493. cardine: cf. v. 480, note.

494. fit via: i.e. the door yields. - rumpunt, they force. 495. milite: cf. v. 20.

496. non sic: i.e. not so violently; cf. Thomson, Winter:

Wide o'er the brim, with many a torrent swelled,

And the mixed ruin of its banks o'erspread,

At last the roused-up river pours along:

Resistless, roaring, dreadful, down it comes,
From the rude mountain and the mossy wild,

Tumbling through rocks abrupt, and sounding far.

497. moles: i.e. dykes, etc.

500. caede: abl. of manner.

501. centum nurus: used to include Priam's own daughters and the wives of his fifty sons (see Introd., p. xxvii). — Priamum: his death is here only stated in general terms; details are given in vv. 506–558.

503. illi: see § 297, b (102, b); cf. B. 246, 3; G. 307, 2; H. 507, 4 (450, 4); H.-B. 271, a; but the literal translation will give the same idea.

504. barbarico: i.e. of the East. Æneas here speaks from a Roman point of view. Cf. Milton's famous "barbaric pearl and gold,” Paradise Lost, ii. 4.

506. forsitan, etc.: cf. Georgics, ii. 288. — requiras: § 447, a (311, a, N.3); G. 457, 2, N.; H. (p. 267, ftn.1); H.-B. 517, 1.

506-558. Cf. the account of the murder of Priam given in Hamlet, ii. 2. 474 ff.:

The rugged Pyrrhus, he whose sable arms,

Black as his purpose, did the night resemble, etc.

See also Marlowe and Nash, Dido, act ii.

508. limina, doors. — medium: more lively than mediis, as agreeing with hostem, but it is required also by the metre.

510. circumdat umeris (dat., see v. 218, note), binds upon his shoulders. - inutile: cf. Hamlet, ii. 2. 491–2:

- ferrum cingitur: § 397, c (240, c, N.); B. 175, 2, d; G. 338, N.o; H. 407 (377); H.-B. 390, b. Cf. vv. 275, 392, i. 320.

511. fertur, starts to rush: § 467 (276, 6); B. 259, 2; G. 227, N.2; H. 530 (467, 6); H.-B. 484. Cf. v. 655.

512. nudo sub aetheris axe. In a Roman house the Penates were kept by the family hearth and altar, in the atrium, or principal hall, but

not in the open air; here, however, is apparently meant a great hall or court, which had a larger opening than the atrium, and contained a garden, or at least a tree or two (see Fig. 24).

515. nequiquam: for it afforded them no asylum.

516. tempestate: abl. of means depending on the idea of driven contained in praecipites (driven headlong).

518. ipsum, even him (aged as he was).

519. mens tam dira, so dreadful a thought.

520. cingi: reflexive; see note, v. 511.

521. non tali auxilio: i.e. prayers, not arms, must help us.

522. non si, no, not if, etc.: sc. egeret; see § 517 (308); B. 304, I; G. 597; H. 579 (510); H.-B. 581.

523. tandem, pray: a word of entreaty or impatience, used here as in questions; § 333, a (210, ƒ); H. 378, 3 (351, 4); H.-B. 231, 2, N.

528. porticibus: § 429, a (258, g); B. 218, 9; G. 389; H. 485, 2 (425, 1, 1); H.-B. 426. Polites has escaped from the mêlée at the door and is fleeing towards the back of the house.

530. iam iamque tenet, and now he is just about to grasp him, and closes on him (premit) with the spear; the repetition of iam pictures the scene, and so makes the impression more lively. 532. concidit, etc.: cf. Paradise Lost, xi. 446–7:

He fell, and, deadly pale,

Groan'd out his soul with gushing blood effus'd.

533. in media morte, in the jaws of death (using a more modern figure). 534. voci iraeque, angry words (hendiadys: see i. 61, note).

535. at: i.e. though you now triumph. The word is often thus used in entreaties introducing a suggestion as opposed to some thought of the speaker which is itself unexpressed. ausis: passive, like the participles of some deponent verbs; § 190, b (135,b); B. 112,b; G. 167, N.2; H. 222, 2 (231, 2); H.-B. 291, d.

536. caelo: dat. of possession.-pietas, justice: properly, only used of dutiful regard towards some one, but transferred sometimes to the other party in the same relation; cf. iv. 382. — curet: § 535, a (320, a); B. 283, 2; G. 631, 2; H. 591, 1 (503, i); H.-B. 521, 1.

537. persolvant: optat. subj.; § 441

558 (484, i); H.-B. 511, 1.

(267); B. 279, 1; G. 260; H.

538. cernere: § 457, a (273, c); B. 295, 4, N.; G. 423, N.2 (end); H. 608, 3 (535, iv); H.-B. 587 and ftn.

539. fecisti: for mood, see § 534 (319, headnote); H.-B. 569, a.· foedasti voltus, hast defiled a father's sight (not, literally, stained

his face), i.e. made him ceremonially impure by making him see such a deed.

540. satum. . . mentiris, whom you falsely call your father (lit. from whom you falsely claim that you are descended), for this deed "belies" his lineage. — quo: for abl., see note on Maiā, i. 297.

541. in, in the case of, hence equal to towards (cf. note, v. 390).— fidem, the faith due to a suppliant.

542. erubuit, respected, i.e. blushed to disregard: § 388, a (237, b); B. 175, 2, b; G. 330, R.; H. 405, I (371, iii); H.-B. 391, I. See the story in Il. xxiv. 468-676; Bry. 600; and cf. Æn. i. 461 and note.— sepulchro, for burial: § 382, 2 (235, 233, 6); B. 191, 1; H. 425, 3 (384, ii, 3); H.-B. 361, a.

:

3;

547. referes with an imperative force; § 449, b (269, ƒ); B. 261, G. 243; H. 536, 2 (470, 1); H.-B. 572. We should expect ibis to come first, but, as often, the general word precedes and the particular follows to explain it (cf. v. 353).

And to him said; 'Goe now, proud miscreant,

Thyselfe thy message do to german [i.e. brother, germanus] deare;

Alone he, wandring, thee too long doth want:

Goe say, his foe thy shield with his doth beare.'
Therewith his heavie hand he high gan reare,
Him to have slaine.

SPENSER, Faery Queen, i. 5. 13.

549. degenerem: referring to Priam's taunt in v. 540.

550. trementem: from the feebleness of age.

553. capulo tenus: § 221, 26 (260, e); B. 142, 3; G. 413, R.1; H. 490, N.3 (434, N.4); H.-B. 458, 4.

555. sorte, by fate; strictly, the lot of an individual.

556. tot populis, over so many tribes (dative of reference).

557. ingens truncus: so Homer represents Priam and Hector as tall. iacet litore: as if the body were still lying there. Virgil seems to be thinking of the fate of Pompey.

558. sine nomine: i.e. unrecognizable.

560. imago, the vision, i.e. the thought, not a real phantom.

563. direpta, casus : i.e. the probable pillaging of his house, and death of his son; § 497 (292, a); B. 337, 5; G. 664, R.2; H. 636, 4 (549, N.2); H.-B. 608, 2. — domūs, nominative. For quantity see note on i. 478. 564. copia: usually only in the plural in this sense.

567-588. Though lacking in most MSS., these lines are generally accepted. The momentary impulse to kill a woman whose treachery was as famous as her charms would have been held no shame in the heroic age, though some editors think otherwise.

...

567. iamque, etc., and just at this moment I alone was left; super eram: as in Ecl. vi. 6.

568. servantem, keeping close to, for the sake of sanctuary.

569. dant, etc.: explains why he happened to see her.

570. erranti (sc. mihi). He is still in the citadel; at v. 632 he descends to the streets.

571. eversa: for construction, see v. 563, note.

572. coniugis: Menelaus hesitated at first whether to kill Helen with his own hand; but her old fascination prevailed, and later she appears in the Odyssey in full honor as his queen. See Landor's poem, Mene

laus and Helen at Troy.

573. praemetuens: i.e. forecasting in her fear. 574. invisa sedebat, was crouching unseen. 575. ira, a wrathful impulse.

576. ulcisci: depending on ira subit, which is equivalent to a verb of wishing (cf. note, v. 10). — sceleratas poenas vengeance on the guilty. sumere, inflict (see v. 103, note).

=

577. scilicet: giving an ironical turn to the thought. — Mycenas: used for Greece in general.

580. turbā comitată, attended by a throng (see note on i. 312).

581. occiderit (fut. perf.): i.e. shall she return to Greece in triumph when Priam has perished? Grammatically aspiciet, occiderit, arserit, sudarit are coördinate and independent.

583. nullum memorabile nomen: cf. iv. 94, xi. 791.

585. exstinxisse laudabor, I shall be praised for having destroyed. laudabor is equivalent to a verb of saying, "I shall be said with praise to have," etc. This extension of the personal use of dicor, videor, etc., with the inf. is peculiar to poetry; § 582, N. (330, d); G. 528, N.; H. 611, N.1 (534, I, N.1); H.-B. 594, ftn.2. — merentīs, deserved, agrees with poenas; cf. sceleratas, v. 576.

587. flammae: dep. on explesse (cf. i. 215, note). — cineres satiasse : vengeance is imagined to be a satisfaction to the spirits of the dead, a very old idea.

589. se videndam obtulit, presented herself in visible presence (lit. to be seen): see § 500, 4 (294, d); B. 337, 7, a, 2; G. 430; H. 622 (544, N.2); H.-B. 605, 2.

590. pura in luce: i.e. not in that cloud or mist which usually shrouds a divinity.

591. confessa: § 190, e (135, e); B. 256, 1; H.-B. 288, 3, 6. — deam : for se deam esse; see note to i. 390. — qualis: supply talem.

592. caelicolis: dative. — quanta: the gods are represented as larger than men; so Tennyson describes Helen as "a daughter of the gods, divinely tall" (Dream of Fair Women). Cf. Keats, Hyperion, i. 26–28: She was a goddess of the infant world:

By her in stature the tall Amazon

Had stood a pigmy's height.

dextrā, by the hand. — prehensum (sc. me) continuit: translate by two coördinate clauses; § 496, N.2 (292, R.); G. 664, R.1; H. 639 (549, 5) ; H.-B. 604, I.

...

...

594. quis tantus, what great is this which: a very common Latin form of expression. — dolor, indignation felt as a sudden pang or sting.

595. quonam: notice the force of nam; § 333, a (210, ƒ); B. 90, 2, d; G. 106; H. 378, 4 (351, 4, N.1); H.-B. 231, 2, N. The emphasis on the question gives it the tone of a reproof. — nostri, for me: object. gen.; § 348 (217); B. 200; G. 363, 2; H. 440, 2 (396, iii); H.-B. 354; cf. § 143, c (99, c); B. 242, 2; G. 304, 2; H. 500, 4 (446, N.3); H.-B. 134, 6. — tibi : § 377 (235, a); B. 188, 1; G. 350, 1; H. 425, 4, N. (384, 4, N.2) ; H.-B. 368. 597. liqueris, superet: § 574 (334); B. 300, 1; G. 467; H. 649, ii (529, i); H.-B. 537, b.

599. ni resistat, did not my care withstand them. The condition is cont. to fact with pres. subj. for imperf. in protasis and perf. for pluperf. in apodosis (tulerint, etc.), by an old construction preserved in poetry: § 517, e (308, e); G. 596, R.1; H. 576, 2 (509, N.2); H.-B. 581, d.

601. tibi (dat. of reference): it is not Helen that you should hate, or Paris that you should blame. Not that they are guiltless, but their guilt only fulfils the divine decree.

604. omnem nubem eripiam: see Il. v. 127; Bry. 154. So in Paradise Lost, xi. 412, when preparing him for the vision, the archangel "Michael from Adam's eyes the film removed," etc.-tuenti: sc. tibi, (drawn) over you as you look.

606. ne... . time (see v. 48, note) : i.e. do not fear to look at anything I show you, or hesitate to do (by my direction) what is still in your power. 607. parere: § 580, d, N. (332, h, N.); cf. B. 298, a; G. 548, n.2; H. 505, ii, 2; cf. H.-B. 586.

610. Neptunus: Neptune, the builder of Troy (cf. v. 625), now takes the main part in its destruction (cf. Il. xii. 27-30; Bry. 22).