had the greater part of their cerebral hemispheres been removed by the knife. None of the other normal kittens showed anything like so sudden and complete a collapse.

In a series of experiments upon dogs which, it was intended, should be continued during the length of their natural lives, neither pains nor expense was spared to obtain animals as comparable as possible and of good stock. The four cocker spaniels presented in Fig. 5 were finally selected, and for all purposes of the experiment they have been in breed and strain all that could be desired. Although belonging to two not closely related kennels, the four happened to have been born on the same day, February 22, 1895.

April 29 they weighed as follows:

Topsy and Tipsy are sisters, Nig and Bum, brothers from their respective litters.1

After preliminary study, in order to discover minor differences in disposition, health, or character of the dogs, it was decided to give the alcohol to the more vigorous pair, Tipsy and Bum. Accordingly its administration, in the form of tested, chemically pure alcohol, thoroughly mixed with their chief meal, was begun on May 24 following.2

The dogs were weighed, at first daily, later once a week, and their growth may be read from Fig. 6, together with that of a subsequent group to be described later. No "stunting" effect of alcohol as administered is to be found in this growth chart. Probably four puppies could not be found to grow more uniformly under ordinary treatment. Measurements also showed that the bony frame in each of the dogs was about the same

1 The only apology I have to offer for the names is that in long-continued experiments of this kind names must be chosen for daily use, and need to be, with dogs, phonetically distinct, to avoid confusion. I thought it also desirable for long series of notes and descriptions that the name suggest the treatment to which the animal was subjected.

2 Alcohol, ordered for the purpose from Kahlbaum, was used throughout the experiments, and each lot was especially tested. The plan of the experiments, with the sub-committee's approval, was to give as large doses as possible short of producing noticeable intoxication. This dose was found for the dogs to be four cubic centimetres per kilogramme of body weight. For further details, refer to Appleton's Popular Science Monthly, April, 1897.

in relation to the others as its weight. That is, there was no evidence of excessive development of fat that might have kept up the weight while the framework of the body remained undersized. Since both "stunting" and accumulation of fat are often insisted upon as due to direct effects of alcohol, these are important facts in its general physiology.

Before passing to topics of more general physiological interest, we may turn aside for a moment to consider briefly three series of collateral experiments.

The first of these, begun in April, 1896, had for its object the testing of ordinary commercial liquors, an ordinary whiskey, wine, and beer. Three puppies of the same strain and from the same litter were secured, and the respective liquors were administered as indicated again by the names of the dogs. Their growth chart, with Topsy's and Tipsy's superimposed for corresponding months, is given in Fig. 6. Frisky and Winnie are seen to grow normally, while Berry falls considerably below. Their health remained apparently good until June, when they all broke out with eczema, Berry having it worst, Winnie not quite so bad, and Frisky lightest of all. The growth of Frisky and Winnie, at least, indicates the absence of deleterious ingredients in the wine and whiskey, and it is certainly going beyond the evidence to attribute the eczema to anything except the water in the liquors. This was its first appearance in the kennel, and neither Tipsy nor Bum was affected. Kennel manuals uniformly caution against making the food of puppies "sloppy," chiefly on account of danger from eczema, and the percentages of water in the liquors (whiskey, 67%, wine, 82%, beer, 95.7%) made this necessary, especially with the wine and beer, if amounts of alcohol at all comparable with the other experiments were given.

Two more experiments were made to test whether Berry's deficient growth should be considered a beer effect. One of these consisted in selecting three of Topsy's male puppies as

1 Frisky's dose was 100 cc. of whiskey, of 33%; Winnie's, 120 cc. of wine, Burgundy, of 18%; and the largest amount that Berry could be induced to take was 125 cc. of beer, of 4.3%, alcohol content. The fate of each of these dogs may conveniently be stated here as follows: Berry was run over on the street and killed in the fall of 1896, Winnie died of distemper the following summer, and Frisky is still alive.