Each tentacle originates in a bulbous base with a distinct ocellus. No lithocysts are visible on the margin. The velum is of moderate width.

The manubrium forms a small projection from the summit of the umbrella, and terminates in four rather indistinct lips. From the base of the manubrium three rather wide offsets are sent off at equal intervals into the walls of the umbrella. These gradually contract in diameter, and then, as three narrow tubes of uniform diameter, run towards the margin, where they open into the cir cular canal. The symmetry of the radiating canals is confined to these three primary trunks. From their wide proximal ends each sends off branches, some of which may be traced to the margin where, like the three primary canals, they enter the circular canal, while others can be followed for various distances in the umbrella walls, in which they terminate by blind extremities without ever reaching the margin. These branches are very irregular in the number sent off from each primary canal, as well as in their length and directions.

The generative elements are formed in oval sporosacs developed one on each of the three primary canals at the spot where the wider base passes into its narrower continuation. The ova may be seen within them in various stages of development; they increase considerably in size before the commencement of segmentation, always showing up to that period a large and distinct germinal vesicle with germinal spot and with a distinct nucleolus in the interior of the germinal spot. The development of the ovum proceeds within the sporosac to the segmentation of the vitellus and the formation of the planula, which now breaks through the outer walls of the sporosac and remains for some time adhering to their external surface. The planula differs remarkably from the typical hydroid planula. It remains of a nearly spherical form, never acquiring cilia, and possesses little or no power of locomotion. The gastric cavity, however, is fully formed. The author was unable to follow the ova in their further development.

The little medusa now described, departs in several important points from the typical hydroid medusa. From this it differs in the ternary disposition of the primary radiating canals, and in the irregular non-symmetrical arrangement of those which are subsequently formed. Among the very many specimens examined, the author never found any in which the canals had become regular in their disposition, even in those which had discharged the contents of their sporosacs, and had evidently attained the term of their existence. It differs also from the typical medusa in the form and non-ciliated condition of the planula; and still further in the fact that while the generative elements are borne on sporosacs, developed on the radiating canals, the marginal bodies are ocelli and not lithocyst.

4.-Circe invertens (nov. spec.)

Among the hydroid medusa captured in the towing-net, were two or three specimens of a species referable to the genus Circe of Mertens. It measures about half-an-inch in its vertical diameter, and about a quarter of an inch transversely. It is cylindrical from its base upwards, for about two-thirds of its height, and then contracts abruptly, and arches dome-like towards the truncated summit, which is surmounted by a solid cone of the gelatinous umbrella substance. From the summit of the umbrella-cavity, a solid somewhat fusiform extension of the roof hangs down in the axis of its cavity for about two-thirds of its depth, and at its free end carries the manubrium, which extends nearly to the codonostome. The margin of the umbrella carried eighty very short and but slightly extensile tentacles, which were connected at their bases by a very narrow membraneous extension of the margin, with rather irregular free-edge. Lithocysts are situated at irregular intervals upon the margin. There are about sixteen of them; they consist each of a minute spherical vesicle with a single large spherical concretion. are no ocelli. There is a moderately wide velum. The radiating canals are eight in number. They spring from the base of the manubrium, run up the sides of the solid process which hangs from the summit of the umbrella; pass from this to the walls of the umbrella, and then run down towards the margin in order to open into the circular canal.

There

The generative elements are borne in pendent sporosacs, which spring from the radiating canals close to the summit of the umbrella cavity.

The motion of the medusa takes place by means of sudden jerks, reminding us of the way in which certain Diphydæ dart through the water.

The medusa possesses also a very singular habit of partial inversion. This takes place along the line which separates the dome-like portion of the umbrella cavity from the lower cylindrical portion, and consists in the withdrawal of this dome-like summit and the lower portion of the cavity. When thus inverted the little animal presents a drum-shaped form, with the manubrium hanging far out of the codonostome.

Alexander Agassiz considers the genus Circe, of Mertens, as synonymous with Trachynema Gegenbaur, and points out that the name of Circe had been already used for a genus of mollusca He further removes it from among the true hydroid medusze, and regarding it as closely allied to the Eginida, places it along with those in the Haplostomeæ Agassiz, a sub-order of the Dis cophora.

The author, however, could not see sufficient grounds for the removal of Mertens' genus from the true Hydreida, with which the medusa now described agrees in all essential points, including the form and disposition of the gastro-vascular and generative systems and the structure of the marginal lithocysts. Neither could he agree with Alexander Agassiz in identifying it with Trachynema. The greatly developed solid peduncle by which the manubrium in Circe is suspended from the summit of the umbrella-cavity in a way, however, which has its parallel in Tima among others, is of itself a character of generic importance by which Circe must be kept apart from Trachynema. It is true that Gegenbaur's Trachynema has the character of a young form, and until we have further evidence of its adult state its affinities cannot be regarded as established.

Gegenbaur believes that he has established the direct development of Trachynema from the egg without the intervention of a hydriform trophosome, but unfortunately we have no data by which to compare in this respect Circe with Trachynema.

It must be admitted too that in the imperfect contractility of the marginal tentacles and in the somewhat greater firmness of the umbrella walls the little medusa described in the present communication possesses characters which look towards the Eginida, but these are by no means sufficiently strong to justify its separation from the ordinary hydroid medusæ.

5.- Tomopteris

A few young specimens of this beautiful little worm were obtained, and the author was enabled to confirm the statements of Grube and of Keferstein, who describe in it a double ventral nerve chord, though other observers have failed to discover this part of the nervous system and throw doubt upon its existence. In adult specimens examined some years previously by the author no ventral chord could be detected.

The ventral portion of the nervous system consists of two flat ribbon-shaped chords which are given off from the inferior side of the nerve ring which surrounds the pharynx just behind the mouth. These run parallel to one another, separated by a narrow interval; they lie on the ventral walls of the animal, and may be traced through the narrow taillike termination of the body as far as its extremity. They present no ganglionic swellings, but opposite to every pair of feet each sends off a filament which passes to the foot of its own side in which it is distributed.

Dr. Anton Dohrn has just informed the author that he too had distinctly seen the ventral chord of Tomopteris,

SCIENTIFIC SERIALS

AMONGST the papers in the October and November numbers of the American Naturalist, are included Dr. J. L. Smith's Address to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, on Science in America and Modern Methods of Science. -Mr. R. Ridgway describes some new forms of American Birds, which he considers as geographical races, and not distinct species. Included are Catherpes mexicanus, var. conspersus z Helminthophaga celata, var. lutescens ; Dendroica vieilloti, var. bryanti; D. dominica, var. albilora; D. gracia, var. decora; Myiodioctes pusillus, var. pileolata (Pallas), and Collurio ludovicianus, var. robustus (Baird), which are described and followed by a synopsis of the genera of Certhiola, Junco, and Cardinalis.Prof. C. A. Riley has a paper on the Oviposition of the Yucca Moth, in which he shows that the female conveys her eggs into the young fruit by a lateral puncture. The Structure and Growth of Domesticated Animals, forms the subject of a popular lecture by Prof. Agassiz, which is followed by one on Staurolite

Crystals and Green Mountain Gneisses of the Silurian Age, by Prof. Dana.-The Rev. D. T. Hill gives instances of intelligence in Bufo americanus.—Mr. G. W. Morehouse analyses the structure of the scales of Lepisma saccharina.—Mr. D. Scott gives a popular explanation of the differences between the two genera of North American Goatsuckers, the Whippoorwills (Antrostomus), and the Nighthawks (Chordeiles), which is followed by a short note from Mr. Packard, jun., on the Embryology of Limulus, with remarks on its affinities. His results are confirmatory of those of M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards.

sensitive hairs of a still expanded leaf are touched with a camelhair pencil.

d. If the closed leaf is gently pinched with a pair of forceps with cork points, the effect is the same.

e. If the leaf-stalk is placed on the electrodes, as before, with the leaf attached to it, the deflection of the needle due to the stalk-current is increased whenever the leaf is irritated in any of the ways above described.

g. If, the open leaf having been placed on the galvanometer electrodes as in a, one of the concave surfaces is pierced with a pair of pointed platinum electrodes in connection with the opposite ends of the secondary coil of a Du Bois-Reymond's induction apparatus, it is observed that each time that the secondary circuit is closed, the needle swings to the right, at once resuming its former position in the same manner as after mechanical irritation. No difference in the effect is observable when the direction of the induced current is reversed. The observation may be repeated any number of times, but no effect is produced unless an interval of from ten to twenty seconds has elapsed since the preceding irritation.

SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES

Royal Society, Nov. 20.-"Note on the Electrical Phenomena which accompany irritation of the leaf of Dionea muscipula," by Dr. J. Burdon Sanderson, F. R.S.

1. When the opposite ends of a living leaf of Dionea are placed on non-polarisable electrodes in metallic connection with each other, and a Thomson's reflecting galvanometer of high resistance is introduced into the circuit thus formed, a deflection is observed which indicates the existence of a current from the proximal to the distal end of the leaf. This current I call the normal leaf-current. If, instead of the leaf, the leaf stalk is placed on the electrodes (the leaf remaining united to it) in such a way that the extreme end of the stalk rests on one electrode and a part of the stalk at a certain distance from the leaf on the other, a current is indicated which is opposed to that in the leaf. This I call the stalk-current. To demonstrate these two currents, it is not necessary to expose any cut surface to the electrodes.

2. In a leaf with the petiole attached, the strength of the cur tent is determined by the length of the petiole cut off with the leaf, in such a way that the shorter the petiole the greater is the deflection. Thus in a leaf with a petiole an inch long I observed a deflection of 40. I then cut off half, then half the remainder, and so on. After these successive amputations, the deflections were respectively 50, 65, 90, 120. If in this experiment, instead of completely severing the leaf at each time, it is merely all but divided with a sharp knife, the cut surfaces remaining in accurate apposition, the result is exactly the same as if the severance were complete; no further effect is obtained on separating the parts.

3. Effect of constant current directed through the petiole on the leaf-current.-If the leaf is placed on the galvanometer electrodes as before, and the petiole introduced into the circuit of a small Daniell, a commutator being interposed, it is found that on directing the battery-current down the petiole (i.e., from the leaf), the normal deflection is increased; on directing the current towards the leaf, the deflection is diminished.

4. Negative variation.-a. If, the leaf being so placed on the electrodes that the normal leaf-current is indicated by a deflection leftwards, a fly is allowed to creep into it, it is observed that the moment the fly reaches the interior (so as to touch the sensitive hairs on the upper surface of the lamina), the needle swings to the right, the leaf at the same time closing on the fly.

b. The fly having been caught does not remain quiet in the leaf; each time it moves the needle again swings to the right, always coming to rest in a position somewhat farther to the left than before, and then slowly resuming its previous position.

r. The same series of phenomena present themselves if the

h. If the part of the concave surface of the leat which is nearest the petiole is excited, whether electrically or mechanically, the swing to the right (negative variation) is always preceded by a momentary jerk of the needle to the left, ie. in the direction of the deflection due to the normal leaf-current; if any other part of the concave surface is irritated, this does not take place.

i. Whether the leaf is excited mechanically or electrically, an interval of from a quarter to a third of a second intervenes between the act of irritation and the negative variation.

"On the Algebraical Analogues of Logical Relations," by Alexander J. Ellis, F.R.S.

The object of this paper is to examine the "mathematical theory of logic," thus laid down by Dr. George Boole in his "Laws of Thought," p. 37 :-"Let us conceive of an Algebra in which the symbols x, y, z, &c. admit indifferently of the values o and I, and of these values alone. The laws, he ax oms, and the processes of such an algebra will be identical in their whole extent with the laws, the axioms, and the processes of an Algebra or Logic. Difference of interpretation will alone divide them." For this purpose, first the laws of such an algebra have been investigated independently of logic, and secondly the laws of primary and secondary logical propositions as laid down by Dr. Boole, have been developed in an algeThe main results braical form, and compared with the former. presumed to be established are :

1. That there is a fundamental difference between such an algebra and logic, inasmuch as the algebra admits of only two phases, o and I, and logic admits of three phases, namely, not only none and all, corresponding to o and I, but also some, "which, though it may include in its meaning all, does not include none" (ibid, p. 124), and hence has no analogue in such an algebra; that is, an algebra of o and I can correspond only to a logic of none and all.

2. That, notwithstanding this difference, there are certain formal relations of equations which allow the algebra of o and I to be used as an algorithm for the purpose of arriving at certain logical forms, which, however, have then to be interpreted on a basis which has not even any analogy to the algebraical.

3. That the introduction of this algorithm introduces theoretical difficulties, adds to the amount of work, and is entirely unnecessary even for the purposes of the theory of probabilities founded upon it by Dr. Boole.

Mathematical Society, Nov. 13.-Prof. Cayley, and subsequently Prof. Sylvester, in the chair.-The following gentlemen have been elected officers of the new council :-President, Dr. Hirst; Vice-Presidents, Prof. Cayley, and Messrs. Spottiswoode and Sylvester. The retiring members were Prof. Crofton and Mr. J. Stirling, in whose room Mr. Sylvester and Lord Rayleigh were elected.-Mr. Sylvester then gave a description of a new instrument for converting circular into general rectilinear motion, and into motion in conics and other plane curves. (A brief sketch of the historical aspect of the communication, from the pen of Mr. Sylvester, forms the subject of a paragraph in NATURE of Nov. 13.) Several instruments were placed on the table for inspection. Mr. W. Marsham Adams

exhibited his Mensurator and Cælometer, and gave a short account of the objects to which they could be applied. The Mensurator is an instrument designed primarily for the instan taneous solution of triangles, but capable, from its construction, of many other uses; such as illustrating most of Euclid's theorems with regard to the triangle, of performing addition, subtraction, rule of three, and extraction of square roots, of solving quadratics and simple binomial equations, and of reducing to mechanism some part of analytical geometry. The Calometer is an apparatus consisting of a stand carrying a globe mounted somewhat like a sea compass, and illustrates celestial longitude and latitude, the phenomena of the seasons, the correspondence of the calendar with the solar year, the precession of the equinoxes, the times of sunrise at any place on any day, the position of the principal stars during the night, and the general relations between the conceptions necessary for nautical astronomy. Medals were awarded for both instruments at the Vienna Exhibition. -Mr. S. Roberts (treasurer) read a short note "On the expression of the of a Cartesian by elliptic functions." The author showed that the hyper-elliptic part of the integral which gives the value of an arc of a Cartesian, is reducible to the form which Jacobi has shown to depend on elliptic functions.

Zoological Society, Nov. 19.-Dr. A. Günther, F.R.S., vice-president, in the chair. Mr. Sclater exhibited and pointed out the characters of two new species of birds obtained by Mr. Salmon during his expedition to the State of Antioquia, Columbia. These were named Chlorochrysa nitidissima and Grallaria ruficeps.-A letter was read from Mr. R. Swinhoe, H.B. M, Consul at Chefoo, containing a note on the White Stork of China, and stating that he had recently obtained a live Pitta in China, which appeared to be Pitta nympha of the Fauna Japonica. Mr. A. H. Garrod exhibited and pointed out certain peculiarities in the cæcum of a Crab-eating Fox (Canis cancrivorus). Mr. Sclater exhibited and made remarks on a pair of horns of the new Bubaline Antelope from the Bogos country, lately named Alcelaphus tora by Dr. Gray.-A paper was sent by Dr. Edward L. Moss, Surgeon in charge R.N. Hospital at Esquimalt, on a singular Virgularian Actinozoon taken at Burrard's Inlet, close to the northern mouth of the Fraser River.A communication was read from Dr. O. Finsch, containing the description of a most remarkable and interesting new Passerine Bird which he had received from Mr. T. Klinesmith of Levuka, Ovalou, Feejee Islands. This little bird, which was not only new as a species, but also the type of a new genus, he proposed to call Lamprolia Victoria.-A communication was read from Mr. W. S. Atkinson, of Darjeeling, containing the descriptions of two new species of Butterflies from the Andaman Islands, which were named respectively Papilio mayo and Euplaa andamanensis.-Dr. Cobbold communicated the first of a series of papers entitled "Notes on the Entozoa;" being observations based on the examination of rare or otherwise valuable specimens contributed at intervals by Messrs. Charles Darwin, Robert Swinhoe, Charles W. Devis, the late Dr. W. C. Pechey, Dr. Murie, and others.—Mr. Edwin Ward exhibited and gave the description of a new Bird of Paradise, of the genus Epimachus, which he proposed to call E. ellioti.-A communication was read from Surgeon Major Francis Day, containing remarks on Indian Fishes, mostly copied from the original manuscripts of the late Dr. Hamilton Buchanan. -Mr. J. W. Clark read a memoir on the Eared Seals of the Auckland Islands, one of which he recognised as Otaria hookeri, thus fixing the locality of this species.

Linnean Society, Nov. 20.-Mr. G. Bentham, president, in the chair.-Prof. Dyer exhibited a specimen of the fruit of Luffa ægyptiaca, a gigantic species of gourd, grown in this country.An account of the flora of Monte Argentaro, on the borders of Tuscany, by Mr. Henry Groves, of Florence, was read.-On the Algæ of Mauritius, by Dr. Dickie. The total number of species recorded is 155. These include 17 well-known European species, most of which are cosmopolitan; 23 South African species; 12 Australian; 15 East Indian; 14 species found in the Red Sea ; 12 being peculiar to the island.-On a peculiar embryo of Delphinium, by the Rev. C. A. Johns. The interesting point in the structure was the non-separation of the two cotyledons, the plumule forcing itself through a chink in the undivided cotyledon. Dr. Masters stated that this peculiarity is well known to occur occasionally in Ranunculaceæ, as well as in some other plants.— On the buds of Malaxis, by Dr. Dickie. This is supplementary to the paper already published in the "Journal" of the Society. -On the Algae of St. Thomas and Bermuda, by Mr. H. N.

Moseley. These were the results of the explorations on board the Challenger, one marine flowering plant being also found in flower for the first time.

Chemical Society, Nov. 20.-Dr. Odling, F.R.S., president, in the chair.-A paper on "the coefficient of expansion of carbon disulphide," by J. B. Hannay, was read by the secretary. Dr. Russell then communicated his researches on the action of hydrogen on silver nitrate, giving an account of the precipitation of metallic silver in the crystalline state by means of hydrogen -There were also a note on the action of zinc chloride on edeine, by Dr. C. R. A. Wright; on the chemical properties of ammoniated ammonia nitrate, by E. Divers, M.D.; and on the analysis of a meteoric stone and the detection of vanadium in it, by R. Apjohn.

PARIS

Academy of Sciences, Nov. 17.-M. de Quatrefage president, in the chair.-The following papers were read. -An answer to M. Tarry's remarks on the theory of the sun's spots, by M. Faye. M. Tarry's objection to M. Faye'. theory was that, instead of a down-rush, he ought to have employed an up-rush as the cause of the spots, as a terrestrial cyclone rushes up, and not down. M. Faye answered the objec tions in detail.-Second memoir on the way in which water intervenes in chemical reactions, and on the connection between electro-motive force and affinity, by M. Becquerel.-Studies on beer; a new method of brewing it and rendering it unchangeable, by M. L. Pasteur. The author considers the spoiling and souring of beer to be due to germs, and suggests methods for preventing their access or destroying them during the processes of brewing.-An answer to M. Oudemans' observations on the influence of refraction, &c., during the transit of Venus, by M. E. Dubois.-On the use of the prism for the verification of the law of double refraction, by Prof. G. G. Stokes,-On certain me tallic spectra (lead, chloride of gold, thallium, and lithium) by M. Lecocq de Boisbaudran. The author found that the combination of a metal was attended with the loss of some of the lines it exhibited when in the free state.-On the maximum density of water, by M. Piarron de Mondesir.-On the cooling effects of the joint actions of capillarity and evaporation, by M. C. Decharme.-On the quantity of ammonia contained in atmospheric air at different altitudes, by M. Truchot. The author stated that the ammonia increases as the cloud region is approached, and gave tables of determinations in support of his views.-Remarks on the paper of Pelouze and Audouin on the condensation of liquifiable matters held in suspension by gases, by M. D. Colladon.-Remarks on the paper of M. Derbès on the Pemphigus of Pistacia terebinthus compared with the Phylloxera quercus, by M. Balbiani.-On the swellings produced on vine rootlets by the Phylloxera, by M. Max. Cornu.-On triple planes tangent to a surface, by Mr. W. Spottiswoode.-On the direction of the propagation of electricity, by M. Meyreneuf.-An answer to M. Mercadier's last note on the study of the vibratory movements of an elastic wire, by M. H. Valerius.-Observations on the molecular structure of meteoric iron and on solid ferrous chloride in meteorites, by Mr. J. Laurence Smith.-On the tertiary supranummulitic formations of the department of Hérault, by M. Rouville. The death of M. Cl. Burdin, correspondent of the mechanical section, was announced.

The Dutch Photographs of the Eclipse of 1871.-J. A. C. OUDEMANS 61
Elevation of Mountains and Volcanic Theories.-Rev. O. FISHER,
F. G.S. Cupt HUTTON.

Deep-sea Soundings and Deep-sea Thermometers.-HY. NEGRETTI
and ZAMBRA .
Rain-gauge at Sea.-W. J. Black Capt. J. E. GOODENOUGH.
Glaciers.-W. T. BLANFORD, F.G.S.

JOHANN NEPOMUK CZERMAK. By Prof. M. FOSTER, F.R.S..
THE ATMOSPHERIC TELEGRAPH (With Illustrations).

THE COMMON FROG, V. By ST. GEORGE MIVART, F.R.S. (With
Illustrations)
ASTRONOMICAL ALMANACS

MAN IN THE SETTLE CAVE. By Prof. G. BUSK, F.R.S. NOTES

62

• • .. 73

ON SOME RECENT RESULTS WITH THE TOWING NET ON THE SOUTH
COAST OF IRELAND. By Prof. ALLMAN, F.R.S..
SCIENTIFIC SERIALS

SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES.

in favour of Ge elvinks Bay; among others were the unhealthiness of the swampy shores of the south-west coast, the fact that the natives of these parts have been more influenced by Malay traders for centuries than those of the northern regions, and therefore are less original, and that the south-west coast has been visited oftener by Europeans.

In consequence of the time consumed in making all necessary preparations, I only reached New Guinea in the beginning of March of this year, and anchored the little schooner, which I had hired in Ternate(I preferred this place as a starting-point to Amboina), -in the harbour of Dorey, in the north-west corner of Geelvinks Bay, the only part of all New Guinea where any Europeans, German and Dutch missionaries, are settled. With me, and in my service on board the ship, over which I had full disposal, were, besides about fifteen Malay sailors and a Malay captain, twenty natives from different parts of the Malay Archipelago.

Dorey has been described, among others, by Mr. Wallace, but he has, in my opinion, not given a correct impression of the natives of the surrounding hills and mountains, separating them in some way from the inhabitants of the coast, as smaller, uglier, not mopheaded, &c. As I afterwards spent a long time among the natives of the Arfak Mountains, near Dorey, and the inhabitants of the different parts of the coast of Geelvinks Bay, the islands in the north of it, and the interior of this whole north-west part of New Guinea, I may state, that there is no generic difference at all between the Papooas of the mountains and the Papooas of the coast-except such differences as we find everywhere between the highlanders and coast inhabitants of the same race.

The changing of the West into the East Monsoon, to be expected in April, obliged me to visit first the islands in the north of Geelvinks Bay, if I wished to visit them at all; and therefore, after a three days' stay at Dorey and neighbourhood, I immediately started for Mafoor, a smaller island, only about sixty miles from Dorey. It took me more than forty-eight hours to reach it. Mafoor offered me nothing particular, besides its zoological productions; it is only interesting, for having been at an earlier period the chief seat of the Mafoor tribe, which now inhabits all the coasts of the western part of Geelvinks Bay.

The island of Mysore (Willem Schouten's island), the furthest north and a larger one, was far more important for my purposes. The natives were at first of a hostile disposition, but we soon became friends, and I spent here a most interesting time, in consequence of the results of my collections and what I saw of the Papooas, wild and nearly unmodified tribes, with all the virtues and vices of such. I commenced to make a collection of Papooan skulls here, in which at last I was so successful, that I hope to be able now, by means of my large materials, to trace at least the limits of the variation which the skull of this race undergoes, and finally to fix the type of the Papooan skull,-important questions, which craniology can solve.

On Mysore, Birds of Paradise, as well as the Kasuary, are unknown; but it as well as the large island of Jobie,

which I now visited, is the home of the fine Crown pigeon (Goura victoria). This beautiful bird occurs in such quantities, that it furnished us with our daily meals during nearly the whole of our stay on Mysore and Jobie. The flesh is most tender and delicate, preferable to any fow! I know of.

Jobie has for long had the reputation of being the home of many species of rare birds of Paradise; I am sorry to be obliged to rob it of this glory. I only got Paradisea papuana (but with more splendid, deeper orange and longer side feathers than from the mainland of New Guinea), P, regia and Diphyllodes speciosa. P. papuana is not rare, but very local, so that one may hunt for weeks in the mountains, without finding a single specimen (females and young males are seen and heard much oftener than males in their plumage) ; but if once a tree is found where they feed and "dance," a lot of them can be got together. P. regia is rare, and D. speciosa very difficult to get here.

I am sure that no other species of Birds of Paradise come from Jobie, as no other species are in the hands of the Papooan traders. I am convinced of this, because I stayed a long time at the chief place of the island, Ansus, a very populous settlement, where I saw and heard everything; more than two thousand Papooas are living here together, all in those large, curious houses, standing entirely on the water. But other species of Birds of Paradise which I showed (I had obtained some in Ternate and Dorey on my way), were unknown even to the inhabitants here, except to those who had been on the mainland. I mention this fact, notwithstanding that I had not the intention of giving any zoological details in this account, because it may be seen, how erroneous it was to give credit to the natives of New Guinea, who pretended that some rare birds of Paradise came from Jobie, certainly with the purpose of withdrawing attention from their own country, where these birds are to be found.

In general the fauna of Jobie is very poor, as well in respect to different species as to the mass of individuals of one species.

The inhabitants of the mountainous parts of Jobie are known to be cannibals, as well as the tribe of the Karoans, in the mountains of the north coast, between Amberbaki and the two small islands Amsterdam and Middelburg,* and the tribe of the Tarúngarays on the east coast of Geelvinks Bay. Here on Jobie, as everywhere on New Guinea, the coast Papooas are in perpetual war with the mountain tribes. Perhaps because some individuals of the latter believed us to be more friendly to the inhabitants of Ansus than to themselves, or that they required no special reason for fighting, once without any warning or provocation we were attacked with spears and arrows; but I afterwards took such precautions and frightened them to such a degree, that during our whole stay here we experienced nothing further disagreeable. The Papooas of Jobie have everywhere the bad reputation of being wild and quarrelsome.

After having left Jobie, from which I set ou with a heavy heart-I should have liked to remain longer-I went as

* When back at Dorey in July, the natives here were very much frightened, because the Karoans near Amberbaki had just robbed and destroyed a trading vessel, and killed or enslaved the crew,