AD MI-RAL. As used by Milton, page 72, | this word means a ship hat carries the admiral, or simply a grea ship. ADVERB, a word joined to a verb, participle, an adjective, or another adverb, to qualify its meaning. It is derived from the Latin words ad, to, and verbum, a word. AF-FIN'I-TY, agreement, connection. It is from the Latin words ad, to, and finis, an end, also a boundary or limit; whence the Latin word affinis, neighboring, gr bordering.

AIKIN, JOHN, born in England in 1747; estab

lished himself as a physician in London. He was a brother of Mrs. Barbauld, and the author of several excellent works

for the young. He died 1822.

The Tutor and his Pupils, page 92.
Lokman, 277.

ALBI-CORE, a marine fish, noted for following ships.

ALEXANDER. SIR JAMES. The Falls of Niagara in Winter, by, page 243. AL-LUVI-AL, added to land by the wash of water. The word is derived from the Latin words ad, to, and luo, I wash. ALPHA, the first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering to A, and used to denote first, or beginning, as O-me'ga, the last letter of the Greek alphabet, does last, or end.

ALPINE, pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty mountain; very high.

A-MAIN', with force; suddenly. AM-BRO'SIAL. Ambrosia was, in heathen antiquity, the imaginary food of the gods. The word is derived from the Greek,a, without, and rotos, mortal, because ambrosia was supposed to confer immortality. An ambrosial beverage is one partaking of the quality of ambrosia. AM-PHI-THE A-TRE. (The final syllable is also spelled ter by Webster.) An edifice in an oval or circular form, with an area where combats with wild beasts were exhibited. The area, being covered with sand, was called a-rena, a Latin word, meaning sand. The derivation of the word amphitheatre is from the Greek amphi, abut, and theatron, a seeingplace. AN-AB'A-SIS (meaning a going-up, an expedition), the title of a Greek work, by Xenophon, describing an expedition undertaken by the younger Cyrus, B. C. 401, against his brother Artaxerxes, King of Persia.

AS-TITA K-SIS, opposition of words or senti ments; contrast. The plural of this word is an-tith'e-sēs. The derivation is from the Greek anti, against, and thesis, a placing or arranging. AN-TI-THETI-CAL, placed in contrast. A-POL-LO, a leathen divinity; the god of medicine, prophecy and song. He is alsc called Phoebus. AP-PA-RA TUS, instruments necessary for any art, study or trade. It is from the Latin ap paro, I prepare. ARE. This word is pronounced to rhyme with bar, car, &c; the a having the first elementary sound. See Exercises page 34. A-KE'NA. See Amphitheatre.

AR-RAIGN (ǎr-rān'), to accuse; to call in question; to indict.

ARTE-RY, one of the canals or pipes through which the blood from the heart runs, like water in a pipe brought from a reservoir. When an artery is cut it bleeds very violently; and the only way to stop it is to make a pressure between the wounded place and the heart, in order to intercept the course of the blood towards it. AR-TI-CLE is the name given by grammarians to the two little adjectives the and an or a in our language; the former being called the definite, the latter the indefinite article. The indefinite article an is only a corruption of the adjective one, or, as our ancestors wrote, ane; and a is a still more violent corruption of the same word.

AR-TIC-U-LA'TION.

Rules for, page 31.

Faults in, page 53. A-SIDE. In dramatic writing, a character is supposed to utter a remark aside when he does not mean that the other person or persons of the drama who may be present shall hear it.

AS'PI-RATE, pronounced with a strong emission of breath. The word is from the Latin as-pi'ro, I breathe, or blow. See pages 18, 39 and 50, in regard to aspirate Consonant sounds.

ATE, the preterite of the verb to eat. It is pronounced ate by both Webster and Worcester; et, by Smart and others.. AU-RO/RAL. Aurora was in ancient mythology the goddess of the morning; hence Auroral means resembling the dawn of day; also belonging to the Aurora, or Northern Lights.

AV-A-LANCHE', a snow-slide. Pronounced av-a-laush', the italicized a having the sound of a in father.

word has the first elementary sound. See page 34.

AYE (a) forever; continually. This word should be distinguished from ay (meaning yes). See 48, page 24.

AZURE, blue, sky colored. This word is pronounced a'zhür by Walker, and ăzh'ur by Webster.

BANCROFT, GEORGE, an American historian author of a history of the United States. The Pioneers of Kentucky, by, 152.

BANE, poison, mischief.
BARBAULD, ANNA LETITIA, born in England
in 1743, died 1825. She was the sister of
Dr. John Aikin, and wrote with him that
excellent work for the young, "Evenings
at Home." Mentioned page 150

A Pastoral Hymn, 110.
BAR-CE-LO'NA, a fortified city and port of
Spain, on the Mediterranean. Its staple
manufactures are cotton and silk.
BAR-MEC-IDE. The descendants of Barmek,
an illustrious Persian, were called Bar-
mecides. Noble qualities seemed to be
hereditary in the family. Jaffar is said
to have perished in his thirty-seventh
year, a victim of the unjust displeasure of
Haroun, the reigning monarch.
BARROW, ISAAC, a learned mathematian
and divine; born in England about the
year 1630, died 1677. As a theological

writer he is much esteemed.

On Industry, by, page 296.
BARTON, BERNARD, an amiable English
poet; born in London in 1784, died 1849.
He was a Quaker.

Farewell, by, 204.

BAYOU (by'oo), in Louisiana the outlet of a
lake; a channel for water. The term is
also applied to lateral or side outlets from
the Mississippi.

BAXTER, RICHARD, a pious and eminent
English clergyman; born 1615, died 1691.
Quoted page 275.

BEATTIE, JAMES, was born in Scotland in
1735, died 1803. Of his writings his
poem of "The Minstrel" is now most
read. See extracts from this poem on
pages 139, 203, 255.

BEAUMONT. Consider Both Sides, by, 133.
BE-LEAGUER (be-lee'ger), to besiege; to sur-
round with an army, so as to preclude

escape.

BERKELEY, GEORGE, Bishop of Cloyne, in Ire-
land, was born in Ireland in 1684, died
in 1753. He was distinguished as a phi-
losophical writer, and was the friend of
Pope. Swift, Steele, and other authors of
note. Having conceived a scheme for the
conversion of the North American sav-
ages, by means of a missionary college to
be erected in the Bermudas, he sailed in
September, 1728, with his wife, a valuable
library, and a considerable sum of money,
for Rhode Island. He took up his resi-
dence in Newport, and for nearly two
years devoted himself closely to his pas-
toral labors. The English government,
however, disappointed him, and he was
compelled to return to England.

Mentioned by Webster, page 236.
Verses by, page 238.

BE-SPRENT, Sprinkled over.

BIG'OT-RY, blind zeal; great prejudice.

BIRD'LIME, a glue to catch birds by smear-

ing the twigs of a bush or tree.

BLANK, VERSE. See T 197, page 68.
BO-NI'TO (bo-nee'to), a large sea-fish, well
known to voyagers for its persecution of
the flying-fish.

BOR'OUGH (bùr'ro), a corporate town. Until
the injustice was reformed by Parliament in
1832, certain old boroughs in England had
the privilege of sending members to the
House of Commons, although such bor-
oughs had so fallen from their former im-
portance that the voters could not com-
pare in number with the number required
in other Parliamentary districts in order
to send a member to the House of Com-
mons. The boroughs thus unjustly priv-
ileged were called "rotten boroughs."
See Sydney Smith's remarks, page 262.
BOSSUT. Extract from his First French
Grammar, on the Parts of Speech, p. 266.
BRACH (brātsh), a female hound.
BRAVO. Used as an interjection, meaning
"well done!" the a in this word has the
first elementary sound, as in father.
When used as a noun, meaning a villain,
or hired assassin, the a has its long sound.
as in hate.

BRIGHAM, AMARIAH, a distinguished Amer
ican physician, for several years superin-
tendent of the New York State Lunatic
Asylum. He was born in 1798, died
1849. Quoted page 276.

BRONZE (bronze or bronze), a factitious metal,
compounded of copper and tin. A color pre-
pared for the purpose of imitating bronze.
Bronzed, sunburnt.

BROUGHAM (Broohm), HENRY, better known
as Lord Brougham, distinguished as a
speaker and man of letters; a native of
Scotland.

Consummate Glory of Washington, 228.
BRUCE. A Chapter of Advice, 97.
BURG'O-MASTER, the chief magistrate of a
town in Holland.

BYROM, JOHN, a poet of moderate preten-
sions, but whose pure moral lessons have
made him remembered when writers of
more pretence are forgotten. He was born
in England in 1691, died 1763.

St. Philip Neri and the Youth, 122.
Helps to Read, 248.

BYRON, LORD GEORGE GORDON, a great Eng-
lish poet; born, 1788, died 1824.

The Ancient Heroes of Greece, 138.
The Penalty of Eminence, 203
Solitude, 204.

MAGAZINE, a celebrated
monthly magazine, published in Edin-
burgh, Scotland.

The Man in the Bell, from, p. 224.

CAI-RO (kiro), the capital of modern Egypt.
The population is reckoned at 240,000 in
habitants. It still maintains the reputa-
tion of being the best school of Arabic
literature.

CAL'LOUS, hard; insensible.
CAMPBELL, THOMAS, one of the purest and
most finished of English poets; born in
Glasgow, Scotland, in 1777; died 1844.
The Rainbow, by, 144.
Hallowed Ground, 257.
The Parrot, 304.

CAN'ON (Canon), a dignitary in a church.
The word also means a rule, a law, and
the genuine books of the Holy Scriptures.
CANUTE, account of by Dickens, page 123.
CA-PAR'I-SON, a superb dress for a horse.
CAP'TIOUS, disposed to find fault. The word
is derived from the Latin capto, I catch.
CARLYLE, THOMAS, a gifted but eccentric
writer, born in Scotland in 1796. Quoted
page 275.
CA-THEDRAL, the principal church in a dio-
cese, or bishop's jurisdiction. The Greek
word cathedra, from which this is de-
rived, means a chair or seat.
CENT. This word is derived from the Latin
centum, a hundred. In commerce per
cent. denotes a rate by the hundred.
Thus, when money is said to be yielding
five per cent. interest per annum, it is
meant that it is yielding five dollars a
year on every hundred; so that a thou-
sand dollars, at five per cent. interest,
would yield in a year fifty dollars.
CEN-TRE. This word is derived from
the Greek kentroun, a point. Web-
ster's spelling of the word is center.
CER'E-BRAL, pertaining to the cĕr/e-brum,
or brain.

CHAL-DEE (Kal'dee), an inhabitant of Chal-
dæa, the name of the south-western por-
tion of the Babylonian empire, extending
along the river Euphrates, and as far as
the Arabian desert. Astrology was much
cultivated among the sages of Chaldæa.
CHALLENGE, to call to a contest; to accuse;
to object to. In law a party is said to
challenge certain jurors when he objects
to their sitting in trial upon his cause.
CHA-MOU-NI (Sha-moo-nee' - the a like the
a in father), a valley to the north-west of
Mont Blanc, on the boundary-line between
Savoy and Piedmont. The village of
Chamouni, which is nearly in the centre
of the valley, is three thousand four hun-
dred and three feet above the level of the
sea. The mountain pinnacle properly
called Mont Blanc is fifteen thousand
seven hundred and thirty-two feet above
the sea. See Coleridge's Lines, p. 246.
CHA-OS (kalos), a Greek word, signifying that
confusion of things supposed to exist be-
fore God's creating word called forth har-
mony and order.

CHAMBERS, WILLIAM and ROBERT, eminent
publishers in Edinburgh, Scotland, and
also known as writers of much ability.

Presence of Mind, 87.

Falsehoods of Exaggeration, 200.
The Misanthrope, 276.

A Genuine Hero, 280.

CHARLES II., King of England, son of Charles
I., was born 1630, died 1685. He did
much to corrupt the morals of England,

and was a profligate, worthless fellow
See Dickens's account of him, page 233.
CHATHAM, LORD, also called the Earl of
Chatham, received from his father the
name of William Pitt, and was born in
England in 1708. He was one of the
greatest of English orators, and opposed
in Parliament the course of the English
government against the Americans, which
led to the war of our Revolution. Lord
Chatham had a son hardly less renowned
than himself, and who was also named
William Pitt. Lord Chatham died in
1778.

Speech against the American War, 253.
CHILDHOOD AND HIS VISITORS, 301.
CHIVAL-RY (Shiv'al-ry), knighthood, valor;
the body or order of knights. The word is
derived from the French cheval, a horse.
CHRISTIAN MARINER, THE, 302.
CHRON-IC, relating to time; continuing a
long time. The word is derived from the
Greek chronos, meaning time.

CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS, a celebrated Ro-
man orator, born 106 B. C. He is some-
times called Tully. Cicero passed some
time in exile, and wrote upon many sub-
jects. He was killed 43 B. C.
CIR'CUM-FLEX. This word is derived from
the Latin circum, round, and flecto, I
bend. Concerning the circumflex accent,
see ¶ 176, page 62; and for examples on
the circumflex accent, page 73.
CLASSICAL, CLASSICS. The Romans were
divided into six classes; and classici was
the name given to the first class; whence
the best Greek and Roman authors have
been, in modern times, called classics
;
that is, first-class writers.
CLAUSE, in language a member, or part, of
a sentence. The word is derived from
the Latin claudo, I shut up; so that it
literally means an enclosure. According
to Webster, a clause is a subdivision of a
sentence in which the words are insepar-
ably connected with each other in sense,
and cannot with propriety be separated
by a point.

CLERK. This word is pronounced klark
(the a as in father) in England; but in
the United States the preferred pronun-
ciation is very properly klerk. The word
is derived from the Greek klērikos.
CLEV'ER. In England this word signifies
adroit, skilful, expert. In parts of the
United States it is often used as signify-
ing good-natured, obliging; though the
word is often used in its English sense in
this country.

CO'GENT. The Latin word cogo, I drive to-
gether to one point, I compel, is the root
of this word, which accordingly means
urgent, pressing on the mind, not easily
resisted; as, a cogent argument or rea-

son.

COG'NATE, related in origin; of the same
family. The word is from the Latin cog-
natus, allied by blood. Of letters ailied
in the manner of formation or utterance,
we say they are cognate. See T 24, p. 17.

COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR, a celebrated
English writer; born 1770, died 1843.
Chamouni and Mont Blanc, 256.
COL'O-NEL (kur'nel), the chief commander
of a regiment of troops. See Exercises on
the twentieth elementary sound, p. 39.
COLUMBUS (a name Latinized from the Ital-
ian Colombo and the Spanish Colon) was
born at Gen'o-a, about the year 1445 or
1446. He made his immortal discovery
of America, October 11th, 1492. See Dia-
logues on pages 145 and 148; and "The
Reception of Columbus," described by
Lamartine, page 149.

COM-BI-NA'TION, literally a joining two by
two; whence the word is applied to sig-
nify a union or association of two or more
persons or things. Thus, by "consonant
combinations," we mean the union of two
or more consonants, either in writing or
in utterance.

COME LI-NESS (kum'li-ness), that which is
becoming in form or manner.
COM'MI-NU-TED, reduced to fine particles;
pulverized.

COM-PEND'I-OUS, short, direct, abridged.
The Latin word compen'do, from which
this is derived, means I weigh or balance
together.

COM'RADE (pronounced kom'råd by Web-
ster and Worcester, kŭm'råd by Walker),
a companion; an associate.
CON CISE', cut off, brief. It is from the
Latin conci'do, I cut down.
CON-DENSED, made more close or compact;
reduced into a narrower compass.
CONFESSIONS OF A BASHFUL MAN, 244.
CON'FLU-ENCE, a flowing together; the
meeting of two or more streams. This
word is from the Latin con-fluo, I flow
together.

CON-FUTE', to disprove; to prove to be
false; to convict of error.

CON-JUNCTION, in grammar a connecting
word which serves to unite sentences or
propositions. It is from the Latin con-
jungo, I bind together.

CON-JURE. When this word means to call
on, or summon solemnly, the accent is on
the last syllable. When it means to in-
voke by magic arts, it is pronounced kun'-
jur.

CONQUERING BY KINDNESS, 207.
CON-TEMPO-RA-RY (sometimes written co-
temporary), living or existing at the same
time. It is from the Latin con, together,
and tempus, time.

CORPSE (korps -the o as in nor), the dead
body of a human being. In poetry this
word is sometimes written and pro
nounced without the p.

COR'RI-DOR, a gallery round a building; a
passage; an entry. It is from the Latin
curro, I run; hence a running line.
COURT-E-OUS (kurt'yus; also pronounced
kort'yus), civil; well-bred.
COWPER, WILLIAM, a celebrated English
poet; born 1731, died 1800.

Translation from Milton, 165.
From an Epistle to J. Hill, 165.
CRABBE, GEORGE, an English poet; born

1754, died 1832. Description of a Boat-
race and Wreck of a Boat, p. 184.
CRIM'IN-ATE, to accuse; to cha ge with a
crime or an offence.

CRI-TE'RI-ON, a standard of judgi ient. The
root of the word is the Greek krino, I
judge. The plural is criteria.
CROLY, GEORGE, an English clergyman, and
a poet of great power of diction; born in
Ireland about 1790.

The Seventh Plague of Egypt, 173.
The Pen (from the Greek), 252.
CROTCH, a fork; a parting of two branches,
as, the crotch of a tree.

CUCK'oo (kook'oo), a bird, which has its
name from the note it utters. The cuckoo
is said to lay her eggs in a nest formed by
another bird, by which they are hatched.
Hence the allusion in the third stanza of
the poem page 231.

CURATE, a clergyman in the Church of Eng
land, who is employed to perform divine
service, in the place of the regular in-
cumbent. The word is derived from the
Latin cura, care.

CURRAN, JOHN PHILPOT, a celebrated Irish
lawyer and orator; born 1750, died 1817.
Quoted, p. 275.
CZAR, or TZAR, the

Russian title of the mon-
arch of Russia. The wife of the Czar is
styled Czarina. The word is pronounced
zar, rhyming with star.

DEAF. This word is pronounced def by
Walker, Sheridan, Perry, Jones, Enfield,
Fulton and Knight, Jameson, Knowles,
Smart, Reid, and nearly all the English
lexicographers, as well as by Worcester,
the American. It is pronounced def by
Webster.

DE-CREP'ID. See Decrepit.
DE-CREP'IT, wasted and worn with age.
This word, says Walker, is often written
and pronounced, inaccurately, decrepid
An instance occurs in the poem page 270.
DE-MOS'THE-NES, the most celebrated orator
of antiquity. Born at Athens, in Greece,
about 380 B.C.; died, by poison, 322 B. C.
Words and Acts, 271.

DE-POSE, to bear witness. The word is from
the Latin depo'no, I put down, or set
aside.

DE-SIGN. The s in this word has, according
to some authorities, the thirty-first, and
according to others, the thirty-second ele
mentary sound. See page 18.

DEWEY, ORVILLE, an American clergyman
and author. False Notions in Regard to
Genius, by, 296.

DICK, ALEXANDER. Infinitude of Creation
219.

DICKENS, CHARLES, a popular writer of fic-
tion; born in England in 1812.

England under Canute, 123.

The History of Prince Arthur, 176.
The Merry Monarch, 233.

DIC'TATE, to tell what to write; to order.
DIC-TA'TION, the act of dictating.
DIPHTHONG (dif-thong). This word is pro-
nounced dif'thong by Enfield, Knight.
Smart, Jameson and Webster; dip'thong