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voyages,1 in the general histories of Spanish America, and in the comprehensive descriptive works, as well as in the maps of the professional geographers and cartographers.* The period of about fifty or sixty years following the first occupation (1769) of Upper California by the Spaniards, and coming down to 1824, as Bancroft divides it, constituting an era of inland exploration, of the founding of missions,5 of the establishing of the military presidios and the civil pueblos, is covered in Bancroft's list by about four hundred titles, of which sixty are of printed books, and of these only three relate exclusively to California. The first of these is Miguel Costansó's Diario histórico de los viages de mar y tierra hechos al Norte de California (Mexico, 1776). It is an important document for the first expedition from Mexico to San Diego and Monterey in 1769-70, as is also the Extracto de Noticias of Monterey, published at Mexico in 1770. The third is what Bancroft calls "the standard history of California down to 1784," the Relacion historica de la vida de Junípero Serra (Mexico, 1787) of Francisco Palou, the Franciscan next in place to Junípero, and who acted as president at times when that important character was absent from his post.8

Another work of Palou, his Noticias de la Nueva California (1768-1783), covers the history of the missionary explorations and settlements during that period. The text is left to us in a copy made in 1792 by a royal order to preserve copies of important manuscripts for the archives of Spain, the original having disappeared from the college of San Fernando where it was deposited, and where it probably shared the fate of the convent at the time of its destruction. From a copy preserved in the Mexican archives 10 it was printed in 1857 (Doyle says 1846), somewhat imperfectly, in the Diario Oficial, whose twenty volumes contain many other documents relating to Sonora, Chihuahua, New Mexico, and California; " it was also printed as a part of the Documentos para la historia de México (IV. serie, vols. vi., vii.), and has also been edited by John T. Doyle for the California Historical Society (Publications, 1874, in four volumes),12

As in the case of the earlier period, the published narratives of navigators who had been on the coast,13 and the comprehensive works of some Mexican and European writers,

1 Like Ramusio, Hakluyt, Purchas, Hacke, Saeghman, Harris, Van den Aa, Prévost and the varieties of his collection, Dalrymple, Churchill, and the later ones. See Introduction, Vol. I., ante; and James Burney's Chronological History of Discovery in the South Sea (London, 1803-16). 2 Like Acosta, Herrera, etc. Lorenzana in his Hist. de la Nueva España enumerates the expeditions to California down to 1769. Other more or less comprehensive accounts of this early period are in J. G. Cabrera Bueno's Navegacion Especulativa (Manilla, 1734); Campbell's Concise Hist. of Spanish America (London, 1741), called later (1747) The Spanish Empire in America; José Antonio Villa Señor's Theatro Americano (Mexico, 1746; Eng. transl. Statistical Account of Mexico (1748) (cf. Bancroft's Mexico, iii. 510); Allgemeine Geschichte der Länder und Völker von America (Halle, 1752); the Apostólicos afanes dela Compañia de Jesus (Barcelona, 1754); Spanische Reich in America (1763); Staat von Amerika (1766-69).

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English encroachments on the Spanish possessions, Gottfriedt's Newe Welt (1655), Montanus, Dapper and Ogilby (cf. ante, IV. 390), Luyt's Introductio ad Geographiam (1692), and Heylyn's Cosmography.

4 Like Ortelius, Mercator, Löw, Wytfliet, and Blaeuw.

5 Cf. Bancroft's California Pastoral, ch. 5.

An English version, Historical Journal (London, 1790). Cf. California Pastoral, p. 754, and Carter-Brown Catalogue, iii. 3377.

7 Also, Mexico, 1832, in a volume of the Biblioteca Nacional y Estrangera. Bancroft, California, i. 670, has a long note on the MSS. which he has on José Francisco Ortega, an active companion of Junípero.

8 Bancroft, California, i. 418; California Pastoral, 754.

9 California Pastoral, 756.

10 Making vols. 22, 23 of the Archivo general, in thirty-two volumes, a collection of similar copies, vol. I of which has been lost. Bancroft, California, i. 419.

li Cf. Bancroft's Mexico, iii. 529.

12 Cf. H. C. Ford, Etchings of the Franciscan Missions of California. With the outlines of history, description, etc. (New York, 1883).

18 F. A. Maurelle, Journal of a Voyage, 1775 (London, 1780, — cf. D. Barrington's Miscella

touching America in general, or the Spanish parts of it, serve to fill out the range of material.1

The final period of California, so far as the present history covers it, and as indicated oy Bancroft, is that from 1824 to the discovery of gold in 1848. He enumerates in this ist 700 titles, 180 of which are books and 475 other printed matter, including documents printed in California (55 in number), beside newspapers (70) and periodicals (20).2

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The narratives of voyages still serve us, but not so exclusively. There are a few land travels, which begin to be of interest, and a few of the books first printed in California, of which the most important is Figueroa's Manifesto a la República Mejicana (Monterey, 1835). To these may be added certain official documents printed in California, some of the Mexican government and others of the United States, all published in these years 1824-1848), and about one hundred and fifty titles concerning the same period, but printed later.7

nies). J. D. F. de la Perouse, Voyage autour du Monde, 1785–88 (Paris and London, 1798; Boston, 1801), with some historical material interspersed. Etienne Marchand, Voyage autour du Monde, 1790-92 (Paris, in six vols.). Vancouver, Voyage of Discovery to the Pacific Ocean (London, 1798; in French, Paris, 1800), with other information than his own experience. The Relacion del viage hecho por las galetas Sutil y Mexicana (1802). G. H. von Langsdorff, Voyages and Travels, 1803-7 (London, 1813-14). William Shaler's Journal of a Voyage, 1804, appearing in the American Register (iii. 137), was the earliest extended account of California which Bancroft could find among those published in the United States (California, ii. 23). Otto von Kotzebue, Entdeckungsreise in die Süd See, 1815-18 (Weimar, 1824; English transl., London, 1821), including Chamisso's Bemerkungen, also in the latter's Werke. C. de Rocquefeuil, Voyage autour du Monde, 1816-19 (Paris and London, 1823). Louis Choris, Voyage autour du Monde (Paris, 1822). Some of these and others can be found collectively in the collections of voyages made by La Harpe, Berenger, Pinkerton, Kerr, etc., - as already enumerated (ante, Vol. I., Introduction). Cf. also the histories of maritime discovery by J. R. Forster (1786) and Burney (1803), elsewhere described (ante, chap. 2).

1 Antonio de Alcedo, Diccionario geog. hist. de las Indias occident. (Madrid, 1786). F. X. Clavigero, Storia della California (Venice, 1789), of which Bancroft notes an English translation printed in San Francisco. J. D. Arricivita, Crónica Seráfica y Apostólica (Mexico, 1792). Anquetil, Universal History (London, 1800). Humboldt, Essai politique sur la royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne (1811). R. H. Bonnycastle, Spanish America (London, 1818). G. T. Raynal, Histoire Philosophique (1820–21). Julio Rosignon, Porvenir de Vera Pas (Guatemala, 1861, -cited by Bancroft).

2 The Mexican newspapers were forty in number, the Californian ten. Bancroft calls Niles' Register the most useful of the Eastern periodi

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cals. Poole's Index and Supplement guide the inquirer to the periodical literature, mainly, however, of a later date.

8 Kotzebue, New Voyage, 1823-26 (London, 1830-31; French in Montemont, xvii.). F. W. Beechey, Voyage to the Pacific, 1825-28 (London, 1831; Philad., 1832). B. W. Morrell, Narrative of four Voyages (N. Y., 1832). W. S. W. Ruschenberger, Voyage round the World, 1835-37 (London, 1838). Abel de Petit-Thouars, Voyage autour du Monde, 1836-39 (Paris, 1840-44), which Bancroft holds to be the best of the seaman accounts. Edw'd Belcher, Voyage round the World, 1836-42 (London, 1843). Richard H. Dana, Two Years before the Mast (N. Y., 1840, 1857 ; Boston, 1873, 1880). A. Duhaut-Cilly, Viaggio intorno al Globo (Turin, 1841; French, Paris, 1835). C. P. T. Laplace, Campagne de Circumnavigation (Paris, 1841-54). Eugene Duflot du Mofras, Exploration du territoire de l'Oregon, des Californies (Paris, 1844). Charles Wilkes, United States Exploring Expedition (Philad., 1844, 1845; London, 1845). John Coulter, Adventures on the Western Coast (London, 1847). Sir Geo. Simpson, Journey round the World (Lond., 1847). Richard J. Cleveland, Narrative of Voyages (Cambridge, 1842; Boston, 1850).

4 James O. Pattie, Personal Narrative (Cincinnati, 1833). John Bidwell, Journey to California (1842). Farnham, Travels in the Californias (N. Y., 1844, etc.). Alfred Robinson, Life in California (N. Y., 1846). B. Bilson, Hunters of Kentucky, etc. (N. Y., 1847). Edwin Bryant, Voyage en Californie (Paris), or in English, What I saw in California (N. Y., 1848, 1849). William Kelly, Excursion to California (London, 1851).

5 Bancroft was the first to bring these few early Californian prints to notice, the earliest of all being Reglamento provisional para el gobierno interior de la Disputacion (Monterey, 1834).

6 California Pastoral, 759, 760; and Major Ben: Perley Poore's Descriptive Catal. publ. U.S. government.

7 California Pastoral, 761, 762.

Frémont, who had already made an expedition westward in 1842, began a second in 1843, and was in California for the first time in 1844. Bancroft's foot-notes (California, iv. chap. 19), here as elsewhere, track the sources through all the varying changes, the Bear Flag revolt (Ibid. v. ch. 5) and the subsequent events, down to the final possession by the United States.1

Bancroft's first volume on California was published in 1884, and what had been done earlier in a general way is easily gone over. For thirty years before 1850 Bustamante had been printing his monographs, and Bancroft, who has that writer's MSS., says that these last are more complete than the printed pages. Ayala published his Estadistica of the Mexican empire in 1822. J. M. Burmudez's Verdadera Causa de la Revolucion (Toluca, 1831) threw some light on the progress of opinions in California. Alexander Forbes' History of California (London, 1839) was the earliest English account and one of the best. The survey in Greenhow's Oregon (1844, etc.) extended down the coast, and something will be found in Muhlenpfordt's Republik Mexico (Hanover, 1844), and in F. Fonseca's Historia general de real hacienda (Mexico, 1845-53). In 1847 we have an early American history of the Conquest of California and New Mexico (Philad.) by James Madison Cutts; and in 1848 John T. Hughes first published his California at Cincinnati. The best Mexican account is found in Alaman's Historia de Méjico (Mexico, 1849-52). Shortly after the great American immigration took place, Alexander S. Taylor began his fragmentary contributions. Edward Wilson endeavored to meet the growing interest in The Golden Land at Boston in 1852, while L. W. Hastings in a New History of Oregon and California (Cincinnati, 1849), John Frost in his History of California (Auburn, 1853, etc.), and Elisha S. Capron in his Hist. of California (Boston, 1854) did little more than essay to catch the curious reader. John W. Dwinelle, and a little later John T. Doyle, as is shown in Bancroft's list, did something to keep alive the local antiquarian interest. The first native chronicles of any considerable merit were Dr. Franklin Tuthill's History of California (San Francisco, 1866), and W. Gleeson's History of the Catholic Church in California (San Francisco, 1872), — the last the work of a priest who had certain advantages in tracing the story of the missions. A book by Albert S. Evans, A la California, was published at San Francisco in 1873. Professor Josiah D. Whitney, who had been at the head of the Geological Survey of California, furnished the article in the Encyclopædia Britannica (1875). J. D. B. Stillman's Seeking the golden fleece. A record of pioneer life in California: annexed Footprints of early navigators, other than Spanish; with an account of the voyage of the Dolphin (San Francisco, 1877), had in part originally appeared in the Overland Monthly.

The History of California (1884, etc.), by Hubert H. Bancroft, is based largely upon manuscript material not before used. He says that his collections of MSS. covering the period 1769-1848 are about eleven hundred in number, not counting minor and miscellaneous papers, and are about twice in number as compared with his printed books for the same period. Down to 1846, he considers his MS. sources superior in value to those in print. The main divisions of these manuscripts, as he says, are copies of the California Archives. 1768-1850, making 250.000 documents in all; full or condensed copies of many mission-records; public documents picked up in unofficial places, which include such papers as those of General Vallejo and Thomas O. Larkin, some of these collections being formed by others and acquired in their entirety; a large mass of single papers, consisting of diaries, journals, log-books, stray mission and governmental papers, the correspondence of prominent persons, Spanish and Mexican officials, Franciscan friars and pioneers. In addition to this, there is a large collection of narratives taken down from the dictation 1 Cf. particularly for sources, Bancroft's Cali- nia, v. 100.) There are references also ante, Vol. fornia, v. 187, 233, 241. Josiah Royce's Califor- VII. (index). Another recent History of Cali nia, from the conquest in 1846 to the second vigifornia is that by T. H. Hittell (San Francisco, lance committee in San Francisco. A study of 1885). American character (Boston, 1886), is a careful study of this period. (Cf. Bancroft, Califor

2 Bancroft's Mexico, iv. 151.

8 Cf. Bancroft's California, i. p. lxxxii.

of old residents and pioneers, of which he considers the recitals by Vallejo the most important out of the one hundred and sixty of those whose activity was noticeable before 1848. He acknowledges that he has found much of this latter material a strange and inexplicable mixture of truth and fiction, but he claims to have guarded his narrative wherein it has been used by the corroboration and corrections of official documents.1

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There are two among the local histories which have something more than a local scope: the Annals of San Francisco (N. Y., 1855), by Frank Soulé and others, and John S. Hittell's Hist. of San Francisco (1878, etc.).2

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The bibliography of Yucatan has been elsewhere given, to be supplemented by titles in the list prefixed to Bancroft's Central America. The Papers relative to the rupture with

1 California, i. p. viii; ix. 54, 56, 57; Califor- San José (1871); Warner and Hayes, Los Annia Pastoral, 769.

2 The various commercially prompted county histories hardly need enumeration. There are a few good local monographs: Frederick Hall's

geles.

8 Ante, II. 429.

4 The old Historia de Yucathan (1688) of Cogulludo was continued to 1650 only, and was

* From a map compiled by Dudley Costello, 1854, given in C. St. J. Fancourt's Hist, of Yucatan (London, 1854). Cf. ante, II. 384.

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NOTE. Reduced from a map in Prévost's Voyages (Paris, 1754), vol. xii.

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