when they are employed as adjectives; as, the South-Boston foundry, the New-England people, the East-India Company. This remark is well illustrated by Mr. Goold Brown, in his work, "The Grammar of English Grammars," p. 159: "In modern compound names, the hyphen is now less frequently used than it was a few years ago. They seldom, if ever, need it, unless they are employed as adjectives; and then there is a manifest propriety in inserting it. Thus the phrase, the New London Bridge, can be understood only of a new bridge in London; and, if we intend by it a bridge in New London, we must say, the New-London Bridge. So the New York Directory is not properly a directory for New York, but a new directory for York."

2 b. So, also, the word street, when forming part of a compound epithet, is connected by a hyphen with the word preceding it; as, a Washington-street omnibus: but, when otherwise used, it is better written or printed separately; as, Washington Street, Boston. The same rule will hold good in respect to such words as place, square, court, &c.; as, "Howard-place Church and Crown-court Chapel are situated not far from Pemberton Square, New Brixton."

THE POSSESSIVE CASE.

2 c. When the possessive case, and the word which governs it, do not literally convey the idea of property, or have lost this signification, they are connected by means of a hyphen; as, Job's-tears, Solomon's-seal, Jesuits'-bark, bear's-foot, goat's-beard; Jew's-harp; St. Vitus's-dance, the king's-evil. As compounds, these words do not severally denote the tears which the Arabian patriarch shed, a seal belonging to the wise Hebrew ruler, bark which is the property of Jesuits, the foot of a bear, the beard of a goat, the harp of a Jew, the dance of St. Vitus, the evil of the king. But, were the primitive words from which they are formed put separately, they would have these meanings.

2 d. When, however, institutions, churches, law-courts, places, rivers, &c., are called after distinguished men, the names put in the possessive case are separated from those of the objects which they characterize; as, St. Mary's College, St. Peter's Church, St. Paul's Churchyard, Queen's Bench, Van Diemen's Land, Merchants' Exchange, the St. John's River. The names of holydays, if similarly formed, may be written or printed in the same manner; as, New Year's Day, All Saints' Day. In all such phrases, the hyphen is not required, because they have severally but one signification.

2 e. If the possessive case, and the noun governing it, are used in the literal sense of the words, and have only one accent, they should be written or printed as a compound, without either apostrophe or hyphen; as, beeswax, craftsmaster, doomsday, hogslard, kinswoman, lambswool (but, if meaning ale mixed with sugar, &c., lamb's-wool, according to Remark 2 c), newspaper, ratsbane, townsman, tradesman.

COMPOUND PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS.

2f. Compound pronouns have always their parts consolidated; as, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, ownself, ownselves ; whoever, whomsoever, whatever, whatsoever. One's self is probably a phrase, and not, as is sometimes written, a compound, — oneself or one's-self. I myself is also a phrase, or two words in apposition.

2 g. Compound adverbs are, generally speaking, consolidated; as, altogether, awhile, beforehand, evermore, henceforward, indeed, instead, everywhere, nowhere, nevertheless, somehow, nowise, anywise, likewise, wherewithal, hereupon, whithersoever. But to-day, to-night, to-morrow, are almost universally printed with a hyphen. So also now-a-days ; and perhaps such words as inside-out, upside-down. There is a tendency on the part of American printers to spell the words for ever as one continuous compound; but they everywhere occur in the common version of the Bible as a phrase; and, the eye being thus accustomed to their separation, it would probably be better to retain this form. By and by are obviously three words, though sometimes written as a compound.

COMPOUND AND OTHER PHRASES.

2 h. All phrases which are thrown out of their usual order, and, by a strange collocation, put before the nouns which they are made to qualify, should have a hyphen between their parts; as, some out-of-the-world place, a matter-of-fact-looking town, long-looked-for news, out-of-door business, raw-head-and-bloody-bones stories, the alwayswind-obeying deep, the ever-to-be-honored Chaucer, the half-burnt-through bottom of the saucepan, well-laid-out parks.

2. When epithets are formed of an adverb ending in ly and of a participle, the two words are usually separated without the hyphen; as, a newly built house, a beautifully formed pen. The reason probably is, that the structure of such adverbs does not easily admit of their junction with the words modified.

2j. When a noun is placed before an adverb or preposition and a participle, these do not make a compound epithet, and should

therefore be written or printed as two words; as, a catalogue well arranged, love ill requited, the place before mentioned.

2k. Words in phrases should be written and printed separately; as, above all, after all, at second hand, balm of Gilead, cheek by jowl, in any wise (but, without the preposition, and as an adverb, anywise), might and main, rank and file, tit for tat, tooth and nail. Of such phrases, however, as father-in-law, attorney-at-law, commander-in chief, the parts are usually connected by a hyphen.

27. When a compound phrase is formed of two or more words which are severally associated in sense with one term, the primitives should stand apart; as, cannon and musket balls. Were a hyphen inserted between "musket" and "balls," the meaning of the phrase would not be cannon-balls and musket-balls, but cannon, or large guns, and also balls for the musket. The following are additional examples: Household and needle work; land and river travel; a chief or master builder; the watch and clock repairing business; a son and daughter in law; second, third, or fourth rate effects. Some would insert a hyphen between the parts of the last compound, and attach it to the disjointed words; as, iron-, cotton-, silk-, print-, and dye-works : but, though more correct, this is a German mode of exhibiting such compounds, with which the English eye is not familiar. All difficulty would be obviated, were the phrases changed into language more grammatical.

2 m. All foreign phrases should be written and printed as they are found in the language from which they are taken; as, “John Sharp, Secretary pro tempore." "It was a sine qua non, an indispensable condition, that an agreement should be entered into." "William said in Latin, Vade mecum, Go with me." phrases, if they are used before nouns, or have been incorporated into the English language, should follow the common analogy; as, "John was elected pro-tempore Secretary." ""This was a sine-qua

non business."

But such

"That little book is an excellent vade-mecum."

For further information on this difficult subject, the reader is referred to Mr. Goold Brown's invaluable work, before quoted; from which, while venturing in some respects to differ in opinion, we have derived not a little assistance as to the nature of compounds, and the forms in which they should be presented. But the subject is not exhausted; and he who, with the scholarship and industry of that gentleman, will devote himself to the classification of all the compounds in the language, would perform a good service to a branch of literature which has been sadly neglected.

RULE II.

Prefixes in Derivative Words.

§ I. If a prefix ends with a vowel, and the word with which it is combined begins with a consonant; or if the former ends with a consonant, and the latter begins with a vowel or a consonant, the compound thus formed should appear as one unbroken word.

§ II. If, however, the prefix ends, and the word to which it is united begins, with a vowel, both vowels being separately pronounced, they should be connected with a hyphen.

a. When the prefix ends with a vowel, and is followed by a word beginning also with a vowel, many writers and printers place a diæresis over the latter, instead of a hyphen between them; as, coėval. But this mode of exhibiting derivatives does not seem to accord with the genius of the English language, which, in ordinary composition, dispenses with accentual marks. It would, therefore, probably be better to reserve the use of the diæresis for words containing two vowels separately pronounced, but not capable of being divided, except for the purpose of syllabication and at the end of a line, by the hyphen; as in Beëlzebub, and in borrowed foreign words

b. The adverbs afore and fore, having now become almost obsolete as separate words, are regarded as mere prefixes; which should, therefore, without regard to accent, be subject to the present rule ; as, aforegoing, foredetermined, fore-ordained. See p. 208, Rem. 6.

b.

c. As an exception to the first section of the rule, it is worthy of remark, that a derivative which might be mistaken for a word with the same letters, but a different meaning, should be distin

guished from it by the insertion of a hyphen between its parts. Thus, re-creation, denoting a new creation, is obviously a more appropriate form of this word than recreation, which, besides being differently pronounced, signifies refreshment, or relaxation after toil. Thus, also, a difference exists in meaning and pronunciation between re-collect and recollect; re-form, re-formation, and reform, reformation; which it is necessary to exhibit in corresponding modes. With the exception of such words, the manner of writing derivatives having the prefix re is governed by the rule.

d. Terms or epithets with prefixes of unusual occurrence, particularly if the compounds thus formed have two accents, should be excepted from the operation of the first branch of the rule; as, astro-theology, concavo-convex, deutero-canonical, electro-magnetism.

e. The prefixes of proper names, or words used as such, substantively or adjectively, follow both sections of the rule; as, Antenicene, Antichrist, &c., Antitrinitarian, Pedobaptist, Cisalpine, Transatlantic; Anti-American, Pre-Adamic. But the words Neo-Platonic, AngloSaxon, Scoto-Hibernian, and others of a similar kind, accord in their forms with those referred to in Remark d.

f. Extra is sometimes used as an adjective, and separated from the noun which it qualifies; as, extra pay, extra work. As a prefix in extraordinary, it is not followed by a hyphen, because its last letter (a), though coming before a vowel, is silent in pronunciation.

g. The letter a, when by a colloquialism it represents one of the prepositions on, in, at, to, should be united, without a hyphen, to the following word, if consisting of only one syllable; as, aboard, abed, afield, apiece.

h. Bi and tri are usually consolidated with the words, or parts of words, to which they are prefixed; as, biennial; triunity, triune.

i. Vicegerency, vicegerent, viceroyal, and viceroyalty are, in accordance with the rule, written each as one word. The other words, of which vice is a prefix, are, by almost universal custom, hyphened; as, vice-president, vice-chancellor, &c.

j. Bi, ante, anti, counter, contra, super, supra, semi, demi, preter, and other common prefixes, are sometimes printed with a hyphen after them; but there seem to be no just grounds for this division, except when two vowels would otherwise come together, or when a dissyllabic prefix ends with the same consonant with which the next portion of a long word begins; as, anti-evangelical, counter-revolution. To make any exceptions besides these, and a few others such as those noticed above, would lead to inextricable confusion.