timidae pro te pia vota puellae, Ov. Amor. ii. 6, 43. We also meet timens governing a gen. like timidus in Lucr. vi. 1237. Pallens often takes the place of pallidus, as Pallenti hedera, Ec. iii. 39. Pallentes violas, Ec. ii. 47. Pallenti olivae, v. 16. See also Ec. vi. 55. Geor. i. 478; iii. 357; iv. 124. Aen. iv. 26, 243. vi. 275, 480. In Aen. i. 354 we have ora modis attollens pallida miris; and in x. 822, ora modis Anchisiades pallentia miris. Liquidus is i. q. liquens. Vina liquentia fundit, Aen. v. 776; Liquentes humorum guttas, Lucr. ii. 991. Liquentibus stagnis, Catull. xxxi. 2. Here we may see why liquidus is joined with aether, aër, lumen, aestas, ignis, nubes, vox, etc. Humidus, i. q. humens. Humentem umbram, Aen. iii. 589. Humenti tellure, Ov. Met. i. 604. Humentes oculos, Id. xi. 464. Humente capillo, Id. ib. 691. Madidus, i. q. madens. Madidas a tempestate cohortes, Juv. vii. 164. Lina madentia, Ov. Met. xiii. 931. Tumidus, i. q. tumens. Tumidoque inflatus carbasus austro, Aen. iii. 357. Crescentem tumidis infla sermonibus utrem, Hor. S. ii. 5, 98. Perque pedes trajectus lora tumentes, Aen. ii. 273. Fluctu suspensa tumenti, vii. 810. Thybris ea fluvium, quam longa est, nocte tumentem, Leniit. viii. 86. Lividus, i. q. livens. Liventis plumbi, Aen. vii. 687. Nigro liventia succo, Ov. Met. xiii. 817. Squalidus, i. q. squalens. Squalentes conchas, Geor. ii. 348. Tunicam squalentem auro, Aen. x. 314. Turbidus, i. q. turbans. Seu turbidus imber Proluit, Aen. xii. 685. Incendi turbidus ardor, Lucr. vi. 673. Animaï turbida sit vis, Id. ib. 693. Turbida rapacior procella, Catull. xxv. 4. Vocant enim ráðos, id est morbum, quicunque est motus in animo turbidus, Cic. Tusc. iii. 10. From the following list it will appear that the far greater part of these participials in -idus are derived from neuter verbs of the 2nd conj. So few indeed are those derived from verbs of the others, that we might be led to suspect that they are in reality derived from verbs of the 2nd conj. which had gone out of use: From the 1st conj. come fumidus, gelidus, labidus, turbidus. 3rd conj. fluidus, rabidus, rapidus, vividus. 4th conj. cupidus, sapidus. From the second come the following: acidus, albidus, algidus, avidus, calidus, callidus, candidus, fervidus, flaccidus, flavidus, floridus, foetidus, fracidus, herbidus, horridus, humidus, languidus, liquidus, lividus, lucidus, madidus, marcidus, morbidus, nitidus, olidus, pallidus, pavidus, putidus, putridus, rancidus, rigidus, roridus, rubidus, sor didus, splendidus, squalidus, stolidus, stupidus, sucidus, tabidus, tepidus, timidus, torpidus, torridus, trepidus, tumidus, turgidus, uvidus, validus, vanidus. To these are to be added the following, which have no verbs, and the list we believe will be complete: gravidus, hispidus, lepidus, limpidus, luridus, paedidus, ravidus, roscidus, solidus, vapidus, viscidus. Adjectives in ulus are, we think, in like manner active participles: such are bibulus, credulus, garrulus, gemulus, patulus, pendulus, querulus, sedulus, stridulus, tremulus, vagulus. In some cases these are merely the same as the præs. part., in others they give intensity to its meaning. Thus pendulus is i. q. pendens. Pendulum collum, Hor. C. iii. 27, 58; pendula palearea, Ov. Met. vii. 117; putator pendulus arbustis, Colum. x. 229.—Tremulus, i. q. tremens. Tremulus parens, Catull. lxi. 51; tremulis sub pondere ramis, Sil. Pun. vii. 671. In Aen. xii. 267 we have stridula cornus, and shortly after (v. 319) stridens sagitta. It is the same with adjectives in -bundus. Few, for example, could distinguish between moriens and moribundus. So also with those in -ax. In pugnacemque tenet, Ov. Met. iv. 358, we might substitute the part. without any change of the sense. There are also adjectives in -ius (as conscius, nescius, noxius, fluvius, anxius) and in -uus (assiduus, congruus, nocuus, caeduus) which are rather of the nature of participles; to which we may add anhelus, festinus, coruscus, personus, sibilus, caducus, nubilus, etc. EXCURSUS III. LATIN MIDDLE VOICE, ETC. Dic quibus in terris inscripti nomina regum That very eminent critic Heindorf, in his note on fractus membra in Horace (S. i. 1, 5), says, “A structure borrowed from the Greeks, with whom the perf. pass. is so often the perf. med., with a reflected, or at least a transitive, meaning. We should therefore cease at length from supplying to this accusative in Latin a totally un-Latin secundum, in Greek a karà, which is for the most part quite as un-Greek." This assertion is no doubt true to some extent, for there are many instances in both languages of a passive verb being thus employed; but still we think there are many cases where the karà and the secundum, or something of the kind, must be understood. We will confine our observations to the Latin. Though fractus membra, when speaking of a man, may be rendered having worn out his limbs, inscripti nomina, when used of flowers, can hardly be having inscribed the names. So also in the following instances we think the verbs can only be understood passively : Tum vero ancipiti mentem formidine pressus Obstupui, Aen. ii. 47. Tristi turbatus pectora bello, viii. 29. Magnoque animum labefactus amore, iv. 395. Quis innexa pedem malo pendebat ab alto, v. 511. Perfusus sanie vittas atroque veneno, ii. 221. Maculisque trementes Interfusa genas, iv. 644. Percussa nova mentem formidine mater, Geor. iv. 357. Lacte mero mentes percussa novellas, Lucr. i. 262. Iberibus perusta funibus latus, Hor. Epod. 4, 3. We could easily extend this list were we to have recourse to Ovid and later poets. The Latin language, as is well known, has no middle voice, and its legitimate mode of making a reflected verb is to add se to a transitive. The poets however (and Virgil was the first to do so to any extent) gradually began to use passive as middle voices, particularly in verbs expressing to dress, to adorn, and such like. Nor was there anything very strained in this, for the middle is really a passive restricted to a particular agent. Thus тúπтoμaι (pass.) is I am beaten (by any one), TÚñtoμaι (midd.) I am beaten (by myself). In Plautus (Amph. i. 1, 155) we meet with cingitur, he is girding himself up. The same poet in his Pseudolus (v. 1, 38-40) uses vertor in the sense of turning oneself round. Lucretius uses accingor (ii. 1042), vertor (v. 1198), versor (ii. 112; vi. 199), volvor (vi. 978), sinuor (vi. 354), erumpor (vi. 582). In the early writings of Horace there is no instance of a middle voice; and in his later ones the only decided one is moveor, to dance (Ep. ii. 2, 125; A. P. 232), to which we may perhaps add revertor (Ep. i. 15, 24) and induor (ib. 17, 20). The following list will show the claim of Virgil to the fame of introducing a middle voice into the Latin language. It will be observed that it was in the Aeneis he did it almost exclusively :— Feror (Ec. viii. 60. Aen. ii. 511; iv. 545; vii. 673), volvor (Geor. iii. 438. Aen. ix. 414; xi. 889), cingor (Geor. iii. 46. Aen. ii. 511, 520; iv. 493; vi. 188), exerceor (Geor. iv. 157; Aen. vii. 163), vertor (i. 158; vii. 784), induor (vii. 640), reddor (vi. 545), tollor (vii. 408), agor (xii. 336), tegor (ii. 227), aperior (iii. 275), condor (ii. 401; vii. 802), sternor (ii. 722; iii. 509), velor (iii. 405, 545; v. 134), impleor (i. 215), lustror (iii. 279), armor, moveor (vii. 429), fundor (ii. 383). Virgil also uses the following passives as deponents: to which observation we may add, that he and other poets also use the past part. of deponents at times in a passive sense, as in Ec. ix. 53. Scindor (Aen. iv. 590; ix. 478), percutior (iv. 589; vii. 503; xi. 877), induor (ii. 275), fundor (iv. 509; x. 838), circumdor (ii. 219; iv. 137; xii. 416), lanior (xii. 606), figor (vi. 156), demittor (i. 561), mutor (i. 658), premor (iv. 659), jungor (x. 157), exseror (x. 649), subnitor (iv. 217), saturor (v. 608), solvor (iii. 65; xi. 35). There is another class of expressions which will hardly come under any of these heads; that, namely, in which the part. pass. and the acc. case take the place of the abl. absolute. It is to this class that the verse at the head of this article seems properly to belong. Such also are the following: picti scuta Labici, i. e. L. pictis scutis, Aen. vii. 796; Pictus acu chlamydem, ix. 582; Delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum, iii. 428. The Laevo suspensi loculos tabulamque lacerto of Horace (S. i. 6, 74; Ep. i. 1, 56), which is plainly an imitation of the Greek (as in ¿ TηV TÝρAV ÉÉNρTημévos, Luc. Vit. Auc. 7), comes under the head of passives used as deponents. EXCURSUS IV. THE SIBYL AND THE RETURN OF THE GOLDEN AGE. Ultima Cumaei venit jam carminis aetas.—Ec. iv. 4. The first question which arises here is what is the Cumaeum carmen? Probus (on this place) says it is the poem of Hesiod, whose father came to Ascra from Cyme in Aeolis, and who, in his account of the successive Ages, appears to intimate that after the Iron Age, the last and worst, there would be a return to a better state of things. This opinion, which was adopted by Fabricius and Graevius, has also been embraced by Goettling (on Hes. "Epy. 109), but it does not seem to be tenable; for, setting aside the circumstance that Hesiod is nowhere called a Cumaean, Virgil could hardly say of the age, in which Hesiod said that he himself was living, jam venit. The other hypothesis is that of Servius, according to which the Cumaeum carmen is the prophetic verses of the Cumaean Sibyl. This is the hypothesis generally adopted, and it does not seem possible to find THE SIBYL AND THE RETURN OF THE GOLDEN AGE. 335 any better, though it is not free from difficulty. In the first place we have only the testimony of Servius himself (for he does not quote any authority) that there were such Sibylline verses: then it may be asked in what collection were they? for, according to Varro (ap. Serv. Aen. vi. 36), the original oracles preserved at Rome were those of the Erythraean Sibyl (it is the Cumaean in Lactantius); and Niebuhr (i. 496) asserts that these were not prophetic, that they only gave directions what was to be done in particular cases. Were they then in the new collection made in the time of Sulla? or in those numerous ones that were in common circulation after that time? Possibly, as some ill-judging Christians did afterwards (see p. 60), so the Jews or their proselytes might have forged Sibylline verses prophetic of the coming of the Messiah and of the blessings of his reign. Still it is difficult to believe that these verses could have obtained sufficient credit to be used in the public and solemn manner in which they are employed by Virgil. The question of who or what the Sibyls were seems involved in impenetrable obscurity. The first mention of the Sibyl occurs in the fragments of the philosopher Heraclitus, who says (Frag. p. 332), Σίβυλλα ἐν πολλοῖς καὶ τοῦτο ἐφράσθη Ἐξ Ιάδος χώρης ἥξειν σοφὸν Ἰταλίδαισι, evidently meaning Pythagoras. Plato also (Phaedr. p. 244) mentions the Sibyl: his words are, Καὶ ἐὰν δὲ λέγωμεν Σιβύλλαν τε καὶ ἄλλους, ὅσοι, μαντικῇ χρώμενοι ἐνθέῳ, πολλὰ δὴ πολλοῖς προλέγοντες εἰς τὸ μέλλον ὤρθωσαν, μηκύνοιμεν ἄν δῆλα παντὶ λέγοντες. We may observe that Plato, like Heraclitus, uses the name without an article, which seems to prove that Sibylla, like Musaeus, Bacis, and other similar names, was the proper name of a real or supposed individual. Little stress, we think, can be laid on the ordinary derivation from σιὸς θεὸς Dor.) and βουλή. Varro (ap. Lact. i. 6) and the Scholiast on Plato enumerate ten Sibyls: the Persian, Libyan, Delphic, Cumaean or Cimmerian (in Italy), Erythraean, Samian, Cuman (in Aeolis), Hellespontic, Phrygian and Tiburtian. Of these one-half, we may observe, belong to the colonies of Asia Minor, and it is probable that this was the supposed abode of the one original Sibyl. The Persian and Libyan (if there was such a one, for the reference of Varro to the Lamia of Euripides seems dubious) are later fictions; and the Albunea of Tibur, though perhaps similar to the Sibyl, was an independent personage. The resemblance to the Pythia may have given origin to a Delphic Sibyl; and if it was to the Cuman or Erythraean |