55. cum murmure montis: cf. v. 245, and Hor., Od. iii. 29, 38. For construction, see § 412 (248); B. 220; G. 399; H. 473, iii (419, iii); H.-B. 445, 3. Imitated by Phineas Fletcher, Purple Island, vi. 15:

So have I seen the earth strong winds detaining

In prison close; they scorning to be under

Her dull subjection, and her power disdaining,

With horrid strugglings tear their bonds in sunder.

56. arce a lofty seat or citadel within the cave or beside it, not the mountain itself; § 429 (258, ƒ, 3); B. 228, 1, d; G. 385, N.1; H. 485, 3 (425, N.3); H.-B. 433, a.

57. sceptra: the poets often use the plural for metrical reasons; see note on irae, v. 11. — animos, passions: regular in the plural for the feelings, especially pride. — iras: cf. v. 25 and note.

58. ni: old form for nisi, retained in laws, religious formulas, and poetry, and found in late prose. -ni faciat: more vivid than the imperfect as suggesting the possibility that he may omit it; see § 517, e and N.1 (308, e and N.); G. 596, R.1; H. 576, 2 (509, N.2); H.-B. 581, d. The apodosis is in ferant, verrant; cf. Lucretius, i. 277-279:

Sunt igitur venti nimirum corpora caeca,

quae mare, quae terras, quae denique nubila caeli
verrunt ac subito vexantia turbine raptant.

59. quippe (not here ironical), doubtless they would bear away. verrant, sweep: here intrans.; cf. "the sweeping whirlwind's sway" (Gray, The Bard, v. 75).

61. molem et montis (acc. plur.), the mass of lofty mountains: this use is called hendiadys, a figure by which two nouns are used with a conjunction instead of one modified noun. - insuper, above them.

62. foedere certo, under fixed conditions: a compact, as it were, between sovereign and vassal; § 412 (248); B. 220; G. 399; H. 473, 3 (419, iii); H.-B. 445.

63. sciret, etc., should know, when bidden, both how to check and how to give loose rein: § 531, 2 (317, 2); B. 282, 2; G. 630; H. 589, ii (497, 1); H.-B. 502, 2. — premere, from the motion of the hand in drawing the reins (cf. xi. 600), is opposed to laxas dare; habenas is obj. of both verbs. For the infin., see § 456 (271); B. 328, 1; G. 423; H. 607 (533); H.-B. 586 and a. — iussus: § 496 (292); B. 337, 2; G. 664; H. 638, 1 (549, 1); H.-B. 604, 2.

64. vocibus: § 410 (249); B. 218, 1; G. 407; H. 477 (421, i); H.-B. 429. usa est: elide, reading usa'st; § 13, N. (13, b); G. 719, exc.; H. (27, N.); H.-B, 34, 3.

65. namque (in prose more commonly etenim, for, you see) introduces the reason of her coming to him. - divom . . . rex: cf. Il. i. 544; Bry. 688.

66. mulcere: in prose, ut mulceas; § 563, N. (331, g); B. 295, N.; G. 423, N.2; H. 608, 3 (535, iv.); H.-B. 598, 2, a. See Od. x. 21; Bry. 25.- vento: the winds were thought to calm, as well as raise, the sea (cf. Ecl. ii. 26).

67. aequor: a kind of cognate accusative; § 390 (238); B. 176, 4, a : G. 332, 333, 2; H. 409, 2 (371, ii, N.); H.-B. 396, 2.

68. Ilium. They "carried Ilium" because they were on their way to found a new city to continue the old race. - victos: as the old home of the Penates was destroyed, they might be called conquered. -Penates: these were the Roman household gods, but very vaguely conceived.

69. incute vim, give force to the winds, as it were by a biow of his sceptre. submersas: i.e. "so that they will be sunk," so-called proleptic use of the participle.

70. age diversos, drive them (the men) scattered (cf. last note). – disice: often improperly spelled disiice: § 11, e (11, b, 2); B. 9, 3; H.-B. 30, I.

71. sunt mihi: for dat., cf. animis, v. 11.- praestanti corpore: § 415 (251); B. 224; G. 400; H. 473, 2 (419, ii); H.-B. 443.

72. quarum: § 346 (216); B. 201; G. 371; H. 442 (397, 3); H.-B. 346.- formā: § 418 (253); B. 226; G. 397; H. 480 (424); H.-B. 441. Deïopea, instead of being in the acc. as obj. of iungam, is attracted into the case of the rel. quae.

73. iungam: sc. tibi; Juno bribes him because the act is beyond his lawful province (cf. Il. xiv. 267; Bry. 320). — conubio: § 412 (248); B. 220; G. 399; H. 473, 3 (419, iii); H.-B. 445, 2. —propriam dicabo, will assign [her] to you as your own: § 282, b (186, c); G. 325; H.-B. 320, iii.

74. omnis: acc. plur.―meritis, services.

545; H. 568

75. exigat: purpose; § 531, 1 (317, 1); B. 282, 1; G. (497, ii); H.-B. 502, 2.- faciat te parentem: two accs.; § 393 (239, 1, a); B. 177, 1; G. 340; H. 410 (373); H.-B. 392 and a. prole: abl. of means; § 409 (248, c); B. 218; G. 401; H. 476 (420); H.-B. 423.

76. tuus... explorare, yours the task to determine what you will have: the whole speech is exculpatory as well as submissive.

Father, Eternal, thine is to decree;

Mine, both in heaven and earth, to do thy will.

Paradise Lost, x. 68, 69.

For construction, see § 452 (270); B. 327, 1; G. 422; H. 615 (538); H.-B. 597, I, a. — optes: § 574 (334); B. 300, 1; G. 467; H. 649, ii (529, i); H.-B. 537, b.

77. mihi: § 376 (235); B. 188, 1; G. 350, 2; H. 425, 2 (384, 12); H.-B. 366.—capessere: § 263, 2, b (167, c); G. 191, 5; H. 364, 2 (336, N.2); H.-B. 212, 4.

78. tu mihi... concilias, you win for me whatever rule I have, implying that it is small; cf. our "such as it is."-hoc quodcumque regni: a short form for hoc regnum quodcumque est; § 346 (216); B. 201; G. 369; H. 442 (397, 3); H.-B. 346. — sceptra Iovemque, the sceptre (i.e. power) from Jove (hendiadys, cf. v. 61 and note). By v. 62 his power is direct from Jupiter; but Juno might be supposed to have obtained it for him.

79. accumbere: see note on mulcere, v. 66. The Romans reclined at meals, and Virgil attributes the same custom to earlier nations and to the gods, though in fact the early Greeks sat, as we do.

80. nimborum: § 349 (218); B. 204, 1; G. 374, N.; H. 451, 2 (399, 3); H.-B. 354, c and ftn.

81. conversa cuspide, with spear-point turned. Macrobius says the description of the storm is taken from Nævius' Punic War, but see Od. v. 295; Bry. 347.

82. velut agmine facto (abl. abs.), like an assaulting column, the technical term for a column of attack.

83. quā, where: § 429, a (258, g); B. 218, 9; G. 389; H. 307, 3 (304, ii, 3); H.-B. 426. — turbine: abl. of manner. Cf. Paradise Lost, x. 695 ff.:

Now from the north

Of Norumbega, and the Samoed shore,
Bursting their brazen dungeon, arm'd with ice,
And snow, and hail, and stormy gust and flaw,
Boreas and Cæcias, and Argestes loud,
And Thracias, rend the woods, and seas upturn;
With adverse blast upturns them from the south
Notus, and Afer black with thunderous clouds
From Serralonia: thwart of these, as fierce,
Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds,
Eurus and Zephyr, with their lateral noise,
Sirocco and Libecchio.

84. incubuere: the perfect suddenly shifts the point of view to indicate the swiftness of the act; and now they have fallen upon the sea, and are ploughing up (ruunt, cf. v. 35 and note); cf. Od. v. 291; Bry. 348. - mari: § 370 (228); B. 187, iii, 1; G. 347; H. 429 (386); H.-B. 376. The sea is so often mentioned that, for variety, a large number of

names are necessary. Thus, altum alta, aequor aequora, maris aequor, mare, maria, aestus, sal, salum, fluctus (sing. and plur.), pontus, unda undae, pelagus, freta, vada (salsa), vortex, gurges, are all used in essentially the same meaning. Cf. Thomson's Seasons, Winter:

Then issues forth the storm with sudden burst,

And hurls the whole precipitated air

Down in a torrent. On the passive main

Descends the ethereal force, and with strong gust

Turns from its bottom the discolored deep.

85. Eurusque, etc. : the winds from all quarters are conceived as let loose together, and by their simultaneous action in opposite directions, causing the storm, a natural enough conception in a cyclonic disturb– procellis, gusts: § 409, a (248, c, 2); B. 218, 8; G. 405, N.3; H. 477, ii (421, ii); cf. H.-B. 425 and a, ftn.1.

ance.

86. Africus: the southwest wind (sirocco), blowing hot from Africa, is often one of the most violent on the Italian coast.

87. virum: cf. superum, v. 4.

89. Teucrorum, the Trojans: so called from Teucer, one of their forefathers. As the Trojans have to be constantly mentioned, Virgil, for variety, uses all the names that can be made from the names of their various ancestors or heroes, or from anything else connected with them (as Anchisiadae, Laomedontiadae, Dardani, etc.), just as the Greeks are called by various tribal names, Achivi, Danai, Argivi, etc. (see v. 30, note). - ponto nox, etc.: cf. Thomson, Winter:

Through the black night that sits immense around.

90. poli, the poles=the heavens which revolve upon them (according to the ancient astronomy). — micat, flashes: the word expresses both the glittering and the quivering effect of the flash.

92. solvuntur, etc., his limbs are paralyzed by the chill of terror (see Od. v. 297; Bry. 356); the ancients betrayed their emotions in a far more lively way than would be allowable in heroes of the present time.

His bold Æneas, on like billows tossed

In a tall ship, and all his country lost,

Dissolves with fear; and, both his hands upheld,
Proclaims them happy whom the Greeks had quelled
In honorable fight.

WALLER, Of the Dangers his Majesty Escaped, vv. 89–93.

93. duplicis palmas, both his hands. The ancient attitude of prayer was not with clasped hands, but with the palms spread upward, as if to receive the blessing; hence the emphasis of the phrase "worship with clean hands."

94. refert, simply utters (strictly, brings back his words to the light as things before hidden).—ter quaterque: cf. Od. v. 306; Bry. 366. 95. quis: dat. plur. following contigit.— ante ora: a happy lot, because their friends were witnesses of their deeds and glorious death. 96. contigit, befell: usually said of good fortune, as here. - oppetere: sc. mortem, hence, to die.

97. Tydide, son of Tydeus, Diomedes, who met Æneas in single combat (Il. v. 297; Bry. 201).-campis: locative abl. - -mene potuisse, to think that I could not have, etc.: cf. v. 37; § 462 (274); B. 334; G. 534; H. 616, 3 (539, iii); H.-B. 596.

98. dextra: abl. of instrument.

99. saevus, stern, not sparing the foe: so even the gentle Æneas is called saevus, xii. 107. — iacet, lies slain; hence telo, abl. of instrument.- - Aeacidae: i.e. Achilles, grandson of Æacus.

100. Sarpedon, the Lycian prince, son of Jupiter. In Homer, his body is said to have been borne home by Sleep and Death; but Virgil does not care for this detail. - Simoïs, etc., the Simoïs rolls the shields, and helms, and stalwart forms of so many heroes carried away beneath its waves (see Il. xii. 22; Bry. 29); grammatically tot belongs to all the accusatives.

102. iactanti, as he utters: dat. of reference, supply ei; § 376 (235); B. 188, 1; G. 350, 2; H. 425, 4 (384, 12); H.-B. 369. The Latin often omits a pronoun when a word which would agree with it is present to indicate the case. - procella, the hurricane, concretely, as the solid body that strikes; Aquilone, the particular wind that produces it, and so makes it howl (stridens); for abl., see § 409 (248, c); B. 218; G. 401; H. 476 (420); H.-B. 423. The various winds are loosely spoken of, without much regard to their direction, but the most violent are chosen. 103. adversa, right in his face: adj. for adv.; § 290 (191); B. 239; G. 325, R.6; H. 497 (443); H.-B. 245.

Exaggeration is natural in unstudied narrative. Virgil adopts it here in imitation of the more artless epic. The hyperbole in the following description (cf. iii. 564-7) set a literary fashion which lasted for almost two thousand years. Among countless examples, one from Shakspere (Othello, ii. 1. 11 ff.) will serve:

For do but stand upon the foaming shore,

The chidden billow seems to pelt the clouds;

The wind-shaked surge, with high and monstrous mane,

Seems to cast water on the burning Bear

And quench the guards of the ever-fixed pole:

I never did like molestation view

On the enchafed flood.