201. ipse emphatic because Palinurus is the skilful pilot, and ought to know if anybody on board could. — discernere, distinguish.

202. viae: § 350 (219); B. 206, 2; G. 376; H. 454 (406, ii); H.-B. 350.

203. soles: § 423 (256); B. 231; G. 336; H. 417 (379); H.-B. 387, ii. incertos: i.e. undistinguishable. caligine (abl. of cause): to be

taken with incertos.

206. aperire, volvere: depending on visa est. The land discloses the peaks and rolls up the smoke.— fumum: the sign of an inhabited country.

207. vela: it would seem that in all difficult places, as when nearing the coast, the ancients used only their oars. — insurgimus: we say bend to the oars; but the ancients used larger oars, so that the corresponding expression in Latin is rise, as here.

208. caerula, the dark blue sea: § 289, b (189, b); G. 204, N.o; H. 494, I (441, 1); H.-B. 249, 2.

209. Strophadum: two islands of the Ionian Sea, west of PeloponThey were said to be so called because there Zetes and Calais, sons of Boreas, turned (σrpépoμa) from pursuing the Harpies.

nesus.

210. Graio: because the name has a Greek derivation (as given in the preceding note). - stant, lie.

212. Harpyiae: perhaps originally personified storm-winds, but worked up by the mythographers into the monsters described in the text. They infested the house of Phineus, a king of Thrace, but were driven out by the Argonauts, Zetes and Calais, as here described; hence metu (abl. of cause). There are countless references and allusions to the Harpies in ancient and modern literature. Phineia: cf. iii. 128, note.

215. ira, scourge, the wrath is put for its instrument. - Stygiis: such monsters regularly had their home in the world below; cf. vi. 285. So in Milton, Comus, vv. 603-605:

216. voltus: sc. sunt.

All the grisly legions that troop
Under the sooty flag of Acheron,
Harpies and Hydras.

218. famē: for ē, see § 76, N.1 (57, c); B. 59, 2, b; G. 68, 8; (137, 2); H.-B. 88, 5.

H. 145, 3

219. delati, sailing in (literally, down); compare i. 381 and note. intravimus: § 543 (324); B. 287, 1; G. 561; H. 602 (518); H.-B. 557.

220. laeta, thriving: a common word for any luxuriant growth; here possibly only of numbers, countless.

221. custode: abl. of manner, or perhaps abl. absolute.

222. ferro: abl. of instrument. - ipsum: the emphasis is either to give a stronger indication of their honesty of purpose, or else to show a still greater folly on their part in calling on Jupiter, the protecting divinity of strangers, in their acts of violence.

223. in partem, etc., to a share of the prey (hendiadys, see i. 61). 224. toros: i.e. for reclining. — dapibus: abl. of means.

226. clangoribus: i.e. the noise of their flapping wings.

227. diripiunt, etc. Hence in Shakspere's Tempest (iii. 3) Ariel enters in the shape of a harpy, "claps his wings upon the table, and with a quaint device the banquet vanishes."

228. vox: their cry as birds of prey; not yet articulate, as v. 247. 230. horrentibus, darkening.

232. caeli: § 346, b (216, b); G. 372, N.2; H. 442, 3 (397, N.4); H.-B. 346. Cf. i. 422.

233. pedibus: abl. of instrument.

234. capessant: § 588 (339); B. 316; G. 652; H. 642 (523, iii); H.-B. 498, 538; his words in dir. disc. would be, capessite . . . gerendum est; cf. v. 36.

236. ac, than, as often in early Lat. and poetry. - tectos: proleptic. 240. nova proelia, strange warfare.

241. foedare in a kind of apposition with proelia, but to be referred in syntax to § 457 (271,a); B. 295, 5, N.; G. 423; H. 565,6 (498, ii, N.1); H.-B. 586.

242. plumis: locative abl.

243. sub, up toward, a common meaning of the word; compare its meaning in composition (i. 424, note).

66

245. una, one only, with emphasis as usual.

246. infelix, ill-omened. — rumpit, hurls forth; here causative, causes to burst forth" (cf. ii. 129, note).

247. bellum: notice the emphasis on this word from its position as well as its repetition. pro: i.e. to defend and continue the outrage

already committed.

248. Laomedontiadae: used with special reference to the perfidy of Laomedon (see Introd., p. xxvii).

252. Furiarum: apparently a mere confusion of the two sets of divinities. Such creatures were not very exactly defined in the minds of the ancients, and the two might easily be identified with each other, especially as these Harpies, as well as the Furies, were ministers of divine vengeance. Cf. Paradise Lost, ii. 596: "harpy-footed Furies." In Lycidas, v. 75, Milton calls Atropos, one of the Fates, "the blind Fury."

253. cursu: abl. of manner. vocatis: the ordinary invocation of the winds, but here with the idea that they will surely be favorable.

254. Italiam: for acc., cf. i. 2 and note.

255. non ante . . . . quam, never... until.

256. fames: an appropriate vengeance; cf. v. 217. — nostrae : § 348, a (217, a); B. 243, 3; G. 364, N.o; H. 440, 2, N.2 (396, iii, N.2); H.-B. 339, a.- caedis: § 344, 343, d (214, e, f); B. 202; G. 361; H. 440, 4 (396, vi) ; H.-B. 34I.

257. subigat: § 551, c (327, a); cf. B. 292; G. 577; H. 605 (520, 2); cf. H.-B. 507, 4, c. — mālis: notice the long penult. As to the fulfilment of this prophecy, see iii. 394-395, vii. 107–119.

259. sociis: § 377 (235, a); B. 188, 1; G. 350, I; H. 425, 4, N. (384,

4, N.2); H.-B. 368; cf. mihi, v. 29.

260. animi, their spirits.

261. exposcere: belonging properly with

votis precibusque alone, but (by the common zeugma) used also with armis.

262. sint: § 593 (342); B. 324, I; G. 663, 1; H. 652 (529, ii); H.-B. 539.

263. passis: i.e. in the ordinary attitude of prayer; cf. i. 93 and note; iii. 176.

264. meritos, i.e. due by custom, such as the greater victims usually sacrificed to the higher (magna) gods.

266. placidi, be propitious and, etc.

267. rudentes: i.e. the clew-lines that

FIG. 31.

held the sail furled (as seen in Fig. 31, Ulysses and the Sirens, from an antique gem).

268. Noti: perh. for winds in general, though they could no doubt lay their course with a south wind. — undis : § 429, a (258, g); B. 218, 9; G. 389; H. 485, 3 (425, 1, 1); H.-B. 426, a and ftn.

271. saxis: § 404 (245); B. 219; G. 408; H. 475 (416); H.-B. 444. 273. Ulixi: § 348 (217); B. 200; G. 363, 2; H. 440, 2 (396, iii); H.-B. 354.

275. nautis: for dat., see v. 14, note. — aperitur, shows itself, i.e. the temple appears above the horizon as they approach.

276. urbi: i.e. Ambracia.

279. lustramur, make an expiatory sacrifice.

- votis, etc. : i.e. by offer

ing the vowed sacrifices they kindle the fire on the altars.

280. Actia : an ancient festival was held on the promontory of Actium in honor of Apollo, whose temple there, said to have been founded by

the Argonauts, was renewed by Augustus in honor of the battle of Actium. This festival is made more distinguished by being here connected with Æneas. - celebramus, we crowd, the literal meaning of the word. ludis: abl. of means.

281. oleo (abl. of manner): in their gymnastic games the ancients anointed their bodies with oil, apparently to prevent the muscles from

becoming stiff from exposure. The regular emblem of the gymnast is a bottle of oil and strigils (see Fig. 33, objects found at Pompeii). palaestras properly, the place for wrestling, but often used, as here, for the exercise itself.

282. nudati: the games were all practised without any clothing, hence the term gymnasium (Gr. yuuvάolov, from yuuvós, naked).

284. annum § 395, N.2 (239, b, N.2); B. 179, 3; G. 331, R.; H. 413 (376, N.); H.-B. 386, a.

286. aere (abl. of material) cavo: on account of the form of the shield. - Abantis: see Vocabulary. This shield, an old trophy apparently, must have been taken away in the flight from Troy.

287. postibus adversis (locative abl.): i.e. on the door posts fronting you. carmine: such inscriptions were often in verse.

288. Æneas: sc. dedicat (often omitted, as here).

289. tum: i.e. in the following spring. - considere, etc.: cf. Od. ix. 103, 104; Bry. 127.

i. I:

291. aërias: see Od. v. 280; Bry. 334; cf. Shelley, Revolt of Islam,

The peak of an aërial promontory.

292. portu: a contracted dative; cf. § (68, N.); B. 49, 2; G. 61; H. 131, 4 (116, ftn.); H.-B. 97, 2.

293. Chaonio: see v. 335 and note. - celsam: a stock epithet (cf. "Towered cities please us then." L'Allegro); see v. 76. Buthrotum

was apparently a low-lying coast town. For case, see §. 428, g (258, b, N.5); B. 182, 4; G. 337; H. 419, 3 (380, 3); H.-B. 376 and 377, 3.

294. occupat, meets, with the additional idea of seizing them, as it were, with surprise; cf. "takes prisoner Priam's ear."- Hamlet, ii. 2. 499.

295. regnare: indir. disc. in apposition with fama.

=

296. coniugio coniuge: for case, see § 410 (249); B. 218, 1; G. 407; H. 477 (421, i); H.-B. 429. Andromache, the widow of Hector, had fallen in the distribution of booty to the lot of Pyrrhus, son of Achilles and great-grandson of Æacus (Aeacidae). The rest of the story is told in vv. 325 ff.; cf. Euripides' Andromache, 1243-1249, where it is given as a prophecy by Thetis. - sceptris: cf. note on i. 56, though here there seems to be no metrical reason for the plural.

297. cessisse, had fallen (passed over). - patrio, of her own people: her father, the king of the Cilicians, had been an ally of Troy.

298. amore, desire, abl. of means.

FIG. 33.

299. compellare: depends on incensum [est] pectus; cf. ii. 10, note. 300. portu: ablative.

301. sollemnis dapes: the anniversary offering (parentalia) at the grave, consisting among the Romans of wine, milk, oil, honey, with more solid food, such as eggs and beans, while the graves were decorated with wreaths. For a similar observance, see figure in text, p. 77, from a vase painting.