this material a portion still remains and bears the impress of what appears to be palm straw.

The base on which the figure sits is square, solid and supported by two upright, transverse pieces like sled runners; the whole resembling one of the curious stools hewn out of a solid block and used by the Amazonian Indian nowadays.

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The material of which the urn is composed is a very coarse clay full of sand and consequently brittle when burned. The legs and arms are broken in several places. The surface of the vase is moderately smooth and the greater part is without ornamentation. The face has received a wash of ochre yellow clay. Near the base are a few white lines difficult to trace out, but which resemble the ornament on the burial vase, Fig. 65, in my little paper "On the Pottery of Marajó," in the NATURALIST for July of last year.

The urn, as it at present exists in the Museum of Pará, contains part of a human skeleton, showing no trace of burning. The cranium is wanting. It is impossible now to say whether the vase ever contained the whole skeleton. From the small size of the urn I should suppose, however, that it did not.

Senhor Penna visited, in February of this year, the locality where this curious urn was found and sent me a few notes on it. He says that several leagues up the Rio Maracá, at a short distance from the river, there is an immense flat mass of friable sandstone, in which is a large crevice, expanding, in one place, into a large grotto. Near by and on a plain, to reach which it is necessary to climb a steep hill covered by wood, is another small grotto lighted by a large opening above. On the floor of this last grotto, Senhor Penna found several urns, mostly broken, but of which two were entire. Some of these were of the same form as that I have just described, but others were shaped like armadillos and tortoises (Jabuti), though all had human countenances. Senhor Penna says that all the tubular vases, like the one just described, have the organs of sex, male or female, carefully and prominently represented.

Since the above was sent to press I have succeeded in restoring a magnificent female gesichtsurnen from the Ilha do Pacoval in Lake Arary, Marajó. In this urn the upper part is rounded so as to represent a head with human features. Besides this there occur in the collection made last winter, by my assistant, Mr. Derby, fragments of two other urns of the same class, one of which is furnished with two faces on opposite sides of the urn. These urns together with the new collections will shortly be described.

ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE ISLAND OF AQUIDNECK AND THE NEIGHBORING PARTS OF THE

SHORES OF NARRAGANSET BAY.*

[Concluded from page 528.]

BY PROF. N. S. SHALER.

GLACIAL DEPOSITS AND ICE MARKS.-The contour of a surface alone is generally sufficient to establish the former existence of glaciers, if they have ever worked upon it, but it is not to these indications alone that we must look for the evidence of the work of this great agent in this region. Every mass of rock exposed to view shows the rounded, smoothed and scored surface so characteristic of ice work. Every part of the island, level enough to carry such material, is buried beneath a coating of detrital material from two to forty feet in thickness. We propose to study these deposits of glaciated matter with a view to determine some of the more important features connected with the work done by moving ice.

These deposits have a composition which varies considerably according to the position in which they are found. At the extreme northern end of the island, all the pebbles found in them are from rocks which belong beyond its limits. The greater part of the pebbles can be referred to rocks which are in place on the shores of Mount Hope Bay to the northward, though some seem to come from points as far up as the neighborhood of Taunton. Only a small part cannot be readily referred to materials in place in the basins of the streams which flow into Narraganset Bay. It is of course impossible to assert that none of these unreferred specimens came from more remote regions to the northward, but inasmuch as there is a very wide difference noticeable between the glacial material in the basin of the Charles River and the other streams which flow into Massachusetts Bay, and this drift on the north of Aquidneck island, there can be little doubt that the transportation of erratics, from limits more than fifty miles away, has been very slight indeed, if it occurs at all. A large part of the drift mass is made up of boulders of a conglomerate, which

*This paper is taken from a report made to Prof. Benj. Pierce, Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, and is published by his permission.

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