headlands, 63. Geology, 64. Climate,

Fisheries, Woollen, 650.

Silk, 713.

Classi

84. Botany, 99. Zoology, 109. Civil divisions, 135. Roman provinces, ib. Heptarchy, 136. Counties or shires, 137. Trethings, trithings, or tridings, 138. Lathes and rapes, ib. Hundreds, 139. Wards and wapentakes, 140. Tithings, ib. Sokes, ib. Parishes, ib. Towns, 142. Counties of, ib. Northern division, ib. Counties bordering on Wales, 154. Midland counties of, 159. Eastern district of, 176. South-eastern district of, 195. Southern district of, 202. Southwestern district of, 210. Population of, 394. Agriculture, 450. Timber, 543. Mines and minerals, 596. 625. Manufactures, 643. Cotton, 673. Linen, 703. Hardware, watches, jewellery, &c., 722. Leather, 737. Earthenware and glass, 741. Paper, books, newspapers, &c. 747. Malt; breweries and distilleries, 755. Hats, soap, refined sugar, &c. 761. Commerce, ii. 1. Money, 29. Banks, 31. Roads, 48. Railways, 56. Post-offices, 61. Canals, ib. Shipping, 68. fication of the population, 75. English constitution, 77. Parliament; House of Lords, 98. House of Commons, 103. Procedure in parliament, 124. The executive; the King, 138. King's Councils, 143. Officers of State and King's Ministers, 145. Officers of justice, 147. Courts of justice, 153. Courts of civil jurisdiction, 163. Juries, 166. Criminal Courts, 173. Courts of equity, 182. Court of Bankruptcy, 184. Court for relief of Insolvent Debtors, 186. Ecclesiastical Courts and Courts of Admiralty, ib. Municipal corporation, 189. Established Church, 253. Dissenters, 279. Education, 311. Revenue and expenditure, 392. Local taxation and expenditure, 423. National debt, 428. Army, Militia, &c., 437. Navy, 458. Crimes, Punishments. and Prisons, 471. Improved condition of the people, 511. Classification and income of the people, 523. Colonies and dependencies, 526. Vital statistics, 541. Poor Laws, 625. Friendly Societies, 708. Savings' banks, 710. Savings' bank annuities, 712. Private charities, 713. The language of, ib.

English church. See Church of England. English Language, the historical events influencing its origin, ii. 713. Relics of Anglo-Saxon literature, 715. Norman French, 716. Specimen of versification a century after the Conquest, 717. Quotation from a metrical history by Robert of Gloucester, 718. Robert of Brunne, 719. His translation from Langtoft, ib. "Vision of Piers Plowman," ib. Specimen of prose from Wycliffe, 720. Chaucer,

721. Selection from his "Canterbury Tales," 722. Anglo-Saxon vocabulary predominant in the fourteenth century, ib. Introduction of words from the Latin, ib. Simple, energetic style of Barbour, ib. False taste of Hoccleve, Lydgate, and Hawes; communicated to the Scottish poets, ib. Dunbar, 723. Gower, ib. Specimen from Hoccleve, ib. Fifteenth century unfavourable to its progress, ib. Prose specimen from Fortescue, ib. Quotation from Sir Thomas More, 724; extract from his life by Roper, 725. Evidence of improvement; extract from Cranmer's works, ib. Specimen from Sir Thomas Elyot, 726. John Poynet, 727. Quotation from, ib. Earl of Surrey; his great improvement in versification, 728. Introduces heroic blank verse, ib. His sonnet on Wyatt, ib. On Spring, 729. By the close of the sixteenth century, its present form and structure nearly attained, ib. Improvement of taste; Lilly the grammarian, ib. Ascham and Haddon, ib. Leland, ib. Copious enrichment of, ib. Shakspeare and Spenser; Bacon and Raleigh, ib. Seventeenth century produced men of great crudition, 730. Scholastic taste; metaphysical subtleties, ib. Compass, power, and harmony of, illustrated by Milton's Paradise lost, ib. Dryden, ib. Engrossing, penalties against, repealed, ii. 5, 474.

Enlistment, ii. 442-446.
Ennerdale-water, lake, i. 46.
Enrolment of seamen, ii. 464.
Entomology of Great Britain, i. 132.
Epidemic diseases, ii. 596. Statistics of,
597-603.

Episcopal church, ii. 253. In Scotland,

296..

Episcopacy in Scotland, attempt to establish, ii. 282, 283.

Error, writ of, ii. 181.
Eruptive fevers, ii. 620.
Esks, North and South, rivers, i. 237.
Essex, county of, i. 186. Changes on the
coast of, 47.

Essequibo, statistics of, ii. 536.
Estates in England and Wales, i. 450.
Freehold, ib. Copyhold, ib. Leasehold,
ib. Magnitude of, ib. Number of pro-
prietors, ib. Gross rental, 451. Average
income of, ib. Of the larger class ma-
naged by stewards, ib.
Eton College, ii. 317.
European colonies belonging to Great Bri-
tain, statistics of, ii. 536.
Evaporation, average annual amount of,
near London. i. 86.
Ex, river, i. 45.

Exchequer, Court of, in England, ii. 156, 165 In Ireland, 251.

422.

Exports, of coal, i. 599, 605. Of iron, 610, 613. Of tin, 614. Of copper, 616. Of lead, 619. Of salt, 620. Of pilchards, 636. Of herrings, 632, 640. Öf oysters from Jersey, 637. Of cod, ling, &c., 639. Of woollen manufactures, 654. Of cotton goods, 674-689. Of cotton wool, 674683. Of linen, sail-cloth, &c., 705. From Ireland, 711. Of linen goods, 712. Of thread, tapes, &c., ib. Of silk manufactures, 716. Of hardware and cutlery, 735. Of brass and copper articles, ib. Of plate, plated goods, jewellery, and watches, 737. Of leather, 739. Of saddlery, ib. Of earthenware, 743. Of glass, 747. Of soap and candles, 764. Of refined sugar, 765. From Ireland to Great Britain, &c., ii. 11, 12. Official value of, 18. Real or declared value of, 19. Foreign articles exported, 18, 19, 22, 26. Duties on, 22-28.

Exports and imports, tables of, ii. 18-26.

Factories, number of woollen, in Yorkshire, i. 661. In Gloucestershire, 663. In Wilts, ib. In Scotland, 667. In Ireland, 668. Of cotton, in Lancashire, 691. In Scotland, 692. In Ireland, 694. Statistics of, 693-702. Condition of labourers in, 694. Inspectors have thrown much light on the subject of factory labour, 698. Of flax in England, 703. In Scotland, 708. In Ireland, 710. Of silk in England, 720. Statutory regulations as to employment of children in, 721, 722. Statistics of persons employed in, 721. Table of sickness in, ii. 578-9, 590. Factory system, of the woollen manufacture, i. 668. Its extension, 669. Jealousy excited, ib. Report of Committee on, ib. Moral influence of, compared with the domestic system, 672. Health of the workmen, ib.

Falkland Islands, statistics of, ii. 536.

Fallows, i. 473. Average extent of in England and Wales, 549. In Scotland, 563. In Ireland, 571.

Families of England and Wales, i. 401.
Number of acres and persons to each, ib.
Of Scotland, 429. Of Ireland, 446.
Farm buildings, i. 466. Cottages, ib. Of
Scotland, 487. Of Ireland, 517.
Farmers, number of, in Great Britain, i.
594, 595.

Farms, size of, in England, i. 454-457. Entry to, 463. Size of, in Scotland, 568. Fees, payable to Scotch parochial schoolmasters, ii. 372.

Fellowships at the University, ii. 335. Felonies injurious to the king's prerogative, ii. 473.

Felt hats, manufacture of, i. 762. Females, proportion of, to males, i. 406. Comparative table of baptisms, burials, and marriages, 409. Ages of, buried, 1813-1830, 418. Duration of lives of, 419. In Scotland, 429. Ages of, 432. In Ireland, 446. Total number of in the factories, 721. See also Sexes.

Fences, i. 467.

Fens, the; historical notice of, i. 24. Attempts at drainage, 25. Charter to Earl of Bedford, &c., to drain, 26. Attempt of the Crown to infringe the contract; frustrated by the Convention Parliament, ib. Completion of the enterprise, ib. A corporation established; legislative enactments, ib. Division of, into three districts, ib. Present state, 27. Fermanagh, county of, i. 38. Ferns, i. 103.

Feudal law of property preserved in Scotland, ii. 204, 211.

Feudal system, ii. 79, 159, 204.
Fever, ii. 612-614. Deaths from, 616–620.
Fiars prices of corn, ii. 290.

Fictitious votes, manufacture of, ii. 97, 217.
Fife, shores of, i. 244. County of, 284.
Files, manufacture of, i. 731.
Findhorn, river, i. 238.
Fine, letting land by, i. 463.
Fingal's Cave, i. 251, 252.
Fire-arms, manufacture of, at Birmingham,
i. 724. Also in London, 733.
First fruits, ii. 304.

Fish, supply of, round Britain, inexhaustible, i. 625. Billingsgate the principal market; erroneous supposition of a monopoly, 626. Circumstances attending the supply of, ib. Fluctuation and decline of price of. Average cost of, 627. Not destroyed to enhance the price, ib. Sale of bad, prevented by inspector, ib. Fisheries, English, not extensive, though encouraged by bounties, i. 625. Of the rivers and coasts, and those of distant seas, 627. Salmon, ib. Herring, 630. Pilchard, 636. Oysters, 637. Lobsters,

ib. Cod, ib. Produce of the British in America, 639. Turbot fishery, 640. Mackarel, ib. Whale fishery, ib. Southern whale fishery, 642. Total value, ib. Fishermen, number of, in the herring fishery, i. 635. In the Jersey oyster fishery, 637. In the cod fishery, 639. Fish-hooks, manufacture of, i. 729, 734. Flag officers, all admirals are, ii. 463.

Pay

of, 465. Flannels, seat of manufacture in England, i. 661-665. Made chiefly in Wales, 665. In Scotland, 667. Also in Wicklow, 668. Flatting mills, i. 731.

Flax, i. 484. Crops of, in Ireland, 531. Produce and value of, in Scotland, 563. In Ireland, 571. Imports of, 705, 710. Flax-mills, in England and Wales, i. 703. Number of persons employed in, ib. In Scotland, 706, 708. In Great Britain, ib. Health of people in, ib. Summary of persons employed in, 721. Statutory regulations as to employment of children in, ib.

Fleecy hosiery, i. 665.

Flint glass. See Glass manufacture.
Flintshire. See Wales.

Flour, average proportion of, to grain, i. 477.

Florists, number of, in Great Britain, i. 594,

595.

Flowers, i. 100. Food, in prisons, ii. 502, 504. Improvements in, 511-520. Consumption of grain, 513. Injurious consequences to the labouring classes of being principally dependent on potatoes, 514. Great increase in the consumption of butchers' meat in England, 515. In Scotland, 519. Value of, annually consumed, 520. In workhouses, 663, 695. Foot-guards, regiments of, ii. 438, 448. Forces, number and description of the, ii. 448, 449. Distribution of, 455. Foreign trade. See Trade. Foreland, North and South, i. 61. Forestalling, penalties against, repealed. ii 5, 474.

Forest laws, ii. 477.
Forests, Royal, i. 545.
Forfarshire, i. 290.

Forgery, ii. 475. Punishments for, 477.
Forth, Frith of, i. 236, 243.
Forth, River, i. 236.

Fowling-pieces, manufacture of, i. 733.
Fowls, domestic, i. 117.

Foyle, river, i. 332. Salmon fishery of, 629.
France, trade with, ii. 15.

Franking of letters discontinued, ii. 407.
Free-schools, ii. 315.

Freedom, municipal, by whom conferred, ii. 193. The privilege obtained by the liverymen of London, ib. Transmissible by descent; hence by marriage, ib.

VOL. II.

Freehold estates, i. 450. Free Church of Scotland, ii. 291. Freeholders, attendance of, in Scotch Parliaments, ii. 204. Freeman. See Burgess. French Infantry, mortality among, ii. 555. Friendly Societies, proportions of the sick in, ii. 571, 582, 585, 586. Principles and utility of, 708. Extent of, 709. The great error of, hitherto, ib. Now established on a sound basis, ib. Regulations of, ib. Allowance of interest to, ib.

Friends, Society of, ii. 280.

Frith of Clyde, its direction, i. 247.
Frith of Forth, its direction, i. 243.
Fruit trees of Britain, i. 108.
Fuller's earth, used in the woollen manu-
facture, i. 623. Its exportation formerly
prohibited, ib. Less used now, ib. Con-
sumption of, ib.

Full pay. See Pay.
Funerals, See Burials.

Fund, Sinking. See Sinking Fund.
Funds, public. See National Debt.
Fungi, description of the various sorts of,
i. 104.

Gabel, revenue from a borough, ii. 191.
Galtymore, elevation of, i. 325.
Galway, county of, i. 388.
Gambia, statistics of, ii. 536.
Game Laws, origin of, ii. 477. Offences
against, ib.

Gaol distemper, eradication of, ii. 497. Sta.
tistics of gaol fever, 616, 617.
Gaols, table of mortality in, ii. 565-568.
Sickness in, 590. See also Prisons.
Gardens, value of, in England and Wales, i.
549. In Scotland, 563. In Ireland, 571.
Gardeners, number of, in Great Britain, i.
594, 595.

Gavelkind, tenure of, prevails in Kent, i. 24, 199. Law of, ii. 162.

General Assembly of the Scotch Church, ii. 286. Lord High Commissioner of, 287. Moderator of, ib.

General pardon, bill for, must emanate from the Crown, ii. 128.

Generative organs, deaths from diseases of, ii. 616-618.

Geneva spirits, quantity imported, i. 761. Geology of Great Britain, i. 64. Igneous rocks, ib. Aqueous rocks, ib. Strata; alluvial, ib. Post tertiary, ib. Tertiary series, ib. Cretaceous series, 65. Wealden series, ib. Oolitic series, ib. New red sandstone series, ib. Coal measures, ib. Carboniferous or mountain limestone, ib. Old red sandstone, ib. Devonian series, ib. Silurian series, 66. Disposition of the strata, ib. Encroachments of the sea; "Was Great Britain ever united to the Continent?" 67. Three geological

districts of England and Wales, 68. The alpine; forms three groups, ib. The Devonian, ib. The Cambrian, 71. The Cumbrian or Northern, 72. Coal districts, 74. Secondary formations, 78. Tertiary strata, 82. Mineral and thermal waters, 84. Limited influence of, on climate, 89.

Geology of Scotland, i. 249. The Hebrides, ib. Gneiss islands, ib. Trap islands, 250. Staffa; Fingal's Cave, 251, 252. Schistose isles, 252. Granite mountains, ib. Secondary strata of Arran, 253. Chlorite slate, ib. Granite, 254. Cairngorm stones, ib. Alpine plains, and valleys, ib. Lochs, ib. Few metallic ores, ib. Peninsular headlands; conglomerate hills, 255, Schist; basalt, ib. Great coal-field, 256. Lead-hills, 258. Geology of Ireland, i. 349. Differs greatly from England, ib. Primary and transition groups, ib. The alpine strata distributed into five districts, 350. Mineral productions, ib. Native gold, 351. Isolated districts, 353. Secondary formations occupy two districts; central district, ib. No tertiary strata ever discovered, ib. "Great Limestone Valley," ib. Coal-fields, 354. Ironstone, 355. Northern secondary district, 356. Beds of basalt, ib. Vast basaltic columns, 357. Bogs; fossil remains, 358. Lough Neagh, 359. Its property of petrifac

tion, ib.

German silver goods, manufacture of, i. 725, 731.

Germany, trade with, ii. 14.
Giant's Causeway, i. 343.

Gibraltar, its population, trade, &c., ii. 536. Gilbert's Act (22 Geo. III. c. 83), unsound principles of, ii. 642.

Gilding, quantities of gold used in, i. 724, 725, 736.

Gin, manufacture of, i. 760.
Glamorganshire. See Wales.
Glasgow, University of, ii. 361. Bridewell

of, 509. Mortality in, 546, 548. Glass manufacture, its history, i. 743. Distribution of, 744. Duties repealed, ib. Value of, 745. Crown and bottle glass, 744. Sheet, 745. Plate, 746. Flint or Crystal, ib. Statistics, 746, 747. Glassites, ii. 297.

Glebes of the Scotch clergy, ii. 290.
Gloucestershire, i. 170. Extent of its
woollen manufacture, 662.
Glovers, number of leather, i. 740.
Gloves, woollen, i. 665. Silk, 719. Lea-
thern, 739. Extent of manufacture, ib.
Repeal of prohibition of importation, 740.
Cotton, 739.

Gneiss islands of Scotland, i. 249.

Goats, i. 508.

Ireland, i. 351. Quantity of, used in gilding, watchmaking, &c., 736. Gold Coast, statistics of the, ii. 536. Gold plate, manufacture of, i. 736. Government Civil Service, number of persons in the, ii. 524. Gozo. See Malta. Goodwin Sands, i. 61.

Grain, consumption of each sort by the population of England and Wales in 1760, ii. 513.

Grammar schools, ii. 315.
Grampian chain of mountains, the, i. 229.
Granite, Scotch, i. 254, 622.
Granivorous animals, i. 124.
Granton, harbour of, i. 243.
Grapnels, exports of, i. 613.
Grass-land, produce of, i. 104.
Grasses, of England, i. 104, 481. Of Scot-
land, 489. Of Ireland, 531.
Graziers, number of, in Great Britain, i.
594, 595.

Grazing, husbandry of Great Britain, i. 489.
Of Ireland, 531.

Great Britain, island of, i. 1. Division of, into England and Scotland; their relative position, ib. Historical notice of, ib., 202. Ireland incorporated with, 1. Advantages of her insular position, 2. Size of, ib. Configuration of, 3. Prosperity of, owing to her supply of minerals; Geology, 64, 249. Climate, 84, 258. Botany, 99. Zoology, 109. Population, 448. Grazing husbandry of, 489. Live stock, 491. Horses, ib. Cattle, 494. Sheep, 502. Bees, 509. Produce of timber, 543. Agricultural capital of, 561. Mines and minerals, 596. Fisheries, 625. Manufactures, 643. Commerce, ii. 1. Imports and exports, 18. Shipping, 68. Classification of the population, 75, 524. Constitution and government, 77, 204. Parliament, 98. The executive, 138. Courts of justice, 153, 217. Municipal corporations, 189. Religious establishments, 253. Education, $11. Revenue and expenditure, 392. National debt, 428. Army, militia, &c., 437. Navy, 458. Crimes, punishments, and prisons, 471. Improved condition of the people, 511. Colonies and dependencies, 526. Vital statistics, 541. Poor Laws, 625. The English language, 713. The Scottish language,

722.

Gros de Naples, prices, &c. of, i. 717. Guano, introduction of, into England, beneficial, i. 580.

Guardians, Boards of; under Gilbert's Act, ii. 642. Remodelling of, 645, 661. Election of, ib. Functions of, 654,661. Elect chairmen, 661. Number of, ib. 697. Guernsey, Isle of, i. 220.

Guiana, British, statistics of, ii 536. Guild merchants, an association of trades within a borough, ii. 192. Possess peculiar privileges; engross the privileges of the burgesses, ib. Guinea hen, the, i. 120.

New and

Haddocks taken and cured near Aberdeen, in high estimation, i. 637. Half-pay; in the army, ii. 451. old rates of, 452. Öf medical officers, ib. For the navy and marines, 467. Hallamshire. See Sheffield. Hamesucken, crime of, ii. 475. Hampshire, Southampton, or Hants, i. 206. Hand-loom weavers, wretched condition of, i. 696-698.

Handicrafts, statistics of families engaged in, ii. 75, 76.

Handkerchiefs, manufacture of silk, i. 719. Harbours of England, finest in the world, i. 46. See Sea-ports.

Harbours of Ireland, number of, i. 336. Dingle, 337. Ventry, ib. Castlemaine, ib. Valentia, ib. Ringlass, ib. Kilmichalog, ib. Bantry, ib. Castlehaven ; Glandore; Kinsale, 338. Cork, ib. Youghal, 339. Dungarvan; Waterford, ib. Wexford, 340. Dublin; Kingstown, ib. Donaghadee, 341. Belfast, ib. Ballycastle, 342. Sligo, 344. Broadhaven, ib.

Harbours of Scotland, i. 242. That of Dunbar indifferent, 243. Leith only a highwater harbour, ib. Granton, ib. Stonehaven; Peterhead a double harbour, 244. Frith of Cromarty, 245. Frith of Clyde, 247. Lamlash bay, ib. Greenock and Port Glasgow, ib. Ardrossan and Troon, ib. Hardware manufacture, i. 722. Grand seats of, at Birmingham and Sheffield, 723. Articles made at Birmingham, 727. Soho works, 724. Cast-iron articles, ib. Brass manufacture, ib. Consumption of the precious metals in plating and gilding, ib. Albata, 725. Britannia metal, ib. Japanned articles, ib. Papier maché, ib. Birmingham, the "toy-shop of Europe," ib. Buttons; buckles; trinkets of Birmingham gold, ib. Steel pens, 726. Capitals of the manufacturers, ib. Value

of the articles produced at Birmingham, ib. Number of persons employed, and proportion to each manufacture, 727. Nail-making, 728. Japan ware, ib. Locks, ib. Saddlers' ironmongers, ib. Principal articles manufactured, and persons engaged therein, in Worcestershire and Staffordshire, 729. Of Sheffield, sketch of its progress, ib. Cutlery, 731. Superiority of its plated articles, ib. Consumption of silver in plating, ib. Files, ib. Local statistics, ib. Combinations for wages, 732. Machinery made at Manchester, 733. Lancashire tools, ib. Pins, 733. Needles, ib. Cast-iron goods, 734. Manufactures of Scotland, ib. Few or none in Ireland, ib. Value of the manufacture, ib. Quantities and values of the exports, 735.

Harness, manufacture of, i. 739. Statistics of, 740.

Harris, island of, i. 308.
Harrow school, ii. 327.

Harvest, wheat, i. 476. Rye, 477. Barley, 478. Oats, 479. Beans, 480.

Hat manufacture, i. 761. Stuff, ib. Plated; felt; silk, 762.

Hay, i. 489, 490. 531.

Headlands. See Promontories. Health of the operatives in woollen factories, i. 672. In cotton factories, 698. In flax mills, 713. In the grinding mills at Sheffield, 732. In the potteries, 742, 743. Of seamen, ii. 470. Public, means of promoting, 624.

Heart, deaths from diseases of, ii. 616-618. Hearth-tax, before the Revolution, i. 397,

398.

Heaths, most extensive, are in Surrey, Dor

set, and Hants, i. 18. Their direction, ib. Bagshot Heath, ib.

Hebrides, or Western Islands, i. 308. Hedgehog, the, a useful animal to the farmer, i. 119.

Heligoland, statistics of, ii. 536.
Hemp, i. 484. Crops of, in Ireland, 531.
Imports of, 705, 710.
Heptarchy, i. 136.

Herbivorous animals, i. 124.
Herefordshire, i. 157.

Heritors or landowners, ii. 288.
Hermeneutics, ii. 295.
Herring fishery, i. 130. Historical notice
of, 630. Encouragement from parlia-
ment, 631. Abuses of the bounty, ib.
Various attempts to improve the fishery,
ib. Cessation of the bounty, 633. Its
present state, ib. Of Ireland, unimport-
ant, 635. Statistics, 632, 634-636.
Hertfordshire, i. 189.
Hides, imports of, i. 737. Value of, ib.
Tanning of, 738.

High Commission Court, ii. 89. Abolished,

91.