or more, filled with sand up to two inches of the top and poured with tar. Sidewalks are generally laid with square bricks. Curbs on the corners are frequently made of concrete with steel nosing. For sewer inlets there are used horizontal gratings and vertical cast-iron openings. Electric wires as elsewhere are laid in conduits under the footways; other pipes both under the footways and under the roadway. Standard-gauge double-track overhead trolley lines are found in the principal streets operated by double-car trains. For access to private buildings there are often constructed paved carriageways across the walks with a drop curb. On the wider streets the electric lights are placed on safety refuges along the center, as well as on the curb, and in the narrow streets are suspended from cables between the buildings. Light-traffic residence streets have stone and macadam pavements to a large extent, but there is a considerable number laid with "kleinpflaster," sometimes with sand and occasionally with tar joints, which, however, appear to give out under service. Holes and depressions in the older pavements of this type were observed very similar to those which developed in asphalt under excessive traffic.

The general effect of the streets of Munich is good. Maintenance work is promptly done and the surfaces are kept clean. The stone paved streets, on account of the large blocks with wide joints, are very noisy and the pavement is not always in good condition adjacent to the car-track rails. New building construction utilizes the entire sidewalk area, and the roadway if necessary, by the construction of fences closing off as much room as may be desired.

FRANKFURT A. M.

Frankfurt is situated on the right bank of the Main about 20 miles above its confluence with the Rhine, at an elevation of 300 feet above sea-level. Its manufactures are unimportant, the city being chiefly noted for its large banking transactions, it being one of the principal financial centers of Europe. In consequence, the street traffic consists largely of passenger vehicles, both motor and horsedrawn. The old town, surrounded by handsome parkways on the line of the old ramparts, consists of a collection of old and narrow streets adjacent to the river; those of the new town surrounding it on the west, north and east being wide and handsome. The central railroad passenger station in the west end is one of the finest and most commodious in the world. The city has a population of over 414,000 and an average annual temperature of 50 with a maximum of 98 degrees. It has a total of 3,336,600.8 square yards of paved streets divided into the following classes:

Tramways are municipally operated, of doubletrack standard gauge overhead electric system, having two and three car trains. The track construction is of good quality, carefully maintained on concrete foundation. The space under the rail heads, adjacent to the pavement, is filled with wood. On asphalt paved streets the tramway area in and between the tracks is laid with hard wood blocks with a course of wood adjacent to the rails on the outside. There are many large stone block pavements with wide joints and a small amount of close-cut stone.

Both plain water-bound macadam and bituminous and tarred surface macadam were observed. Curbs are of granite with vertical face and sloping top from 6 to 8 inches thick, some showing signs of much wear. Horizontal gutter gratings for sewer inlets are employed. Sewer manholes usually have recessed covers with wood inset. Electric wires are laid under footways, which are constructed of either tar and gravel composition, compressed blocks or small stones in mosaic. Street refuges with poles carrying electric lights and clocks are frequently employed. In the narrow streets tram wires are strung from the buildings. The wood pavements show wear at points where there is any extent of traffic. the principal retail business streets where the wheel traffic is light the wood and asphalt are in excellent condition. All corner curbs have very long radius. As in other cities, new building operations take as much as is desired of sidewalk and street with the exception that there is no machinery or building material stored in the roadway; but it was noticed that tar kettles for private work were allowed on the pavements. The streets are numbered as in New York and designated by signs like those in Berlin.

On

COLOGNE

Cologne is situated on the west bank of the Rhine on the direct rail route between Paris, Brussels and Berlin. It lies on an elevation of 120 feet above sealevel in the midst of a fertile agricultural region, as well as one of the most populous manufacturing sections of Germany. It is the largest town of the Rhine provinces of Prussia and one of Germany's most important commercial cities, as well as an imperial fortress not far from the western frontier. The population is over 516,000 and it has extensive manufacturing interests, both in the city and along the opposite bank of the Rhine, with which it is connected by a large railroad bridge, as well as by a bridge of boats for passenger traffic. It is entered from the central railroad station, adjacent to the terminus of the bridge near the river, in the heart of the old town, which has the usual narrow irregular layout of streets surrounded by the broader ones of the modern city.

It has an area of paved streets of 4,370,901.6 square yards consisting of

The greater part of the pavements are of the square stone block type, with wide joints and rounded heads. Some pressed asphalt block is employed, as well as sheet asphalt; the latter of which, in some of the narrow and older streets, is in fair condition, but with practically no traffic other that foot-passengers. All heavy-traffic streets have the rough stone or macadam pavements. The sewer inlets are small in the vertical face of granite curb. The latter is usually beveled. Footways are of small stone blocks or tar and gravel composition. The sidewalks in the business streets are usually narrow and, as in most European cities, no obstructions or projections are allowed to reduce this width. But, also, as elsewhere, new building construction fences them off completely and frequently takes in large portions of the roadway. Trenches opened in asphalt streets were observed in several instances for the installation of additional electric conduits, the conduit being laid in the center of the roadway, instead of under the walks.