made navigable as far as Stocking Field, whence a branch goes off to Glasgow. The work was resumed in 1784, and finally completed in 1790; thus opening a communication between the German and Atlantic Oceans. The whole length is 35 miles, commencing at Carron Mouth on the Forth, and terminating at Bowling Bay, on the Clyde, about 11 miles below Glasgow. The breadth of the Canal is 56 feet, and its depth 8 feet. The highest point is 160 feet above the level of the sea.

The Union Canal which leaves the Great Canal near Falkirk, and terminates at the Lothian road, near Edinburgh, was commenced in 1818, and finished in about four years. It is about 28 miles in length, upwards of 70 feet in breadth, and five feet deep.

The Monkland Canal,* commences near Airdrie, and joins the branch of the Great Canal at Glasgow.

On all these Canals there are excellent passage-boats, the fares in which are very moderate.

Near Falkirk passed the Roman Wall, called Graeme's Dyke, from a tradition, that a Scottish hero of that name was the first who broke through it. This wall was commenced by Agricola, and completed in the reign of Antoninus Pius. Traces of it are still visible in various places. It extended from the Clyde near the village of Kilpatrick, to the Forth below Bo' Ness, and was intended to form a barrier between the dominions of the Romans on the South, and the unconquered Caledonians towards the North. From Calder to Falkirk, it coincided very nearly with the line of the Canal, in digging which a great number of Roman altars and stones, with inscriptions, were found, and are now deposited in the Hunterian Museum at Glasgow. From the inscriptions on some of these stones, it appears that a space of three miles

and 666 paces had been measured out to each legion; and when finished, a stone was erected in front of each division, containing the name of the Emperor, and the number and title of the legion by which it had been erected. The whole length of the wall was about 36 miles, and the average breadth 40 feet. Parallel with it ran a ditch 47 feet in width, and 22 in depth; and in front was a series of impassable marshes. It was further defended by forts placed about 350 yards from each other.

No. 31. From EDINBURGH to FERRY PARTONCRAIG. By KIRKCALDY, CUPAR-FIFE, and ST. ANDREw's.

ST. ANDREW'S, formerly the metropolitan see of Scotland, but now only remarkable for its University, is situated on a capacious bay on the east coast of Fife, near the mouth of the Eden. The view of it at a distance is particularly grand, but forms a strange contrast with the deserted character it presents on a near approach. It is about a mile in circumference, and contains three principal streets, the chief of which is long, spacious, and uniform. Many of the houses are very ancient, and are objects of interest, having in former days been the residence of distinguished men. The city was formerly commercial, but now carries on but little trade, though it has a small harbour.

The original name of St. Andrew's was Muckross, but St. Regulus or St. Rule, according to the legend, having been shipwrecked on this coast in the fourth and fifth century, escaped to shore, bringing with him the relics of St.

Andrew. The King of the Picts granted him and his followers an establishment here, and erected a Chapel for them, and hence the city bore for some centuries the name of Kilrule. In the ninth century, when the Scottish and Pictish kingdoms were united by Kenneth III. the city received the appellation of St. Andrew, the tutelar saint of Scotland. It was made a royal burgh by David I. in 1140.

The University of St. Andrew's, the oldest in Scotland, was founded in 1410, by Bishop Wardlaw, and formerly consisted of three colleges, two of which were united during the last century. The average number of scholars is about 150. The united College of St. Salvador and St. Leonard, occupies a fine ancient edifice, forming three sides of a square, and ornamented with a spire 156 feet in height. Its chapel contains the tomb of Bishop Kennedy, the founder, who died in 1466. It has professors of Latin, Greek, mathematics, logic, civil history, moral philosophy, natural phi losophy, and medicine. St. Mary's, or New College, has professors of divinity, ecclesiastical history, and oriental languages.

The University Library, situated in South Street, contains upwards of 30,000 volumes, and several curiosities, amongst which is a Burmese record, presented by Lord Melville, in 1827.

The Parish Church, in South Street, is a spacious struc→ ture, rebuilt within a few years. It contains the stately marble monument of Archbishop Sharpe. On one part of it is a representation of his assassination.

The Town House contains an original charter of Malcolm II., the old silver keys of the city, and the axe with which Sir Robert Spotiswood and three other royalists were beheaded in 1645. *

The Cathedral, only the ruins of which now remain, was a splendid Gothic fabric, founded in 1162, and finished in 1318, when it was consecrated in the presence of Robert Bruce. It was 100 feet in height, 370 in length, 65 in breadth, and 170 at the transepts. This noble edifice was destroyed by the Reformers in 1559. In the adjacent cemetery are the tombs of Samuel Rutherford, the divine, and Dr. Adam Ferguson.

Near the Cathedral, are the remains of the Chapel of St. Rule, with its square tower, 105 feet high. This is certainly one of the oldest ecclesiastical ruins in Scotland.

To the north of the Cathedral, on a rock washed by the sea, are the ruins of the Castle, which was originally erected about 1200, but afterwards became the Episcopal Palace, and was almost entirely rebuilt. It was in the original edifice, a very small portion of which now exists, that James III. was born, and Cardinal Beaton assassinated. Here also the latter beheld the execution of Wishart, the reformer. The guides still pretend to show the window at which he sat, and over which they assert that his own body was afterwards exposed.

Pop. 5200. Inn: The Black Bull.

Three miles S.W. of St. Andrew's is Magus Moor; where Archbishop Sharpe was assassinated, in 1679, by Hackstone of Rathillet, and eight others. The spot is about half a mile from Magus Farm, and rather more from the old road to Cupar.

LEUCHARS, in Fifeshire, is situated about a mile from the coast. It has the remains of a Castle. Between this place and the sea once stood a hunting seat of James VI., the materials of which have been employed in building the handsome mansion of Pitlethie. Pop. 1800.

FERRY PARTONCRAIG, in Fifeshire, is situated at the mouth of the Tay, and was much frequented before the erection of the bridge over this river at Perth. Pop. 1500.

No. 32. From EDINBURGH to FOCHABERS. By KINROSS, PERTH, FORFAR, and the GRAMPIAN HILLS.

FETTERCAIRN, in Kincardineshire, is a small village deriving its name from a large cairn in the vicinity. About a mile distant is Kincardine, which was the chief town of the county till the reign of James VI. It is now a miserable hamlet with less than a hundred inhabitants. Near it may be traced vestiges of Fenella's Castle, where Kenneth III. was assassinated in 994. Crathilinthus, the son of Fenella, had been put to death by command of the king; and in order to revenge herself, she invited the monarch to her castle, and assassinated him with a curious engine constructed for the purpose.

The road then passes over a part of the Grampians.

KINCARDINE O'NEIL, in Aberdeenshire, is situated on the Dee, the banks of which are here adorned with beautiful woody scenery. At Potarch, in this parish, is a bridge of three arches, the central one being 70 feet in span.

ALFORD, in Aberdeenshire, is seated on the Don, over