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ground any more for man's sake; for the cogitation of man's heart is evil from his youth; nor will I again smite any more every living being as I have done. While the earth remains, seed-time and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night, shall not cease.' Thus, by a covenant of mercy, the earth was thenceforth to be preserved unharmed; nature was to continue in her uninterrupted course, and never again was the whole globe to suffer for the sins of man: God promised to measure the deeds of His children not by the standard of justice, but by that of compassionate love, and to remember in His judgments the innate weakness of the human heart.

The history of mankind seems to recommence with Noah. Similar to Adam, he was placed by God in a new world, beautiful and blooming, the father of the only family that was to people the earth, the ruler over all living things. But he received more unlimited dominion over the animal world than was ever allowed to Adam: from his time, the brute creation lived in fear of man, and man partially subsisted on animal food. To preserve the remembrance of the original security of all beasts, God prohibited man to eat their blood, which was regarded as their soul or principle of life. And stern was His decree against the shedder of human blood. Murder was to be unsparingly avenged by death; for could a greater crime be conceived than that of destroying a being created by God in His own image? Thus the Lord established for evermore His covenant with Noah, and also with every living creature, that there should never again be a flood to destroy the earth. As a sign of this covenant, the brilliant rain-bow spanned the heavens, bright with the Almighty's promise of mercy to His erring creatures; for God said: "I have set My bow in the clouds, and it shall be for a sign of a covenant

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between Me and the earth. And it shall come to pass, when I bring clouds over the earth and the bow is seen in the clouds, that I shall remember My covenant which is between Me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and the waters shall no more become a flood to destroy all flesh.'

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Noah's three sons were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Ham had not inherited his father's piety; he was guilty of unfilial conduct, which drew down upon him Noah's severe anger. Cursed,' he said, 'be Canaan (for Ham was Canaan's ancestor); a servant of servants shall he be to his brethren.' But Noah blessed his other two sons, promising large territories to Japheth, and dominion and glory to Shem.

Noah lived three hundred and fifty years after the flood; he was an active husbandman and cultivator of the vine; and when he had witnessed the gradual increase of the human family after its all but total extirpation, he died at the age of nine hundred and fifty years.

5. GENEALOGY OF NATIONS.

[GENES. X.]

The Biblical narrative, interrupting for a short time the history of individuals, pauses to enumerate the generations of the sons of Noah. Shem, Ham, and Japheth were the ancestors of nations, and their descendants the founders of cities and empires. The children of Japheth settled in the northern and western continents of the globe; the progeny of Ham established themselves in the south; and the offspring of Shem were gathered in the central parts of the ancient world. The following list contains the names of Noah's descendants, together with the tribes, countries, or cities, which they probably represent.

I. JAPHETH, embodying the nations of the North and

West.

I. GOMER-The Bactrians; Mountain nations.

1. Ashkenaz-Rhagae, in Great Media.

2. Riphath-Rhipæan mountains.

3. Togarmah-Taurica (Crimea).

II. MAGOG-The Scythians.

III. MADAI-The Medes.

IV. JAVAN-Greece; Maritime countries.

1. Elishah-Hellas.'

2. Tarshish-Tartessus, in Spain.
3. Kittim-Cyprus.

4. Dodanim-The Daunians, in Italy.

V. TUBAL-The Tibareni

VI. MESHECH-The Moschi

in Northern Armenia.

VII. TIRAS-The Chain of the Taurus.

II. HAM, including the nations of the South.

I. CUSH-Tribes of Southern Africa and Arabia.
1. Seba-Meroe, in Ethiopia.

2. Havilah-Near the Arabian Gulf.

3. Sabtah-The Astabori, near the river Tacazze. 4. Raamah-Regma, in Arabia.

a) Sheba-Saba, in Arabia Felix.

b) Dedan-On the north-western coast of the Arabian Gulf, and near the Persian Gulf. 5. Sabtechal-In Ethiopia; perhaps Nigritia. 6. Babel-Babylon.

7. Erech-Orchoe, on the Euphrates.

8. Accad-Tel Nimroud, or Akkerkuf, near Bagdad. 9. Calneh-A town in Chalonitis (perhaps Ctesiphon), on the Tigris.

10. Nineveh-Nineveh, on the Tigris.

11. Rehoboth Ir-Probably on the eastern banks of the Euphrates.

12. Calah-Kalah Sherghat, fifty-five miles south of Mosul.

13. Resen-Nimroud, seventeen miles south of Mosul. II. MIZRAIM-Egypt.

1. Ludim-Letus, or Letopolis, in Lower Egypt.
2. Anamim-Perhaps Cynopolis, the town of Anubis,
in Middle Egypt.

3. Lehabim-The Libyans.

4. Naphtuhim-Napata, in the north of Meroe.
5. Pathrusim-Upper Egypt, or Thebais.

6. Casluhim-Chemnis, or Panopolis.
a) Philistim-Philistines.

7. Caphtorim-Coptos, in the Upper Thebaid.
III. PHUT-Phaiat, or Libya, near Egypt; or perhaps
Buto, in the Delta.

IV. CANAAN-Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine.
1. Sidon-Sidon, in Phoenicia.

2. Heth-The Hittites, near Hebron, Bethel, &c.
3. The Jebusite-In and around Jerusalem.

4. The Amorite-On both sides of the Jordan.

5. The Girgasite-In the centre of Palestine.

6. The Hivite-In Shechem and Gibeon, and near the Hermon.

7. The Arkite-Arca, in Phoenicia, at the northwestern foot of the Lebanon.

8. The Sinnite-Sinnas, near Arca.

9. The Arvadite-The island Aradus at the northern coast of Phoenicia.

10. The Zemarite-Simyra, twenty-four miles southeast of Antaradus.

11. The Hamathite-Epiphania, in Syria.

III. SHEM, representing the Central parts of the ancient

world.

I. ELAM-Elymais, in Persia,

II. ASSHUR-Assyria.

III. ARPHAXAD-Arrhaphachitis, in North Assyria. Salah-Along the eastern banks of the Tigris. Ebêr-In the west of the Tigris and Euphrates. a) Peleg-In various parts of Arabia Deserta. b) Joktan-Kachtan, in the north of Nedsheran.

1. Almodad-In Arabia Deserta.

2. Sheleph-The Salapeni, in Arabia Felix.
3. Hazarmaveth-Hadramaut, in the south of

Arabia.

4. Jerah-The coast and mountain of the Moon, near Hadramaut.

5. Hadoram-Likewise adjoining Hadramaut, on the coast.

6. Uzal-Sanaa, the capital of Yemen.

7. Diklah

8. Obal

9. Abimael

Uncertain.

10. Sheba The Sabaans, in the eastern parts

of Arabia.

11. Ophir On the southern or south-eastern coast of Arabia.

12. Havilah-Near the Persian Gulf.

13. Jobab-In Arabia Deserta.

IV. LUD―The Lydians, originally living in the Highlands of Armenia.

V. ARAM-Aramaa, including northern Mesopotamia, Syria, and some districts of Arabia.

1. Uz-Ausitis, in the northern parts of Arabia. Deserta.

2. Hul-perhaps Golan, in the east of the Jordan.

3. Gether-perhaps Geshur, on the Orontes.

4. Mash-The Mysians.1

1 See Kalisch, Commentary on Genesis, pp. 231-233.

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