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sitated by the use of the roadways and by small restorations after works executed by the municipal services.

There are not herein comprised the cost of repaving, nor the cost of opening new ways (first construction), nor the expenses occasioned by works executed upon the public ways by the companies holding concessions (gas, electricity, public transportation).

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These costs are the costs particular to pavement (labor, construction, material and supplies) done and completed in the course of the year 1912.

They include also all that were paid out before the end of the fiscal year, as well as those due upon the budget of the report. They include equally the costs of work executed during 1912 which will not be paid until 1913, the 1911 cost payable in 1912 having been deducted.

Finally, they are increased by the amount of general expenses properly chargeable to each class of pavement. (See notes, pages 56, 63, 65 and 76).

II. Lighting
1. Gas

Plants. Larger construction carried on by the Gas Company. Financial statement.

2. Lighting of Public Ways

Improvements carried on.

The number of lamps in service, which was 57,781 on December 31, 1911, has been increased on December 31, 1912, to 58,838. But it is important to notice particularly the extension given to lighting with compressed gas. Although there existed on December 31, 1911, only 362 lamps for lighting with compressed gas, there were 663 on December 31, 1912.

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The cost of annual maintenance has been $559,261.64, an increase of $14,903.43 over that of 1911, which was $545,177.50.

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The construction of galleries and new subways required in 1912 an expenditure of $1,044,381.06, which brings the total amount expended under this head to $10,244,944.16.

The amount of new subways in the streets on December 31, 1913, had a total length of more than 535 kilometers in addition to 551 kilometers of the old series.

2. Lighting of Public Ways

Improvements carried out.-The lighting of public ways has been improved by many substitutions, in place of the old lamps, of Bardon-carbon lamps in a closed globe.

The installation of lighting of the Champ-de-Mars and adjacent ways, commenced in 1911, has been finished.

Annual cost of maintenance.-The cost of maintenance for electric light apparatus in the year 1912 amounted to $93,426.46, slightly less than that of 1911, which was $94,194.81.

III. Cleaning

1. Organization

The service of cleaning is charged with the sweeping and sprinkling of public ways, the removal of house sewage and the clearing of snow and ice. This service, which assumes in Paris a considerable importance, has been organized in a special division by prefectorial degree of the 17th of February, 1911, adopted in accordance with deliberation of the municipal Council of December 31, 1910.

A complete organization of this service has been carried into effect. On account of the reduction of the hours of daily work and due to holidays, etc., the number of working hours of the organization of cleaning has been reduced from that which it was twenty years ago, although the surface to be cleaned has been increased.

On the other hand, the organization has not found any alternative, except in rare cases, for the disposal by hauling away of all small material, the disposal of the larger material of sweepings and of sprinkling being necessarily made from where they are left by the sweepers and sprinklers on the public ways, to the lower parts of the quays. As far as concerns the removal of household waste, it is always made (except for the III, X, XIX and XX districts, served by the storage yard of Romainville organized in 1909) with the old wagons mounted on high wheels and provided with tackle.

Personnel.-Workers are in theory charged with the proper maintenance of a group of streets called a canton. They co-operate for the removal of household waste, the cleaning of the grills around trees, the sweeping of public comfort stations, painting of benches, the removal of election placards, etc., and are grouped in gangs of varying strength.

In 1911 at the end of October 16, with a view to proceeding to a trial type of organization, this mode of executing the work was modified in four districts: De la Place Vendome

Gaillon

De la Madeleine

De la Chaussee D'Antin

In this system, for extensive cleaning the division of the work by cantons gave place to a redistrict by brigades. In accordance with the necessities of the case and as a general rule, the cantonniers are not drawn away from their regular duties in order to cooperate for the removal of household waste. They are replaced for this work by temporary employes.

Experience with this system has given good results. The districts in which it has been carried out have been kept in a state of cleanness extremely satisfactory.

The personnel occupied during 1912 in the service of cleaning exclusively had an effective force of 4324 persons and included 722 women cleaners.

Materials. The service of Cleaning included in 1912, among the larger machinery, the following:

473 horse-drawn sweepers, allowing 316 in service

484 horse-drawn sprinkling carts, allowing 316 in service

14 automobile street-sweepers of various kinds

8 automobile sprinkling machines of various classes

6 combined sprinkling and cleaning automobiles

making a total of 28 automobile machines against 13 in 1911, which have been operated by city labor, the same as the horse-drawn apparatus.

On the other hand, at the end of the 23rd of December, 1912, the automobile cleaning of the Ninth District was entrusted to a contractor, M. Laffly, who carried on the service with five ordinary sweeping machines. The bid submitted for this purpose by M. Laffly was approved by the municipal Council on the 26th of December, 1911, as well as a bid presented by the establishment of Dion-Bouton

for automobile sweeping and sprinkling by the use of combined machines in the Eighth District. This last contract was not carried out during 1912; it was not ready to go into effect until the last part of the month of February, 1913.

Necessary installations for the work. The service of Cleaning did not use, in the course of 1912 and previously except in rare cases, yards for the storing of its machinery; such yards, moreover, are of very uncertain tenure. In the usual case, the machinery was left at some point on the public way where it would not be in the line of circulation of traffic or of street drainage. It was exposed, on the other hand, both to the weather and to damage. This situation was regrettable at the time both for the proper condition of the public ways and for the maintenance of the horse-drawn apparatus. But it would have been impossible with automobile material provided with delicate machinery and difficult to maintain.

On account of the putting in operation of this kind of apparatus, it has been necessary to add to the few yards and to improve existing conditions.

In accordance with the propositions of the Administration the municipal Council in its deliberations of the 26th and 28th of December, 1911, the 27th of March, 1912, and the 19th of March, 1913, authorized the acquisition or the modification for the service of Cleaning, for the purpose of creating storage yards and shops, at the following localities and places, namely:

Marché Saint-Didier (partie)

Rue des Forges (terrain de Fond)

Marché de l'Ave-Maria (partie, atelier central)
Marché Nicole (partie)

Rue de Pontoise (dependances de la Fourriere)
Marché des Pyrenees

Ancienne usine electrique des Buttes-Chaumont
Marché de Montrouge

Marché de Wagram

Moreover, it approved and executed the various works of improvement and extension in the following yards, which were already at the service of Public Ways and Lighting:

Depot de Bercy

Depot Desnouettes

Depot de la Porte Champerret

The plans for these installations are in the course of preparation, and their completion will be actually carried cut by contract during the year 1913.

The laboring force itself has been deprived of any place of rendezvous, as well as location for the storage of its utensils.

It is therefore, for the purpose of responding to calls, reduced in general to the stationing of its equipment on the public way where it is exposed to the weather. For a few gangs only it is possible, in case of storm, to take shelter in subsurface refuges, ill-provided with air and intended for other uses.

Upon the other hand, failing such a location, the worker must, after hours, leave his tools abandoned upon the public way, and such conditions provoke justifiable complaint.

This unfortunate situation will shortly disappear. In its deliberation of the 29th of December, 1912, the municipal Council, confirming the proposals of the Administration, voted to create storage places which shall be properly constructed for the purpose in 126 districts out of a total of 136; 10 of the structures proposed have had, for various reasons, to be abandoned. New arrangements must be made, as far as concerns the equipment for these ten points.

As regards storage places for the equipment of the cantons, this is also being made a matter of study.

IV. Metropolitan Railways

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The office of Waters, Sewers and Channels directs, from an administrative standpoint, all affairs which require the supervision of the technical service of Waters and Filtration, namely:

The supplying of water from the source, purification and sterilization of river waters used for consumption; elevation, storage and distribution of both, as well as of unpurified river water used in the service of Public Ways and for industrial purposes; construction, cleaning and maintenance of sewers employed for receiving waste waters; transportation of these for the purpose of purification either mechanically or bacteriologically upon filtration beds; organization and maintenance of municipal farms for the agricultural treatment of sewage water; new work and works of maintenance upon the canals of the city of Paris; operation of these canals from the point of view of supervision and navigation; control of the collection of taxes, receipts and payments of all classes pertaining to the technical service of Waters and Filtration.

Moreover, the office takes care of matters concerning certain classes of construction established beneath the surface of public ways such as the lines of telegraph; pneumatic tubes and telephones; compressed air pipes; caves existing under the surface of certain streets; subterranean galleries connecting certain large establishments, public commercial or industrial, provided in one way or another on certain ways.

In 1912, 141 reports were prepared by this cffice and introduced in the municipal Council; moreover, 1965 notices of all classes were submitted for the signature of the Governor. It carried on various awards of work and supplies, forming a total of 36 sections. The number of acts submitted for the formality of signature and registration (documents for private contract, locations, sales of various supplies, produce, etc.) amounted to 360.

CHAPTER I

WORKING OF THE VARIOUS SERVICES

1. Potable Waters

SECTION 1. Studies under way. In the course of the year 1912 the office of Waters carried on studies of large projects for the supplying of water (hills of Perche, hills of Normandy, Lake Leman and the Valley of the Loire) in accordance with the plans indicated by the deliberations of the municipal Council under date of December 21, 1911. It followed cut, moreover, the administrative instructions for the plan of supplying water from the Voulzie, the Durteint and the Dragon. It should be stated in advance that the preliminary formalities for public condemnation will be completed in the course of the year 1913. For the purpose of acquiring an area of protection for these supplies, the city has, since 1912, acquired various parcels of land at the price of $33,858.

SECTION 2. Improvement of the Service of Potable Water.-
A. Waters from the source.

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The volume of potable waters (both original supplies and those filtered) distributed in 1912 amounts to 28,381,729,500 gallons, corresponding to a daily consumption averaging 77,545,808 gallons. The maximum daily consumption amounted on the 13th of July to a volume of 111,485,225 gallons. (In 1911 the total distri

bution amounted to 29,388,070,725 gallons, which was an average consumption of 80,515,238 gallons, with a maximum of 106,598,175 gallons on the 10th of August, 1911, during the period of great heat which marked the summer of 1911.)

II. River Waters

This applies to the unfiltered waters necessary for the public service of Cleaning, of sprinkling and other industrial uses. The city of Paris for the distribution of river water does not have reservoirs capable of accumulating quantities of water sufficient to answer to the needs of consumption during a number of important hours. The capacity of the river water reservoirs is only 51,096,750 gallons, although the average consumption of 1911 was 146,278,875 gallons. In order to supply adequate amounts, pumping directly is necessary.

1.

Improvement of the service of distribution of river waters.
2. Consumption

The amount of river water raised in 1912 was 62,457,675,525 gallons corresponding to an average daily consumption of 170,648,375 gallons. The maximum daily consumption was on the 23rd of July 196,365,075 gallons. In 1911 the volume of river water raised was 53,391,588,325 gallons corresponding to an average daily consumption of 146,278,875 gallons. The maximum consumption on the 12th of September attained a volume of 184,795,500 gallons.

III. Canals

On account of the insufficiency of resources, execution of various operations approved in 1911 in regard to the service of Canals has had to be delayed.

By virtue of the opening of the necessary credits it has been possible in 1912 to undertake within the limit of an expense of $144,750 the construction of five docks along the canal of Saint-Denis and to devote $18,142 to important works of repair in the storehouses of Vilette.

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It is interesting to mention the release by the city of Paris, in consideration of a payment of $1,158, of an annual rent of $57.90 required by royal decree of the 5th of February, 1672, of the proprietor of the land of the mill of Mareuil in consequence of works executed at that time in order to establish navigation in the valley of Ourcq.

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IV. Sewers

1. Carrying out of programme of extension and improvement of sewers.

The sewers conduct the waste waters to the plant of Clichy. Throughout the northern part of Paris in the section comprising part of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Districts sewage waters are carried by simple gravity to the sewage farm of Gennevilliers.

In 1912 there was carried out the construction of new sewers included in the plan of campaign voted upon by the municipal Council in the session of March 29, 1912. Of these 21 projects valued at $133,092.80 and including the establishment of a settling basin in the Rue de Wattignies at the intersection of the Rue Michel-Bizot, the most important pertain to the following streets: Boulevard Auguste-Blanqui, between the Rues Vulpian and de la Sante; Boulevard Bessieres and Rue Gutin; Rue Sthrau; Rue de la Providence; Rue Vergniaud; Rue Boussingault; Rue Becquerel, between Rues Custine and Lamarck.

2. Relocation of sewers, necessitated by works of the
Metropolitan Railways.

3. Subsurface galleries.

V. Purification of the Seine

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