Constables, high and petty, office and duty ot, ii. 153.

Constabulary of Ireland, ii. 251, 457. Constitution of England, historical sketch of, ii. 77. Division of, into three periods, 81. I. From the Conquest to the close of the wars of York and Lancaster, ib. II. From Henry VII. to the Revolution, 89. III. From the Revolution to the present time, 94. Leading principle of the Reform Act, 96.

Constitution of Ireland, ii. 227–240. Sketch of its political history, ib. Modelled on that of England, 240. Pentarchy of kings, with sovereign paramount, ib. Hereditary descent, but elective succession, 227. Charters granted by English monarchs, 240. The Irish kings tributary to England, ib. Parliament of Ireland, 241. Difficulty of investigation increased by its peculiar organization, ib. Magna Concilia, ib. Rejection of the Irish from the English constitution, ib. Calamities that have resulted from this impolicy, 242. Black mail, ib. Functions of the chief governor, ib. Duration of parliament, ib. Summons to an English parliament, ib. Impolitic measures of the English government, ib. Statute of Kilkenny, 243. Poynings' law, ib. Policy of Henry VIII., 244. Establishment of the Protestant Church, ib. First national parliament, ib. Mode of passing laws, 245. Cromwell's project, ib. Measures of James II.; cancelled by William, ib. Characteristics of, after the Restoration, ib. Position of the English government in Ireland, 246, 247. Differences on international policy, ib. Final adjustment, ib. Question of the regency, 248. Concessions to the Catholics; the Union, ib. Catholic emancipation, 249. Reform Act, ib. The Lord-Lieutenant, his functions, &c., 250. Chief secretary, ib. Constitution of Scotland, historical sketch of, ii. 202. House of Stuart, 203. The feudal system, ib. 204. The representative system, 205. The parliament formed but one chamber: its powers, 206. The "Lords of the Articles," 207. The Act of Union with England, 210. Mode of choosing their representatives, ib. Electors for shires, 211. Electors for boroughs, 212. Provisions of the Reform Act, 213. Proprietors; tenants, 214. Occupancy, 215. Ownership, ib. Administration of justice, 217-226. Consumption, disease of, ii. 607, 615, 616,

621.

Conveyancers, ii. 155.

Convicts. See Prisoners.
Convicted on trial, number of prisoners, in
England and Wales, ii. 482-489. In
Scotland, 491-494. In Ireland, 495, 496.

| Convocation of the clergy, ii. 258.
Copper, abundance of, in Cornwall, i. 614.
Production of, 615. Quantity raised in
Wales, &c., ib. Famous mines in the
Parys mountain, ib. Produce of, in the
United Kingdom, ib. Copper ores trans-
mitted to Swansea for smelting, 616.
Quantity sold in Cornwall, &c., ib. Total
produce, ib. Gross value of, ib. Quan-
tity exported, ib. Working of the mines
in Cornwall, ib. Payment to the miners,
617. Uncertainty of the returns from
mining, ib. Profits from various mines,
ib. Great expenses of working some of
them, ib. Capital vested in the mines of,
ib. Number of persons employed in. 617.
Copper manufactures, value of, i. 734.
Exports of, 735.

Copy hold courts, ii. 173.
Copy hold estates, i. 450.
Cordies, or coarse hats, manufacture of, i.

762.

Corfu, amount of sickness among British
troops at, ii. 590-592.
Coriander, i. 484.

Cork, county of, i. 372.
Corn, importation of from Ireland into
Great Britain, i. 572. Fiars, prices of,
ii. 290.

Corn laws, operation of the, ii. 8. Restric-
tions to terminate in 1849, ib.
Cornwall, county of, i. 214.
Coroner, his office and power, ii. 150. His
court, 179. None in Scotland, 224.
Corporation, defined, ii. 189.
Corporations, municipal, ii. 189. History
and constitution of boroughs, 190. Char-
ters of incorporation first granted by
Henry VI., 193. Whom they compre-
hended, ib. Final establishment of, re-
ferable to the Tudors, 194. Corporate
officers, ib. Property vested in them, ib.
Functions and privileges of, ib. Modes
of admission into, ib. Scope and tenour
of the governing charters, 195. Restric-
tion of the parliamentary franchise by
the Crown charters; resisted by the
House of Commons, ib. Varieties of the
franchise by inhabitancy, by tenure, by
personal qualification, ib. Franchise of
distinct from the parliamentary, 196,
Test and Corporation Acts, ib. Writs of
quo warranto; aggression of the Crown,
b. Proclamation of James II., restoring
the old charters, ib. Political importance
of, 197. Became close or rotten boroughs,
ib. Parliamentary franchise of, modified
by the Reform Act, ib. Report of the
Commissioners as to the state of, 198.
Organic reform of, by Act of Parliament;
its provisions, 200. Statistics of the
growth of, 201. Summary of results,
202. Aggregate property. ib.
Correction, houses of. See Prisons.

Cotswold Hills, the, i. 11.

Cottages in England, i. 466.

Cotton goods, fall in the price of; statistics, i. 685. Official and declared value of exports, 687. Cotton manufacture, its introduction, i. 673. Custom-house returns, 674. Invention of Hargreave's spinning jenny, 675. The spinning frame, ib. Arkwright's patent, 676. The mule jenny, 677. Inadequate parliamentary grant to Crompton, the inventor, ib. Self-acting mule, ib. The power-loom, 678. Number of looms in work; the process described, 679. Imports and exports of cotton wool, 680. Whence derived, 681. Whitney's invention, 682. Statistics of the supply of cotton wool, 683. Price per lb. since 1816, ib. Reduced price of cotton goods; statistics, 685. Increase in the proportion of coarse to fine goods, ib. Export of cotton goods, 686-689. Present value of the manufacture, 688. Capital invested, ib. Persons employed, 689. Wages paid, ib. Profits, 690. Aggregate value, ib. Distribution of the manufacture, 691. Of Scotland, 692. Ireland, 694. Statistics of the factories, 693-696. Condition of the labourers; statistics of earnings, 694-696. Handloom weavers, 696-698. Health of persons employed in factories, 698-703. Statistics, 702. Summary of persons employed, 721. Statutory regulations as to employment of children in factories, ib. Cotton gloves, 739. Cotton wool, imports and exports of, i. 674-680. Sources whence derived, 681. American, termed sea-island and upland, ib. Whitney's invention, 682. Statistics of the supply of, 683. Price per lb. since 1816, ib.

Of

Cotton yarn, statistics of prices, i. 687. Official and declared value of, 689. Councils, of the King, ii. 143. Peers, ib. Privy Council, ib. Cabinet Council, ib. Councillors in Boroughs, ii. 200. Counties of England, forty, i. 137. Northern Division, 142. Northumberland, ib. Cumberland, 145. Durham, 146. Yorkshire, 148. Westmoreland, 150. Lancashire, 151. Counties bordering on Wales, 154. Cheshire, ib. Shropshire, or Salop, 155. Herefordshire, 157. Monmouthshire, 158. Midland Counties, 159. Nottinghamshire, ib. Derbyshire, 161. Staffordshire, 163. Leicestershire, 165. Rutland, 166. Northamptonshire, ib. Warwickshire, 168. Worcestershire, 170. Gloucestershire, ib. Oxfordshire, 172. Buckinghamshire, 174. Bedfordshire,

175.

Eastern District, 176. Lincolnshire, ib. Huntingdonshire, 180. Cambridgeshire, 181. Norfolk, 182. Suf

189.

folk, 185. Essex, 186. Hertfordshire, Middlesex, 190. South-eastern District, 195. Surrey, ib. Kent, 197. Sussex, 200. Southern District, 202. Berkshire, ib. Wiltshire, 204. Hampshire, Southampton, or Hants, 206. Dorsetshire, 209. South western District, 210. Somersetshire, ib. Devonshire, 212. Cornwall, 214. Population in 1851, and Members, Electors, and Pollingplaces for each in 1851-1852, exclusive of Cities and Boroughs, ii. 115. Counties of Ireland, thirty-two, 1. 364. Leinster: Wexford, 365. Kilkenny, 366. Carlow, or Catherlough, ib. Wicklow, 367. Dublin, ib. Kildare, 368. Queen's County, 369. King's County, ib. Westmeath, 370. Longford, ib. Meath, ib. Louth, 371. Munster: Cork, 372. Kerry, 373. Limerick, 375. Tipperary, 377. Waterford, 378. Clare, 379. Ulster: Cavan, 380. Fermanagh, 381. Monaghan, 382. Armagh, ib. Down, 383. Antrim, 385. Londonderry, ib. Tyrone, 386. Donegal, 387. Connaught: Galway, 388. Mayo, 389. Roscommon, 390. Leitrim, 391. Sligo, 392. Population in 1851, and Members, Electors, and Polling-places for each (exclusive of Cities and Boroughs), in 1851, ii.

118.

Counties of Scotland, thirty-three, i. 265. Wigtownshire, ib. Kirkcudbright, stewartry of, 266. Dumfriesshire, 268. Ayrshire, 269. Renfrewshire, 271. Lanarkshire, or Clydesdale, ib. Peeblesshire, 274. Selkirkshire, ib. Roxburghshire, or Teviotdale, 276. Berwickshire, 277. East Lothian, or Haddingtonshire, 278. Mid Lothian, or Edinburghshire, 281. West Lothian, or Linlithgowshire, 282. Stirlingshire and Clackmannan, ib. Fifeshire, 284. Kinross-shire, 285. Dumbartonshire, 286. Argyleshire, ib. Perthshire, 288. Angus, or Forfarshire, 290. Kincardineshire, or the Mearns, 292. Aberdeenshire, 293. Banffshire, 296. Moray, or Elginshire, 297. Nairnshire, ib. Inverness-shire, ib. Ross-shire, 300. Cromartyshire, ib. Sutherland, 303. Caithness, 304. Buteshire, 306. Orkney and Shetland, 315. Population in 1851, and Members, Electors, and Polling-places for each in 1851, exclusive of Cities and Burghs, ii. 117.

Counties of Wales, i. 216.
Counties palatine, i. 137. Courts of, ii 156.
County courts, ii. 80, 172.
County officers, ii. 148.
County rates, of England and Wales, com-
parison of, at two periods, ii. 423. Money
levied for, 424. Of Scotland, 426. Of
Ireland, ib. 427.

Country banks, consequences of defective

constitution of, ii. 35. Clause of Act of 1708, relating to, repealed, 36. Forbidden to issue notes of less value than 51., ib. Notes of practically and in fact a legal tender, ib. Crisis of 1836, 38. Sir R. Peel's measures of 1844-5, for their improvement, 39. Maximum authorized circulation. 41.

ib. Extent of his civil jurisdiction, ib. Appeal from in civil cases to the Court of Session and Judges on the Circuit, 222. In criminal cases to the Court of Justiciary, 224. Constitution of Court of Session, 217. Salaries of the judges, 218. Jurors, 222, 225. The Teind Court, 222. Court of Justiciary, 223.

tion, ib. Present state of, 162. In Scotland, 217.

1.

Courts of civil jurisdiction, ii. 163. House of Lords, ib. 2. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, ib.__ 3. Court of Chancery, 164. 4. The Exchequer Chamber, 165. 5. King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, ib. Juries, 166. Relative functions of the Courts, ib. Courts of Assize and Nisi Prius, ib. 171. Courts of the counties palatine, ii. 156. Courts, criminal, ii. 173. House of Lords, ib. Court of King's Bench, 176. Courts of Oyer and Terminer and Gaol Delivery, ib. Central Criminal Court, 177. sions of the Peace, ib. General, and General Quarter Sessions, ib. Special and Petit or Petty Sessions, 179. Tourn and Courts Leet, ib. Court, ib.

Courts Leet, ii. 179.

Courts of Equity, ii. 156, 182.

Ses

Sheriff's Coroner's

The Court of Chancery, or Court of the Lord Chancellor, 156-164. The Rolls and ViceChancellor's Courts, 156. House of Lords, as a court of appeal, ib. The Bankruptcy Court, 156-161. Insolvent Debtors' Court, 156. The Ecclesiastical Courts, ib. The Admiralty Courts, ib. Courts of Justice in England, ii. 153. Diversity of jurisdiction, 154. Officers of, ib. The Saxon judicial system, 157. The feudal system, ib.

Courts of Justice of Ireland, ii. 251. Court of Chancery, ib. Courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, ib. Privy Council, 252. Prerogative Court; Court of Admiralty; Court of Bankruptcy; Insolvent Debtors' Court, ib. Process of civil bill, ib. Courts of Quarter Petty Sessions, ib. Boroughs hold courts, ib. Manors may hold courts of record, 253. Courts of Justice in Scotland, ii. 217. Institution of the Court of Session, ib. Increased efficiency of the Supreme Court, 218, 219. Improvements in the Sheriffs' Courts, ib. Abolition of the Admiralty and Consistorial Courts, 219. The inferior courts, ib. Appeal from Court of Session to the House of Lords. 217, 222. Bailie courts, 219. Functions of the justices of peace, 220. Sheriff-principal, called improperly Sheriff-depute, ib. Sheriff-substitute, ib. Executive duties of the sheriff,

Courts of the Market, or Pie Poudre, ii. 173.

Covenanters, ii. 296.

Coventry, chief seat of ribbon manufac ture, i. 718.

Crape, manufacture of, i. 664. Silk, 719.
Cretaceous series, i. 65.

Crimes, division of, into five classes, ii. 471.
Capital punishments for, 478. Secondary
punishments for, 479. Returns of, 480.
Statistics of, 482-496.
Criminal Prisoners. See Prisoners.
Criminal Courts, ii. 173.
Croach Patrick, elevation of, i. 325.
Cromartyshire, i. 300.
Crops, alternation of, i. 473. Convertible
husbandry, 474. Cultivated, 474-486.
Of Scotland, 489. Of Ireland, 529. Quan-
tity and value of, in England, 549. In
Scotland, 563. In Ireland, 571.
Crown Glass. See Glass Manufacture.
Cruachen Ben, situation and altitude of, i.

229.

Crystal. See Glass Manufacture. Cumberland, county of, i. 145. Cumbrian or Northern Range, i 72. Curates of England, ii. 275. Perpetual and stipendiary, ib. Inadequate payment of, ib. Number and stipends of, 276. Perpetual, of Ireland, 303. Currents, atmospheric, i. 85. How modified, ib.

Custom-houses, gross and nett receipts at, ii. 26.

Customs' duties, gross and nett produce of, ii. 26-28. Historical account of, 394. Statistics of, 1849-51, 409. Table of rates of, 410.

Custos Rotulorum, his rank and functions, ii. 150.

Cutlery, manufacture of, i. 729-31. Ex-
ports of, 735.
Cuttlefish, i. 132.
Cyder, i. 485.

Dairy, the, in Great Britain, i. 500. Milk, ib. Butter, ib. Cheese, 501. In Ireland, 532.

Danes, the, ii. 79.

Deacons, ordination of, ii. 255. Dean of Guild, office of, ii. 219. Deans of Faculty, office of, ii. 218.

Deans, ii. 265.

In Church of England, 268. Of Ireland, 303 Deans and Chapters, ii. 263. Emoluments of, ib. 301.

Death, causes of, ii. 609.

Number of deaths by each disease in London, 610-29. Death, sentence of. See Sentence of Death. Deaths, proportion of, to the population, i. 406-417. Decrease of, in the Navy, ii. 470. See also Mortality.

Debt, National. See National Debt.
Debts of British India, ii. 541.

Debtors, court for the relief of insolvent, ii. 186. Number of prisoners for debt, 509, 510.

Dee, English river, i. 42. Scotch rivers, 237, 240.

Deer, i. 508.

Degrees granted at the University, ii. 337. Delft ware, manufacture of, i. 743. Demerara, statistics of, ii. 536.

ib. Catholics, ib. Jews, 281. Number of, ib. Statistics of, ib.

Dissenters, Irish, ii. 305. Roman Catholics, ib. Presbyterians, 306. Numbers of the different sects, 307. Statistics, 308. Dissenters, Scotch, ii. 293. Free Church, 291. Secession Church; its origin, 293. Seceders divided into Burghers and antiBurghers, ib. Reunited in 1821, 294. Numbers of seceders, ib. Constitution, &c. ib. Course of study for the ministry, ib. Stipends. 295. Associate Synod of Original Seceders, ib. Relief Synod, 296. Reformed Presbyterian Synod, ib. Scotch Presbyterians are all Calvinists, ib. Scotch Episcopal Church, ib. Independent churches, 297. Other religious sects, ib. Roman Catholics, ib. cation, 298. Summary, 299. Distemper in gaols. See Gaol Distemper. Distilleries, i. 760. Statistics, ib.

Edu

Denbighshire. See Wales.

Dengeness, i. 61.

Denmark, trade with, ii. 13.

Dependencies. See Colonies.

Derbyshire, i. 161.

Dialect. See English Language.

Derwentwater, lake, i. 46.

Dominica, statistics of, ii. 536.

the, ii. 416-418.

Diocesan Courts, ii. 187.

Dioceses, extent and population of, ii. 260. Nett revenue of the, 261, 262. In Ire. land, 300. Table of appropriations and impropriations, 268. Distribution of patronage in, 272. Value of benefices in, 276. In Ireland, 304. Discipline; of the Navy, ii. 465. In Prisons. See Prison Discipline. Diseases, ii. 596. Classification of, ib. Epidemics, ib. Endemics, 603. Sporadic, 604. Insanity, 605. Consumption, 607. Stone, ib. Venereal disease, 608. Among white troops in Jamaica, 609. Fatal, and the causes of death, ib. Statistics, 610613. Scarlet fever, 612. Remarks, ib. Fever, plague, and dysentery, ib. Smallpox, 614. Measles, ib. Fever, ib. Cholera, ib. Inflammations, ib. Consump tion, 615. Dropsy, ib. Fatal, at different ages, ib. 624. Statistics of deaths from, 616-620. Remarks, ib. Suggestions as to the best means of preventing, 624. Dispensaries in Ireland, ii. 684. Dissenters, English, ii. 279.

The Methodists, ib. Independents, or Congregationalists, ib. Baptists, or Anabaptists, 280. Presbyterians, ib. Quakers or Friends,

Donegal, county of, i. 387.
Dorsetshire, i. 209.
Down, county of, i. 383.

Drainage of land in England, i. 580. In
Scotland, 593. In Ireland, 516.

Dropsy, ii. 615.

Dry rot in timber; one sort of, a species of fungi, i. 104. Havock committed by it in the Navy, ii. 461, 462. Druggets, manufacture of, i. 664. Drunkenness, offence of, ii. 472. Dublin, county of, i. 367. City of, 368. University of, ii. 378.

Dukes, number of, in the House of Lords, ii. 98. Origin of the title, 99. Dumfriesshire, i. 268. Dumbartonshire, i. 286. Dundee, chief seat of linen manufacture, i. 704.

Dunfermline, principal seat of table linen manufacture, i. 707. Durham, county of, i. 146. Immense coalfields of, 599. University of, ii. 359. Duty, on coal repealed, i. 605. On tin abolished, 614. On salt repealed, 622. On tiles repealed, 623. On bricks, ib. On raw silk repealed, 720. On glass repealed, 744. On paper, 750. On advertisements, 754. On malt, 757, 758. On

beer repealed, 759. On spirits, 760, 761. On hats reduced, 763. On soap, 764. On candles repealed, ib. On coaches, 765. On corn ceased in 1839, ii. 8. On imports and exports, 22-27. Dyeing silk, cost of, i. 719. Dysentery, ii. 613.

Belfast AcaSt. Jarlath's

ib. Maynooth College, ib. demical Institution, 386. College, Tuam, 387. St. Patrick's College, Carlow, ib. St. Kyran's College, Kilkenny, ib. The Catholic Missionary College of All Hallows, near Drumcondra, Dublin, ib. Public classical schools, b. Of the lower classes, 389. Statistics, 390, 391.

98. Origin of the title, 99.

Earl Marshal, ii. 146.

Earne river, salmon fishery in, i. 628. Earthenware manufacture; the Potteries, i. 741. Wedgwood's inventions, ib. Chinaware, 742. Statistics, ib. 743.

East India Company, revenue and expenditure of, ii. 537. Sickness among the

labourers in the service of, 575, 576, 589. East Indies. See India.

East Lothian, or Haddingtonshire, i. 278. Changes in the coast of, 243.

Ecclesiastical Commissioners; reforms proposed or carried out by them, ii. 261, 265, 273, 274.

Ecclesiastical Courts, ii. 156, 160. Classi

fication of, 186. Provincial courts; their constitution, ib. Court of Arches, ib. Prerogative Courts, 187, 252. Court of Peculiars, 187. Diocesan courts, ib. Archdeacon's courts, ib. Range of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 187, 188. Doctor's Commons, ib. Of Scotland, 285. Ecclesiastical Laws, foundation of, ii. 162. Eddystone lighthouse, i. 56. Eden, river, i. 45.

Edinburgh, city of, i. 281. University of, ii. 361.

Edinburghshire, i. 281.

Educated persons following miscellaneous pursuits; number of in Great Britain, ii. 524.

Education in England and Wales, ii. 311. Sunday schools, 313. National schools, ib. British and Foreign School Society, 314. Summary of education returns, ib. Free, Endowed, and Grammar schools, 315. Eton College, 317. Winchester College, 323. Westminster College, 324. The Charterhouse, ib. St. Paul's School, 325. Merchant Tailors' School, 326. Christ's Hospital, ib. City of London, 327. Harrow, ib. Rugby School, 328. Reading, Repton, Manchester, and Shrewsbury Schools, 329. Income of endowed schools, ib. Universities, 330. Oxford, 332. Cambridge, 350. University College, London, 357. King's College, 358. University of London, ib. Of Durham, 359. College of St. David's, Lampeter, ib. Mechanics' Institutes, ib. Education in Ireland, ii. 377. Trinity College, Dublin, 378. New Colleges, 384. College of St. Columba Slackallen,

Catholics, 298. Literary history, 359. Monasteries, 360. ForeignUniversities, ib. Scotch Universities, ib. Bursaries, 362. Patronage, ib. Classes, ib. Synoptical view, 363. Lectureships, 364. Constitution of the Universities, ib. Number of officers and professors, 365. Number of students, ib. Graduates in medicine, 367. College discipline, ib. History of parochial schools, 368. Salary of schoolmasters, 370. Number of schools, 371, Branches of education, ib. Induction of schoolmasters, ib. Burgh schools, 372. School fees, &c. ib. Society for propaga ting Christian Knowledge, 373. Statistics, 374. General Assembly's Education Committee, ib. Normal schools, 376. Schools of the Secession Church, ib. Private or voluntary schools, 377. Mechanics' Institutions, ib.

Eels, imported from Holland, i. 640.
Eggs, trade in, i. 508.

Elders, ordination of, ii. 285.
Election, method of holding a parliamentary,
ii. 109.

Electors of members of Parliament, disqua

lifications of, ii. 103. Qualification of, for counties, 104, 214. For boroughs, 105, 215. Number of, 115-124. Elevation of principal mountains in England and Wales, 14-16. In Scotland, 233. In Ireland, 325. Elginshire, i. 297. Emancipation of Slaves, Act for the, ii. 533. Emigrants, number of from the United

Kingdom during 21 years, ending with 1845, with their destination, ii. 532. Enclosure Acts, passed since the Revolution; number of acres enclosed, i. 579. Enclosures and fences of land, i. 467. Endemic diseases, ii. 603. Endowed schools, ii. 315. Income of, 329. Engines. See Steam Engines. Engineers, corps of, ii. 440. England, the southern part of Great Britain, i. 1. Statistics of, treated separately, ib. Etymology of the name, 3. Figure and extent, ib. Area, 4. Statistics, 5, 6. Face of the country, 7. Mountains, 8. Moorlands, 16. Heaths, 18. Vales, ib. Wealds, 23. Fens, 24. Marshes, 28. Plains, 31. Rivers and river ports, 32. Lakes, 43. Sea coast and seaports, 46. Latitude and longitude of the principal