Canada now. The defence of their rights brought to the front, as a leader of the French, an ardent and successful lawyer, George Etienne Cartier, who claimed descent from the famous discoverer of Canada. The struggle became exceedingly bitter. Mr. Brown fulminated against the French in the well-known journal, his own creation, the Toronto Globe. Upper Canada, by a double majority in the house, demanded increased representation; Lower Canada stood upon the constitution. The French feeling,

which had lingered even from the conquest, was fanned into a flame; it was a national enthusiasm to preserve existence; "les lois, la langue, et les institutions" were in danger, and Cartier led a solid phalanx of his race, albeit, in a furore of patriotism, he declared himself to be "an Englishman speaking French." In 1862 Cartier's government was defeated ostensibly on a Militia Bill, but it was the burning question of representation which brought his fall. The compact French party made any stable government impossible. One government after another was defeated, and the parties came back from the country almost equally balanced. A dead lock had come. At this juncture an act of patriotism, rarely exceeded, was

seen. The leaders of the opposing political parties - Mr. Brown on the one hand, and Messrs. John A. Macdonald and Cartier on the other came to an understanding to deliver the country by a combination ministry. This was in 1864, and the country was electrified by the news, and generally overjoyed. The policy of the coalition ministry was to bring in a measure to introduce the union principle into Canada, coupled with such provision as would admit the maritime provinces and the Northwest into the union. It was the grand conception of a British North America, "to be connected under a general legislature, based upon the federal principle."

From a photograph. There is also a likeness in F. Taylor's British Americans (vol. i.).

During these years of agitation the attention of all parties was twice diverted by threatenings of international complication with the United States. The breaking out of the Civil War in the United States in 1861 drew upon the sympathies of the Canadian people. The majority of Canadians were opposed to the Southern Confederacy on account of its institution of slavery, and large numbers of Canadians joined the Northern army. An act of invasion of the British steamer "Trent" on the high seas by the United States steamer "San Jacinto," and the capture from it of two Southern gentlemen, Messrs. Mason and Slidell, roused the British people, and caused great excitement in Canada. The angry discussion which ensued seemed to forebode war, and thousands in Canada who had never seen a company drilled were enrolled, prepared for the worst. The horrors of war were happily averted through the efforts of diplomacy.

The conclusion of the American Civil War had its perils both for the United States and for Canada. The enforced idleness of many thousands of discharged soldiers caused much anxiety. Many of them were Irishmen, and in their dislike of Britain and lack of occupation there were organized what were called "Fenian Associations" for the relief of Ireland. Canada was again and again threatened by bands of these desperadoes. In June, 1866, some hundreds of them effected a landing on the Niagara peninsula, and, after several skirmishes, returned to Buffalo, where the forces of the United States arrested them. Attacks were also made at various other points.

STATUE OF SIR
GEORGE CARTIER,
AT TORONTO.*

Returning to an account of the political difficulties of Canada, it may be stated that not only Upper and Lower Canada, but the maritime provinces also, impressed by the fact of their like environment as provinces, sought union with one another, and the latter met to consider the question at Charlottetown, the capital of Prince Edward Island. The Canadian coalition ministry now suggested the feasibility of sending representatives to this meeting in the fower provinces, and also commissioners to England to obtain the imperial assistance. Accordingly eight delegates from Canada sailed down the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and sought admission to the con

From a photograph kindly furnished by George Mercer Adam, Esq., of Toronto. Cf. portrait in B. Sulte's Hist. des Canadiens-Françaises.

ference of the representatives of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. The meeting was hopeful, and it was decided to hold a future conference; and this took place in Quebec in October, 1864. This was a remarkable gathering. "They came together for friendly conference on the historic ground of old Quebec, where French Catholic and French Huguenot, Champlain's colonists and Kirke's invaders, Frontenac's regiments of old France and New England militia, Montcalm's veterans and Wolfe's troops and Highlanders, Carleton's medley and Montgomery's borderers, had met in conflict." It was, moreover, remarkable as a great constitution-forming gathering. Less than a hundred years before, a conference of British colonies had met in congress in New York, but then under the imperial frown; now the consulting provinces are assembled under the smile of the mother country. Thirty years before, in this very city, the anti-British French-Canadians had passed, amid great excitement, ninetyeight resolutions of a hostile nature; here, with their British compatriots, they are now agreeing to a confederation of the northern American colonies under the British flag. The conference ended with an agreement in the form of seventy-two resolutions, to be submitted to the various legislatures. After much discussion and the passage of the agreement by Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, though in the last-named seemingly without due consideration so far as the people were concerned, an imperial measure was carried called "The British North America Act," and the four provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia entered upon their new life as a confederation on July 1, 1867, to be joined by Manitoba in three years, by British Columbia in the year following, and by Prince Edward Island in three years more. Thus the seven sister provinces are united together, and the Dominion of Canada has just passed the year of its majority.

TH

CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

HE important period from the conquest of Canada in 1763 to the passing of the Constitutional Act of 1791 is somewhat lacking in original documents of value, arising, especially in its earlier years, from the unsettled and unhappy state of the country. The period has been spoken of in French Canada as "Le temps de malaise et de confusion." The Abbé Verreau in 1870 edited a number of valuable official documents under the auspices of the Société Historique of Montreal, these having been collected by the Hon. Jacques Viger. To Baron Masères, for three years the legal adviser of Sir Guy Carleton, must be assigned the credit of giving the views of the British residents of Quebec, and of gathering valuable information. An account of the proceedings of the inhabitants of Quebec, published in 1775; Additional papers, in 1776; three most interesting volumes of the periodical known as The Canadian Freeholder; besides a Collection of Commissions, etc., in 1771; a Review of the government and grievances of the province of Quebec since the conquest, published in 1788; and Occasional Essays, in 1809, all bear testimony to the industry of the clear-headed adviser of the ruler of the province of Quebec.1 An inter1 [Cf. ante, VI. p. 104. — ED.]

esting document, published in 1774, is the letter from the Congress of the United States To the inhabitants of the province of Quebec. A very useful work, showing the conflicting views of the different party elements interested in the passage of the "Quebec Bill" in 1774, is found in the Debate on the Quebec Act, published by J. Wright, from notes of Sir Henry Cavendish, Bart. (London, 1739). Justice and policy by the late act assisted and proved, by W. Knox (1774), is a view of the loyalist position. A letter to Lord Chatham on the Quebec Bill (1774) was much sought for in its time, and was no doubt properly attributed to Sir William Meredith. The invasion of Canada by Montgomery and Arnold in 1775-76, coming in this period, has been fully treated elsewhere."

4

The most remarkable service done to the history of this period, as well as to that of several years following, has been accomplished by the Canadian Archives Department, Ottawa, whose collection, begun in 1872, under the indefatigable management of Mr. Douglas Brymner, has grown with marvellous rapidity in the few years of its existence." Among the most valuable documents are one hundred and sixty-four volumes of the Haldimand papers. The original documents were presented to the British Museum in 1857 by Mr. W. Haldimand, nephew of General Haldimand, the governor of Canada from 1778 to 1786, and exact copies have been made for the Ottawa Archives. In late years much service has been rendered to the public by the calendar or contents published in successive numbers of the Archives Department, 1883-89, and still continuing. Materials are here found for reconstructing opinions as to the "Du Calvet affair." Cf., for instance, Brymner's Report, 1888, Introd., on the Jesuit priest Roubaud, and the work and influence of General Haldimand. Du Calvet, who has succeeded in giving to history his version of his quarrel with General Haldimand, writes it in a Recueil de lettres au roi, etc. An enormous collection of military correspondence, contained in hundreds of volumes, including the Seven Years' War and War of the Revolution, is to be found in the Archives, having been removed thither from the chief British military station in America, Halifax, N. S. The printed reports of the archivist are also giving the contents of these.

No one should attempt to pronounce on the Canadian history of this period without studying the Constitutional Act of 1791, for it shows the effect of the American Revolution upon the imperial lawmakers.9

5 [Cf. ante, VI. pp. 215–229; Brymner's Re- defraying the charges of the administration of port on the Archives, 1888, p. xii. — ED.]

justice and support of the civil government within the province of Quebec, 1791.

Constitutional Act, 1791.

Proclamations in Upper and Lower Canada, bringing the act into force.

Commission of Lord Gosford, 1835.

Imperial act suspending the constitution and making temporary provision for the government of Lower Canada, proclaimed March 29, 1838.

Instructions to Lord Durham for the constitution of a special council.

Lord Durham's proclamation dissolving the special council.

Lord Durham's letter to the members of the executive council, dispensing with their attend.

ance.

An act to reunite the provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada, and for the government of Canada, 1840.

Proclamation declaring the provinces united,

1841.

1

In Lower Canada, during the last forty years, has grown up a school of French-Canadian historians, whose polished style and national spirit have made their work of much value. As was to have been expected, their sympathies have been drawn out toward the earlier period of Canadian history, though they have also given us detailed histories down to the date of their writing. We propose, on account of their forming a distinctive school of Canadian historians, to give their works a complete notice here, though they deal specially with this earlier time. Of foremost rank in this band, if not among all Canadian historians, is François Xavier Garneau, who, in three volumes, writes L'Histoire du Canada (Quebec, 1852). Though fairly treating his subject, he aroused the susceptibilities of some of the clerical opponents, and his book was later in some points modified. The work has reached its fourth edition (Montreal, 1882). It is a well-written, accurate, and judicious history. A compact French history from the conquest to 1818 is that of Bibaud the younger, Les institutions de l'histoire du Canada (1855). Of Michael Bibaud's (d. 1857) Hist. du Canada sous la domination anglaise mention has been already made (ante, IV. p. 367). The wrath of the Church in Quebec was visited upon the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, when there appeared his Histoire du Canada, de son église et de ses missions (1852). It was an ill-digested and incorrect view of Canadian affairs, given by a visitor from France. The learned Abbé J. B. A. Ferland wrote his excellent and fair Cours d'Histoire du Canada largely to correct the French abbé's errors. The latter part of this work was, however, finished by Abbé Laverdière on the death of Ferland. A work now somewhat past its meridian is the Histoire de Cinquante Ans of M. Bedard (Quebec, 1869), covering the fifty years from 1791. In 1882-84 appeared a voluminous Histoire des Canadiens Françaises (1608-1880), by Benjamin Sulte (Montreal), 8 vols.; while a French-Canadian littérateur, Louis P. Turcotte, had a few years before given to the world an octavo volume, 616 pages, Le Canada sous l'Union, 1841-1867 (Quebec, 1871), and two years later his Biographies politiques. A distinguished literary man, whose polished and genial manner and wide sympathies make him one of the attractions of

Return to an address from the House of Assembly to the governor-general, August 5, 1841, on the despatch of Lord John Russell to the governor-general on responsible government, October 14, 1839.

Her Majesty's instructions to Lord Sydenham on his assumption of the government, Sept. 7, 1839.

An act for enabling colonial legislatures to establish inland posts.

useful little book is based on the author's larger treatise on Parliamentary Practice and Procedure. Cf. Goldwin Smith on the Political History of Canada in The Nineteenth Century, July, 1886; E. Hulot on "The French Canadians and the development of parliamentary liberty in Canada, 1763-1867," in the Annales de l'Ecole des Sciences Politiques, July, 1887; and Thomas D'Arcy McGee's Speeches and Addresses, chiefly on the Subject of the British American Union (London,

Imperial act respecting coasting trade of the 1865). British possessions.

Mr. Bourinot has also printed in the Johns

Despatches relative to removal of restrictions Hopkins University Studies, 5th series, nos. 56, on Canadian commerce. a monograph on Local government in Canada (Baltimore, 1887), in which he thus divides his subject:

Imperial act relative to the use of the English language in legislative instruments, August 14, 1848.

Imperial act to empower the legislature of Canada to alter the constitution of the legislative council, etc., Aug. 11, 1854.

British North America Act, 1867. Proclamation uniting the provinces into one dominion.

Mr. Bourinot has already sketched the progress of constitutional principles in Canada in his Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada from the earliest period to the year 1888. Including the British North America act, 1867, and a digest of judicial decisions on questions of legislative jurisdiction (Montreal, 1888). This

Contents.

Introduction; The French régime, 1608-1760; Lower Canada, 1760-1840; Upper Canada, 1792-1840; The maritime provinces ; The establishment of municipal institutions in provinces of the Dominion. - ED.]

1 [Four of them, Bibaud, Garneau, Ferland, and Faillon, are passed in review by J. M. Lemoine in "Nos quatre historiens modernes," in the Roy. Soc. of Canada, Trans., vol. i. — ED.] 2 [Cf. ante, IV. 359; and a paper by Casgrain in Roy. Soc. Canada, Trans., i. 85. — Ed.]

3 [Cf. also Ferland's Observations sur un ouvrage intitulé Hist. du Canada (Quebec, 1853; also Paris). — ED.]