NEW BOOKS.

AN elegant new edition of "Bewick's Select Fables of Æsop has just been published by Bickers & Son, of Leicester Square. The work is beautifully printed on fine toned paper, and is a faithful reprint of the excessively rare Newcastle edition of Bewick's Select Fables. A further notice of this book will be given in our next number.

to Sir Robert Welch, Knight, Commander of a Troop of Horses, for recovering from the Parliamentary Forces "Our Royal Banner, used at the Battail of Edgehill."

NOTE.-At the Battle of Edge-hill, on Sunday, October of a troop of horse, eminently signalised himself by recover23, 1642, Robert Welch, an Irish gentleman, in command ing the Royal Standard which had been taken by the cannon, and the Earl of Essex's waggon. On the morning Parliamentary Forces, and by capturing two pieces of trophies to King Charles, who conferred the honour of knighthood upon him, and afterwards commanded the chief engraver "to make a Medal in gold for Sir Robert Welch, Knight."

Medals, Clasps, and Crosses, Military and Naval, in the
Collection of 7. W. Fleming, F.R.C.S., Edin., Surgeon-after the battle Prince Rupert presented Mr. Welch and his
Major late 4th Dragoon Guards. (For Private Circula-
tion only.)

THIS is a very excellent work on a highly interesting subject, and Mr. Fleming is to be much commended for bestowing so large an amount of care as he has done in its production. His collection is unique, and the list of British Military and Naval Medals, described in the pages of his elegant book, is almost complete. The illustrations therein give an additional interest to the publication. Its contents comprise Military Medals; Medals to Auxiliary Forces; Medals to H. E. I. Company's Forces; Naval Medals; Medals, &c., from Foreign Sovereigns; Military and Naval Commemorative Medals and Miscellaneous Medals. The explanatory notes at the end of the book are both useful and interesting. By permission of the author we give the obverse and the reverse of two medals, the engravings of which he has kindly lent for insertion in our pages.

"Whereas Sir Robert Walch, knight, has produced a warrant under the Royal Sign Manual of King Charles I., of ever blessed memory, whereby the said king granted unto the said Sir Robert a medal of gold, with the figure of the said king, and of his son (then Prince Charles) with such motto as is in the said warrant mentioned, which he has prayed may be entered on record in the College of Arms, together with such other papers and warrants as relate thereto; these are to authorise and require you, or any of you to whom these presents shall come, to cause entry to be made of the said badge, granted as aforesaid to the said Sir Robert Walch, on record in the said office of arms, and for so doing this shall be your warrant.

"Given under my hand, and the seal of my office of Earl Marshall of England, the 14th day of August, 1685-anno R.R. Jacobi Secti nunc Angliæ, etc. primo.

"Our will and pleasure is that you make a medal in gold for our trusty and well-beloved Sir Robert Welch, knight, with our own figure and that of our dearest sonne Prince Charles. And on the reverse thereof to insculp ye form of our Royal Banner, used at the battail of Edge-hill, where he did us acceptable service, and received the dignity of knighthood from us; and to inscribe about it, Per Regale Mandatum Caroli Regis hoc assignatur Roberto Welch Militi. And for so doing this shall be your sufficient

warrant.

"Given at our Court at Oxford, this 1st day of June, 1643. "To our trusty and well-beloved Thomas Rawlins, our Graver of Seals and Medals."

F. S. "College of Arms," M. S. I. 26, folio 90; Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas's "History of Honorary Medals; " Numismatic Chronicle, No. lviii. p. 80; Carter's "British Medals," Div. ii. p. 2.

The next engraving is that of a Silver Medal, presented as "A Testimony of Public Regard," by King George III. to Captain Ewing, who was wounded at Bunker's Hill, on

The first is that of a Gold Medal, presented by Charles I. Jnne 17, 1775.

RD

TES

GR

By Order

of the King with 300 Pound for the Wound CaptEwing Recva the 17 of June 1775

fiftee nth century, "there appears to be no marks on paper
which may be said to apply individually to the maker of the
paper." How far this is correct I am not in a position to
say. Still, it seems singular, that very similar marks (used
by early makers) may be found on paper of later date.
Paper marks were formerly as numerous and as quaint as
painted signs, which adorned almost every house of business.
For example:-

"First, there is Maister Peter at the Bell,
A linnen-draper and a wealthy man;
Then Maister Thomas, that doth stockings sell,
And George, the grocer, at the Frying-pan;
And Maister Timothie, the woollen-draper;
And Maister Salaman, tbe leather scraper;
And Maister Frankie, ye goldsmith at the Rose;
And Maister Phillip, with the fiery nose;
And Maister Miles, the mercer, at the Harrow;
And Maister Nick, the silkman, at the Plow;
And Maister Giles, the salter, at the Sparrow;
And Maister Dick, the vintner, at the Cow;
And Harry Haberdasher at the Horne;
And Oliver, the dyer, at the Thorn;

And Bernard, barber surgeon, at the Fiddle;
And Moses, merchant-tailor, at the Needle.'

This is, however, a slight digression from the subject under consideration. "Water-marks," says Mr. Charles Tomlinson (in his excellent little work, which reached only to Part I.)*" are ornamented figures in wire, or thin brass, sewn upon the wires of the mould, and like those wires, they leave an impression by rendering the paper where it lies on them, thinner and more translucent." The insigna adopted by the first English paper manufacturer was a wheel, which appears in the following work, "Bartholomeus de Proprietatibus Reum." John Tate, jun., was the maker of this paper, as is judged by the "Prohemium," at the end of the said book:

"And John Tate, the yonger, joye mote hem broke, Which hathe in England doo make this paper thynne, That now in our English this boke is prynted inne." The date of this book is given as 1495-6. Mr. Tomlinson in his work,† supra, considers that "paper was not made in England until 1588, when a German was encouraged by Queen Elizabeth to erect a small mill at Deptford in Kent." This of course would make it nearly a century later. The accounts at the Hague of Matilda, Dutchess of Holland, cir. jug or pot is considered to be one of the earliest signs used on paper, a specimen of which will be found in a book of

Captain Ewing, it is understood, received his wound thin red line which charged up Bunker's Hill, 17th June, while gallantly leading the Grenadier Company, "in the 1775." He was on half-pay as Captain-Major in 1770-1352. The hand was in use as early as the beginning of the f. s. Tupper.

CORRESPONDENCE.

fifteenth century, or even earlier. In some cases the hand is surmounted with a star. In the earliest impressions of the block and printed books occurs the plain "P," sometimes its shape is altered according to the taste of the maker, with a Fleur-de-lys above it; "the arms proper for Burgundy," cir. 1430. The pelican is a mark that very rarely occurs [The Editor will be glad to receive Correspondence on Archao- (1458); a specimen will be found in the "Princip. Typog." logical matters, and information of discoveries of antiquities, ac-The same valuable work notices the paper of the Bodleian companied with drawings of objects, when of sufficient interest, for

illustration.]

A FEW OBSERVATIONS ON PAPER-MARKS.
To the Editor of "THE ANTIQUARY.”

I.

SIR,-The subject of water-marks as a particular branch of science has been but sparingly dealt with by historians and antiquaries of the past. Although I may not be able to add much to the list of marks, beyond what is already known, yet a few cursory observations on the antiquity and use of them may probably meet with acceptance among some of the readers of your valuable paper.

Since the invention of paper, the signs or marks used by the makers have been singular and various. The editor of the "Principia Typog.” Vol. III., states that after the

copy of the Aretin (1479), which exhibits as many as twentynine different marks, most of which occur in the Dutch Bible of 1477. The anchor, as a water-mark, may be traced as far back as 1396. This sign was an acknowledged symbol of a maritime country.

The bull's head may be found in great variety, common in the early part of the fourteenth century, contemporary with the caput bovis, and surmounted by a star, which was frequently used by the printers of the fifteenth century. In a bible printed by Fust and Schoeffer, 1462, the bull was adopted as the water-mark. The lamb occasionally with a nimbus was adopted by many early bishops, specimens of which have been found in writings as early as 1356. A The "Biblia Paucentury later occurs the double star.

perum" (1470), shows the radiated star or sun. This was To the Editor of "THE ANTIQUARY." the "Bible of the poor," prior to the invention of printing, the Bible, of course, being rare and expensive, some of the SIR,-Having seen in your issue of the 4th of this month, principal subjects of the Old and New Testament were page 170, a notice of some pottery brought from Malta, by exhibited in some forty or fifty plates, with a text of Scrip- Captain Swainson, it may not be uninteresting to some of ture, as an explanation, beneath each. There is an enlarged your readers to know that a very large quantity (about an book of a similar kind called "Speculum Humana Salva-ordinary cartload) of the same class of pottery was brought tionis, the Mirror of Human Salvation." This took the to England from Malta by me a few years ago, together with This pottery, together with the place of the Holy Bible to a great extent during the middle some skulls and bones. ages. The singular sort of paper-marks, like curious signs tombs it was discovered in, will be found described in Vol. over shop-doors, have almost grown into disuse, and serve XL. of "Archæologia," in which vol. there is also an able only as a matter of antiquarian curiosity. Notwithstanding paper by Dr. Thornam, F.S.A., on the Human Remains they have frequently proved very essential in some instances ("Archæologia," Vol. XL., pp. 483-499). in detecting frauds and other impositions in courts of law. They also afford protection in other instances, such as in cheques, bank-notes, receipts, postage and bill stamps. The scales, indicating justice, occurs in the "Biblia Pauperum." The earliest known specimen is to be found in the account book at the Hague, cir. 1357. Also in an autograph letter from the Archbishop of Canterbury, dated 1453. Towers appeared in the Archives at the Hague in 1357. The Fleur-de-lys, surmounted with a crown, occurs in the same accounts (1431).

Mr. Herring introduces "an amusing anecdote" of "the monks of a certain monastery," which took place "at Messina." These monks "exhibited, with great triumph, a letter as being written by the Virgin Mary with her own hand. Unluckily for them, however, this was not, as it easily might have been, written upon papyrus, but on paper made of rags. On one occasion a visitor, to whom this was shown, observed, with affected solemnity, that the letter involved also a miracle, for the paper on which it was written was not in existence until several centuries after the Mother of Our Lord had died. A further illustration of the kind occurs in a work entitled Ireland's Confessions,' which was published respecting his fabrication of the Shakespeare manuscripts; a literary forgery even still more remarkable, I think, than that which is said to have been perpetuated by Chatterton, as 'Rowley's Poems.'"* The original edition of Ireland's works, published price Is., was “disposed of in a few hours," in consequence of which odd copies were afterwards sold in an auction-room for one guinea each.

RELIC OF KING CHARLES I.
To the Editor of "THE ANTIQUARY."
SIR, A gentleman of my acquaintance possesses a very
interesting personal relic of King Charles I.

It is a pair of tassels, supposed to be the breast pendants or neckties, used, I am told, to fasten the lace falls that figure so prominently in authentic portraits of that unfortunate monarch.

They are inscribed "The bead-strung tassels of the Martyr'd Charles."

It will be interesting to know if such relics are duplicated, and whether the inscription is unique. November 21, 1871.

A. H.

* 44 'Paper and Paper-making," by R. Herring, p. 82.

Pottery of this kind is by no means uncommon in Malta or Gozo, but it does not seem to be considered by good authorities either Roman or Phoenician. In a foot note to the paper in Archæologia, above mentioned, it states that so eminent an authority as Mr. Franks considers the pottery to be "Greek circa 200 B.C." November 23, 1871.

L. SWANN.

SOCIETIES' MEETINGS.

[Secretaries of Archæological and Antiquarian Societies throughat the Kingdom will confer a favour by forwarding to the Editor of this Journal all Notices and Reports of Meetings, and also their Periodical Publications.]

ROYAL INSTITUTION OF CORNWALL. THE autumn meeting of this institution was held at the Museum, Truro, on Tuesday, November 14. After a few preliminary remarks by the chairman, Mr. W. J. Henwood, F.R.S., the following interesting paper by Sir John Maclean, valga, near Tintagel, on the north coast of Cornwall, was read

on some recent discoveries made in the little church of Tre

"A few weeks ago I visited the ancient church of Trevalga, in the deanery of Trigg Minor. On the north side of the chancel is a small chapel 11 feet by 10 feet, of the first pointed period. It is now in a sad condition, though untouched, materially, since the date of its erection. It is lighted by an elegant double lancet in the east, and by a single lancet in the north wall. In the south-east angle is a small round-headed piscina, and at the angle of the splay of the eastern window is a large bracket, on which formerly stood the image of the saint to whom the chapel is dedicated. There remains also what appears to be a ledge at the bottom of the window, which would lead me to suppose it to be the remains of the old altar slab, except that an external examination shows that the window has been walled up about a foot above its original base. My design, however, in writing is to call attention to another feature in this interesting chapel, which is perhaps unique, at least in Cornwall. Observing that some part of the whitewash, with which the walls are thickly coated, had been peeled away, showing colouring underneath, the rector, the Rev. W. P. Roberts, courteously gave me permission to examine it further, and finding that the whitewash of ages easily separated from the wall, aided by the hard surface underneath, in large flakes, with the assistance of a long screwdriver I soon stripped off sufficient to disclose the whole design of the ornamentation. It is undoubtedly coeval with the building, and the colours are as bright as when laid on some 600 years ago. The design is exceedingly simple and very effective. The arches of the windows are painted in masonry, in Indian red and bright orange, the divisions being white, jointed with black lines. This ornamentation of the arches is supported by a column painted at the angles in red lines, with an orange capital, foliated with black. The eastern window is further enriched by a foliated coronal in red. The walls are orna

mented throughout their whole surface in masonry, with red lines, the horizontal lines being single, and the perpendicular double, whilst the divisions are enriched alternately by red scroll work and black cinquefoils. The head of the east window is ornamented with a quatrefoil within a striped border of black, white, and orange. The whole surface of the walls is of a pale grey colour. The church, which is of considerable antiquity, is generally in a very dilapidated condition, and an effort is being made to raise funds for its restoration. It is a work which commends itself to all who love our ancient churches, and if that restoration be carried out in the spirit of a real restoration, viz., replacing what is decayed, stone for stone and wood for wood, in all their details, and replacing what is lost, so that it may be restored, as nearly as possible, to the condition in which it left the ancient builders' hands, it should receive the cordial support of all Cornishmen. The rector is desirous of this, and would, I doubt not, gladly receive conditional promises of support and assistance to this effect. At all events, the ancient and interesting work of art which I have above described ought to be replaced in the restored chapel."

museum committee, the society had now the use of the small lecture-room in William Brown Street; they had the nucleus of a collection of coins; and a library of nearly seventy volumes of standard numismatic works.

Subsequently, Mr. E. Leighton, in proposing "Success to the Liverpool Numismatic Society and kindred societies throughout the world," said that, as the junior society of the town, he hoped that the roll of members would increase tenfold, and that their mutual relations with kindred societies in other towns and countries would be increased. They had already been indebted for valuable presents from friends in America, and they desired to express their gratitude and their good wishes publicly on their first annual gathering. The proceedings were interspersed with pianoforte solos by Mr. D. T. Stewart, and with songs and Shakspearian illustrations by Messrs. Chapman, Baker, Reis, Rustomjee Byramjee Framjee Hormusjee, A. Ahlborn Shackleton, J. C. Jackson, Hogg, &c. During the evening very cordial compliments were awarded in the usual fashion to the president (Mr. Chapman), the hon. secretary (Mr. Charles Lionel Reis), and other officers of the society.

SOCIETY.

At the conclusion of a paper by Mr. H. M. Whitley, on a submarine forest at Falmouth, the chairman observed, that about thirty-five years ago, after a violent storm had exposed OXFORD ARCHITECTURAL AND HISTORICAL the forest in Mount's Bay, an ancient canoe was driven ashore at Tolcarn, west of Penzance. It was some eight or ten feet long, quite black, just like bog oak. It was hollowed out of a single tree, and he had some impression that there were the remains of a broken paddle in it. There was athwart and above it a small fragment of a broken mast, and when that was taken out, a coin was found under it, which was believed to be Roman. The canoe would hold three or four people.

A letter from Mr. Albert Way to Mr. J. Jope Rogers, of Penrose, was then read. It referred to a celt, a photograph of which had been sent to Mr. Way. The following is an

extract :

THE annual meeting of this Society was held in the upper room of the Ashmolean Museum on Wednesday, November 15, when the following gentlemen were elected officers of the Society for the ensuing year:-President, the Rev. the President of Trinity; Honorary Secretaries, the Rev. J. S. Treacher, M.A., and Mr. J. P. Earwaker; Librarian, Mr. E. G. Bruton; Treasurer, Mr. James Parker; Auditors, the Rev. S. Edwardes, and G. Ward, Esq.; Committee, Professor Westwood, Professor Stubbs, Professor Burrows, the Rev. W. Jackson, the Rev. C. W. Boase, the Rev. W. E. Daniel, and G. T. Pilcher, G. H. Morrell, G. W. Waters, and W. Nanson, Esqrs.

"The double-looped palstave is of considerable rarity. In a recent Archæological Journal, No. 108, we gave two Mr. James Parker said he had two letters to read to the in a memoir by Lord Talbot on antiquities in Spain, where Society. One was in connection with No. 9 of the Society's they were found. They have also occurred in Portugal. series of excursions last year, from the Rev. W. H. Price, of Yours, however, is of a true British type, and I may con- Somerton Rectory, Deddington, saying that he had enclosed gratulate you on having the largest and best. For a good a statement of what was suggested with regard to the relong time I believed Lord Talbot's to be unique. There is storation of an old cross in that place, and that they would none in the British Museum. It is remarkable that amongst be glad of any contributions towards the same; also, that hundreds of palstaves with one ear or loop, and with no they would be glad to receive any suggestions respecting its loop, the two-looped should not abound, if, as is probable, restoration. The statement alluded to showed that estithe loop served as some means of attachment to the haft. mates had been obtained from three experienced men for Two would obviously make a better fix than one. We have the entire enlargement of the basement of the cross in a mould, perhaps two, for socketed celts with two loops, cement, each old stone to be replaced in its original position, but no actual celt of the type has, to my knowledge, occurred the void places to be filled up with corresponding new in the British Isles. There is, I think, in the British stone, and the shaft to be strengthened with cement and Museum, a double looped celt of this fashion, from Kertch." cramps. The estimated expense of the work was Iol. The A short paper read by Mr. W. C. Borlase, on the discovery other letter was from Mr. H. W. Westropp, of Ventnor, of some urns in barrows, on the edge of the cliff at Angrouse, Isle of Wight, enclosing a sketch of a small lighthouse on in Mullion, was also communicated. The pottery was very St. Catherine's Down, about seven miles from Ventnor. ancient, and one of the implements found was considered The writer stated that he believed it to be a fanal or lanto be the rudest, and most barbarous, ever observed interne des morts, as it was built in connection with a sepulCornwall.

The other matters brought before the meeting had reference chiefly to mining, the council's report, and the election of officers for the ensuing year.

LIVERPOOL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. THE members and' friends of this society held their first annual dinner on Tuesday evening, the 21st November, at the Bee Hotel, Queen's Square. A soiree was afterwards held in the upper saloon, presided over by Mr. Heywood Chapman, the president of the society, who, in his opening remarks, said the number of members was continually in creasing; that, through the kindness of the library and

chral chapel. The fanal and chapel were said to have been erected in 1323 by Walter de Godyton, who added an endowment for a priest to sing masses for his soul and the souls of his ancestors. On the east side can be seen where it was connected with the sepulchral chapel, which seemed to have a kind of resemblance to the tower and chapel at Clonmacnoise. It also faces the four cardinal points. All this seemed to bear out his view of the connection between the faunause and the round towers of Ireland. With regard to the cross at Deddington, mentioned in the first letter, Mr. Parker said that it was in a very unsatisfactory state, and that a few pounds would prevent the cross from disappearing altogether.

The Chairman said that that was a subject to be considered by the committee, and not at the general meeting, and

The Chairman expressed an opinion that the committee ought to do nothing more than acknowledge the receipt of the letter. The other question mentioned in the second letter was one of considerable interest. The round towers A MEETING of this Society was held on Thursday, Noof Ireland he had no doubt were, to a certain extent, light-vember 16, when W. W. S. Vaux, Esq., President, was in houses, as well as places where the monks used to resort to. the chair. He thought the lantern on St. Catherine's Down was used as a lighthouse.