handicaps other than lack of development. 4. Consideration of the bilingual difficulty and the underprivileged lives of a large number makes it more reasonable to give these children an all-year school of two terms each instead of one of four; such a plan is followed in the vocational and crippled classes where there is strong motive operating to secure earnest work. 5. Children in elementary schools should be educated without any artificial incentive to make time in reaching high schools.

6. Time to assimilate what has been learned is a desirable element in the education of young children; that being true, there is no adequate basis for all-year schools other than for Americanization.

7. The longer school year does not lend itself to the practice of economy as has been theoretically assumed by those who do not know.

If the board of education of Newark adopts Doctor Corson's recommendation to discontinue all-year schools, eight elementary schools, one junior high, and one senior high school will revert to the ten months schedule on September 1. -American Educational Digest.

A joint committee of New York City teachers' organizations has recommended a change in salaries of teachers and school officers, the New York Times reports. The recommendations are to be embodied in a bill to be presented to the legislature of the Empire State. The proposed schedule would give superintendents $20,000 a year; assistant superintendents, $12,000; principals of high schools, $8,000; high school teachers and librarians - minimum $2,500, maximum $4,700, with eleven increases of $200 each; elementary principals — minimum $5,000, maximum $6,500; elementary teachers (7th grade up)-minimum 2,400, maximum $4,000, eight increases of $200 each; teachers below seventh grade - minimum $1,800, maximum $3,600, twelve increments of $150 each; directors of special branches,

maximum $7,750. - School Index, Cincinnati.

In response to numerous requests, and with the unanimous endorsement of both the Employers' Association and the Painters' Union No. 79, an evening class for instruction in paperhanging has been started in connection with the Opportunity School.

This work is being carried on in a small dwelling house at 521 Twelfth Street, where the conditions are favorable for teaching this art in the most practical way.

The class meets on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday from 7:30 to 9:15 p. m.

A fee of $20.00 is charged for a course of three months, $10 to be paid at the start and $10 at the end of six weeks. This fee is to cover the cost of tools and materials used. A full set of tools will be given each student upon the completion of his course.

A number of those in the class are experienced painters. It is to their interest, and also to that of their employers, that they be competent to hang paper as well as to paint.

Several of the local supply houses are furnishing wall paper free of charge. -School Review, Denver.

Blind since birth, George H. Weinmann has accomplished that which no student at Northwestern University with perfect eyesight has ever done. He won two law school scholarships in the same year. His mother read all his work to him and he briefed his cases in the raised dots of the Braille system, then transferring his finished work on a standard typewriter. -American Educational Digest.

New standards prescribed by the United States Bureau of Education for the higher institutions of Oregon will go into effect in 1926. The date was postponed at the unanimous request of the State superin

tendent of public instruction and representatives of the colleges and universities of the State. The standards now in operation were established more than ten years ago, being essentially those adopted by the Conference of Chief State School Officers of the North Central and West Central States at Salt Lake City in 1910. The new standards are with certain modifications identical with those adopted by the committee on standards of the American Council on Education about two years ago.

Oregon is the only State in the Union in which the Bureau of Education is authorized by law to accredit colleges and universities. The Oregon law of 1911 provides that "A standard college, university, or normal school is one that shall be standardized by the United States Bureau of Education." Inspections of the Oregon colleges for this purpose have been conducted by Dr. K. C. Babcock and Dr. S. P. Capen, former specialists in higher education at the bureau, and by Dr. George F. Zook, who now holds this position.

The following institutions at present constitute the list of standard institutions in that State: University of Oregon, Oregon Agricultural College, Reed College, Willamette University, Pacific University, and Linfield College.

What should be the relation of mental

and physical growth to school promotion is the problem toward which Dr. Bird T. Baldwin is directing an intensive experiment in the schools of Cleveland, Ohio. Referring to the results of this experiment in a speech before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Dr. Baldwin said that physiologically accelerated pupils should be permitted to pass through the grades as rapidly as thoroughness and accomplishment permit, and that physically small children of exceptional intelligence should not be rushed through school but given supplementary work and an enriched course of study.

Undersized pupils of superior ability

advanced through school in accordance with this recommendation will, Dr. Baldwin pointed out, complete the course at age or above with greatly enriched information, enriched attitudes, enriched training in approaching problems, and in taking part in extra school activities. They will complete the course with many educational assets and without the great liability of immaturity for college, for society, or for life's work. Further results of the experiment show that the pupils who fail of promotion have, as a rule, many defects other than educational; most of these defects are remediable. There is shown to be, also, much overlapping of mental and educational abilities from grade to grade.

The results of the Cleveland study, together with those of three other research problems on which Dr. Baldwin has been working during the past two years, were cited by him as type examples of scientific technic and of the value of co-operative research.

That the physical development of rural children is not so good as is popularly supposed and that intelligence tests are not equally applicable to rural and city children are results shown in a three-year investigation of the rural child which is now in progress in an Iowa township typical of the farming section of the State.

Consecutive investigations in the fields of physical growth, nutrition, mental development, social attitudes, and hereditary traits of infants and young children have been made by the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station since its establishment in 1917 under the direction of Dr. Baldwin. Ten scientific studies have been published by the station.

To fill vacancies in the Philippine service an open competitive examination for high school teachers, primary specialist, and model primary teachers is announced by the United States Civil Service Commission.

Applicants for positions of high school

teacher must have had four years' work in a college of recognized standing, supplemented by either one years' training in a teachers' course or one year's actual teaching experience; or three years' successful teaching experience in in a recognized high school, provided the applicant has completed at least two years of college work or two years of normal work beyond the high school; or certain other specified education and experience. The entrance salary is $1,500 to $1,600

a year.

Applicants for position of primary specialist must have had at least one

years' experience as critic teacher in normal schools and in supervising the work of primary school grades. The salary is $1,500 to $2,000 a year.

Applicants for positions of model primary teacher must have had at least one year's experience as teacher in either a normal school or in a high-grade city school. Entrance salary, $1,500 to $1,600.

Full information and application blanks may be obtained from the United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C., or the secretary of the board of United States civil service examiners at the post office or customhouse in any city.

PROMOTIONAL CREDITS

Some two years ago a modification was made in the requirement for promotional credit. This modification provides that a teacher with the consent of her principal, and approval of the Board of Examiners, may take promotional credits in subjects which are not beyond the requirement for the certificate which she holds. This provision may be found in the Circular of Information, page 31.

Frequent inquiries concerning the possibility of taking this kind of credit lead us to suppose that many teachers are not aware of this provision. It will be noticed that approval of the subject to be taken must be obtained in advance of taking the credit study.

The Circular of Information referred to has been mailed to every school in the city and should be on file in the principal's office.

W. H. CAMPBell,
Secretary, Board of Examiners.

The details for a Geography-History excursion through the east central United States are being supplied by I. N. Van Hise of the Chicago Normal College. The party in a special car expects to leave

Chicago about July 26 for an interesting three weeks' trip.

A Hand-Book on Chicago High Schools, a very informing little pamphlet, has been published by the Federation of Women High School Teachers. It contains information and suggestions for the high school teacher new to the Chicago system. The suggestion is made that some teachers would probably find them the thing to send to friends elsewhere who are thinking of coming into Chicago to teach. The booklet will be freely sent to new teachers or sold to others for twenty-five cents per сору, or thirty cents when mailed. Address: American Federation of Teachers, 327 South LaSalle Street, Chicago.

An examination for Principals of Schools has been called for September 26, 27, 1924, to replenish the eligible list for principalships.

Mr. William H. Campbell, re-elected as a member of the Board of Examiners.

The list of subjects in which city high school examinations will be given June 23-24, 1924, has been increased by the addition of majors in Household Economics, Accounting, Printing, and Physical Edu

cation, the last to be given to men only. The high schools need some men teachers for training in outdoor athletic sports.

The position of Manager of High School Lunch Rooms has been established at the request of the Chairman of the Committee on School Administration of the Board of Education.

The name of Harlow N. Higinbotham has been given to a new elementary school.

The newly created position of teacher in the recently established Jail Branch of the Ogden School has been filled by the transfer of Florence Scully, a teacher in the truant room at the Corkery School. This work will be very difficult and Miss Scully is complimented by being selected for the position.

A traveling exhibit of commercial art, offered by the Chicago Association of Commerce, to be prepared by business houses and art printers has been accepted with thanks by the Board of Education for use in the Chicago high schools.

A large number of high school students are interested in the general application of art to business and commercial life. A series of traveling exhibits in the field of colored printing, zinc plates, and commercial poster work, showing the complete process from the artist's original sketch or painting up to the finished product will be of considerable educational value to these students.

Lucy S. Silke, Supervisor of Art, and Anna E. McDougall, Special Teacher of Art, were granted leave of absence without loss of pay to attend the meeting of the Western Arts Association at Dayton, Ohio, May 6, 7, 8, and 9, 1924. This organization includes in its membership, teachers and supervisors of art, manual

training, household arts, printing, and other vocational subjects from all over the Central West.

Exhibits of art are displayed from the various cities and states. In the past, they have proved very suggestive and stimulating to persons attending the meeting.

The Department of Art of the Chicago schools will install a comprehensive exhibit of the work in the Chicago schools.

Fifty thousand copies each of five art books to be furnished to schools on approved requisitions are to be printed by the Regensteiner Corporation, the lowest bidder.

Miss Jane Jane Neil, Neil, Principal of the Spalding School for Crippled Children, was given permission to attend the Missouri Association of Occupational Therapy's meeting on April 4, 1924, held at St. Louis, Missouri, and the meeting of the Minnesota Educational Commission to be held on November 7, 1924, at St. Paul, Minnesota, without loss of salary.

For ten years, Miss Neil has been regarded nationally as one of the leading figures in the work for crippled children.

Her advice is constantly asked by Boards of Education and State Departments regarding matters of legislation and policy.

Although this work necessarily makes a good deal of demand upon her time, it is well worth while, both for the schools whom she advises, and for the influence and prestige which she brings to the Chicago schools.

A memorandum recently sent to the Board of Education states that due to the Public School Teachers' Pension and Retirement Fund, during the year January I to December 31, 1922 there was deducted from teacher's salaries the amount of $323,204.57 and $646,409.14 was due from tax money.

PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERATURE OF VARIOUS TYPES

The rapid shift of viewpoint in psychology is well reflected in the group of textAs an books most recently issued. extreme in making psychology a study of conduct rather than of 'conscious states,' we have Professor Watson's behavioristic treatment. This book is written in the hope that it will help to "throw off the shackles of present-day conventional psychology." The reader finds here no discussion of consciousness and no reference to such terms as sensation, perception, attention, will, or image. The purpose of psychology is stated to be to give assistance in predicting human activity with reasonable certainty and in discovering principles by which organized society can control activity. "As a science psychology puts before herself the task of unraveling the complex factors involved in the development of human behavior from infancy to old age, and of finding the laws for the regulation of behavior." Some of the specific problems of the science then are: How early in life can man react to the various simple and complex sense stimuli; at what age does he usually put on the various instincts, and what the situations are which call them out. Just what is the pattern of his instinctive acts -that is, does the human being, apart from training, do any complex acts instinctively as do the lower animals? If so, what is man's full equipment of instincts? When does emotional activity manifest itself? and what are the situations which call it out? and what special acts can be observed in emotional behavior? How soon can we observe the beginnings of habit in infants? What special methods can we develop for rapidly and securely implanting and retaining the body and speech habits which society demands? Do we find special and individual equipments in infants, and do

these develop, and, later, form the basis. for their entering one kind of vocation or another, or developing into one or another type of personality? Are there such factors as habit and instinct conflicts, distortion of habits and emotions? How do they manifest themselves? and is it possible to develop methods for shaping the environment of the individual so that such conflicts will not arise? What in general are the factors which affect the functioning of habits once they are acquired?

In attacking these problems the traditional methods of introspection is set aside in favor of the following four: (1) Observation, with and without instrumental control; (2) the conditioned reflex method; (3) the verbal report method; (4) methods of testing. A psychology without consciousness as its subjectmatter and without introspection as its principal method strikes the average reader, perhaps, as being very much like What the Hamlet without Hamlet. author can present as psychology without their aid is very interesting indeed. The whole tone of the book is fresh and stimulating.

A more conservative outline is that of Woodworth.2 Here we find provision made for both introspection and objective observation as psychological methods. Each is held to be valuable in its own sphere. Psychology is defined, not as the science of behavior, but as the science of "the conscious and near-conscious activities of living individuals." The latter part of the definition is introduced so as to include in psychology the study of reflexes and habits. "Psychology is a part of the scientific study of life, being the

1Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist. By John B. Watson. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1919. Pp. 429. $2.50.

2Psychology, a Study of Mental Life. By Robert S. Woodworth. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1921. Pp. 580. $3.00.