tion of the rails appeared good in all cases, and the adjoining pavements carefully kept up to their grades. In some of the asphalt streets a line of hard wood block is laid adjacent to the rail. Curbs are of the heaviest granite type observed any. where, being frequently 16 inches in width. Sidewalks are paved with either flat squares of granite or small mosaic stone and brick. The streets are well lighted both by electricity and gas, the lamps being suspended on wires from the adjacent buildings over the center of the street, in the narrower streets, and on ornamental poles in the wider ones. In addition to the asphalt there is a large area of very finely dressed granite pavement on the principal bridge and on the streets around the palace and government buildings. The remainder of the stone pavement is of the large block type prevalent elsewhere, with wide joints and somewhat rounded heads, but in fair condition. On some of the lighter traffic streets furnace slag blocks are employed, but do not seem to serve well even for this purpose, showing signs of deterioration on the surface. Street traffic is noticeably light. Prompt attention appears to be given to maintenance on asphalt work. It was observed that after concreting, in repairing a street opening, the surface was carefully planked flush with the edge of the cut in order to protect the concrete while setting and, at the same time, avoid interruption to traffic. It was noticed that new building construction is permitted to close off the entire sidewalk and part of the street, in many cases a closed fence being erected.

MUNICH

Munich, the capital of Bavaria, lies at an elevation of over 1800 feet above sea-level near the southern edge of the large plain terminating at the foot-hills of the northeastern Alps. The city lies on the left bank of the Isar River, a rapid stream whose flow is maintained by the ice and snow of the Alps and which furnishes considerable manufacturing power in the city. It has extensive manufactories, including bronze, porcelain, glass, machinery, firearms, textile fabrics and breweries, with a consequent fairly heavy street traffic. It is developed on the usual German plan of the old town within the wall and a circle of boulevards surrounded by the newer and more regularly laid-out region developed for modern residences and a manufacturing district. Except for some suburbs of the city lying on the east of the Isar, its situation is generally flat; the streets usually wide. It has a population of 595,000 and a total area of paved street of 4,813,442.2 square yards, included in which are:

Like the details for Dresden, the above figures are those of 1909. At the present time they have been altered by the increase in the amount of "kleinpflaster" or small stone as well as asphalt, but represent approximately the relative distribution of classes of paving surface.

Stone block pavements are laid with blocks 7 x 7 inches on the head or even larger; frequently also with diagonal courses and both with and without concrete foundation. Curbs are of granite 7 inches in width and with vertical face, of height varying from 2 to 8 inches. On the asphalt streets there is usually laid a course of compressed asphalt block next the curb. The best stone pavements have a concrete foundation and a 2-inch cushion course of fine screenings mixed with a small proportion of cement. The blocks are laid with joints of a half inch