if 'six or 66 a The Effects of Burying Iron and Steel in the Earth.||the experiments I have endeavored to indicate of small American birds, conjectured to be By JUNIUS REDIVIVUS. [From the London offer a worthy field for the exercise of his ta- the house-wren, were observed to leave the Mechanics' Magazine.] lents. Yours, &c. JUNIUS REDIVIVUS. SIR,-Some of the principal physical agents nest and return with insects from forty to in the furtherance of human happiness being Effects of Burying Iron and Steel in the Earth. sixty times in an hous, and that in one partimetals, and, amongst those metals, iron taking [From the London Mechanics' Magazine for cular hour they carried food no fewer than the foremost place, I was much gratified by May.] reading your extract from the Chronicles of Old SIR,-I very much doubt whether we pos-were engaged during the greatest part of the seventy-one times. In this business they London Bridge, which seems to open sonie sess sufficient information to warrant the con- day. Allowing twelve hours to be thus ocnew views as to the further improvement of clusion, that burying iron and steel in the earth cupied, a single pair of these birds would deour national manufacture. But there is some causes a decided improvement in its quality." stroy at least six hundred insects in the obscurity in the statement of the circumstances, It is a subject that well deserves minute inwhich it would be well to have cleared up, vestigation. I think, however, it belongs to course of one day, on the supposition that possible, for the advantage of the experimen- than the experimental chemist, to make the time; but it is highly probable that they ofthe practical worker in these metals, rather the two birds took only a single insect each talists who may be inclined to trace the matter up to its causes, since this effect effective able to analyse a piece of metal, and to ascernecessary observations. The chemist may be ten took more. must come by cause.' It seems that the burying of either steel or iron it is composed; but he will give very little tain with tolerable accuracy of what materials the destruction of insectivorous birds has in Looking at the matter in this point of view, in the earth, for either three years,' or seven hundred years,' causes a decided improve- he be assisted by the experience of the man useful information as to its utility, unless some cases been considered as productive of ment in its quality. Of what nature the im- who forges, and tempers, and sharpens the distinctly recollect, though we cannot at this serious mischief. One striking instance we provement was, in the case of the razors which were buried, we are left in ignorance; but it specimen, and thus exemplifies its peculiar moment turn to the book in which it is reseems that the change must have been wrought Properties. corded. The numbers of the crows or rooks by an operation of natural chemistry, either That chemical changes are constantly going of North America were, in consequence of taking something from the metal, or adding nature, cannot, as I conceive, be denied. We diminished, and the increase of insects so on in the vast and magnificent laboratory of state rewards for their destruction, so much something to it, or both, by the process of chemical affinity. I should be led to imagine that must, however, bear in mind, that the chemis- great, as to induce the state to announce both circumstances had taken place, as it isy of nature seems evidently designed to pre-counter reward for the protection of the crows. stated that, though a coat of rust had gatliered Pare materials for the chemistry of art to ope- Such rewards are common in America; and on the razors, they were not eroded: that is, rate upon, and not to supercede the art itself. had sustained no loss of substance. The pro- to be cited as illustrative of a beneficial change ing a proposal made in Delaware "for banThe pile-shoes of London Bridge ought not from a document given by Wilson, respectcess would then be perfectly analogous to what is called the petrifying of wood, or other or those pile-shoes were forged, iron was a com- that the money thus expended sometimes by simply burying thein in the earth. When ishing or destroying the crows," it appears ganized substances, wherein, as the organized paratively scarce metal. The small quantities amounts to no inconsiderable sum. matter decays, a deposit of lime assumes the of ore that were smelted in that day imply a document concludes by saying, “The sum same form. To get at the complete facts, we careful and protracted process, evidently con- of five hundred dollars being thus required, ought to know-first, the chemical analysis of ducted under a variety of disadvantages as rethe razor blades when first buried-secondly, the analysis of the earth' in which they were of the most favorable conditions relative to mers and others of Newcastle county and spects quantity, yet involving, perhaps, some the committee beg leave to address the farburied-thirdly, the analysis of the razor blades when they were again dug up-and, fourthly, quality. wherein the improvement consisted, or what immediate contact with the charred surfaces of seeds, "the rook," says Selby, "has erroelsewhere on the subject." The superiority of the straps that were in new qualities were acquired by the steel. Mr. the piles, seems to indicate a process somewhat From its sometimes eating grain and other Weiss would render a great service to science and art by stating these particulars as far as his analogous to the cementation of iron in form-neously been viewed in the light of an eneexperience enables him, if, indeed, it were not bon. Yet, after all, may not this part of the districts attempts have been made either to ing it into steel, by its combination with my by most husbandmen; and in several interfering with his profits as a manufacturer, shoe be that which had retained its original pe- banish it, or to extirpate the breed. But be called upon to do, unless for specific remu-charred surfaces had become deteriorated by to effect, the most serious injury to the corn culiarity, whilst that not in contact with the wherever this measure has been carried inneration. But I take it for granted, that the the soil in which it was imbedded? author of the Chronicles states the facts, and that they are not of a piece with the proposi- various departments of science to which they It is to be feared that practical men, in the the unchecked devastations of the grub and and other crops has invariably followed, from tion of the gardeners, that melon seeds should be worn some years in the breeches pocket pre- phenomena that are constantly inviting their of utility, a change of conduct has in consebelong, are not sufficiently attentive to the caterpillar. As experience is the sure test In the case of the pile-shoes of London observation. Those of them who possess dis-quence been partially adopted; and some Bridge, which were of iron, a change took that differ, generally keep their own secrets. breed of rooks to be greatly to their interest, cernment enough to distinguish between things farmers now find the encouragement of the place in the straps which were in contact with the charred timber, and not in the solid points. They are fully justified in doing so, whilst the in freeing their lands from the grub of the This is a different case from the steel which present system of plundering and appropriating cockchafer, an insect very abundant in many was buried in the earth; yet both the iron prevails in the scientific world. There is no of the southern counties. and the razor blades were improved, though very great encouragement for a poor man to land I have witnessed its usefulness in feedthe circumstances were different. communicate what he knows, merely to see tion is given, that, in the case of the iron, the A supposi- others enriching themselves by the results o. ing on the larvæ of the insect commonly change was wrought by galvanism. Very poshis unacknowledged, unappreciated, and unresibly, but it would be for the interest of manuknown by the name of Harry Longlegs, warded labors. facturers and the public to know it more cer- said more of me than I deserve were my Your valuable correspondent which is particularly destructive to the roots "Junius" has of grain and young clovers." tainly. Improvement,' and 'earth,' are far from definite terms, and a variety of chemical means proportionate to my wishes, and I trust that the great number of birds caught by It has on similar grounds been contended, distinctions may be comprised in them. The they are not immoderate, I should, perhaps, do bird-catchers, particularly in the vicinity of object sought for is to effect, by the chemistry and a tolerably extensive business, justly de: London, has been productive of much injury more than I can at present. A young family, of art, in, a short space of time, that which takes mand of me the greater portion of my time and to gardens and orchards. So serious has the chemistry of nature' 'three years,' or 'some six or seven hundred years,' to accomplish. Are attention. A few moments of occasional lei. this evil appeared to some, that it has even to make his secret known. This no man can there, yet data enough to work by? If not, they should be sought; and by careful inquiry and experiment, that would be made a matter of common knowledge which is at present a matter of uncertainty.* I have understood that your correspondent, Mr. Rutter, is one of the favored few possessing the rare combination of pecuniary means with public spirit. a car those few moments always leave behind them than either wealth or honor can confer. April 30, 1833. In Northumber prohibiting bird-catchers from exercising been proposed to have an act of parliament their art within twenty miles of the metropolis; and also prohibiting wild birds of any kind from being shot or otherwise caught or penalties. It is very clear, however, that destroyed within this distance, under certain such an act could never be carried; and though it might be advantageous to gardens, the same birds make on fruit would probably orchards, and farms, yet the attacks which In the case of swallows, on the other hand season. It is stated by Bingley, that a pairit has been well remarked by an excellen * The chemist who can do this must be more expert Surely than a "Lecturer on Chemistry," of whose performances in the analytical way I have lately heard an amusing ac count. BIRDS AND INSECTS.-There cannot be In almost all our metallic manufactures, mechanism is in advance of chemistry. The latter science has never yet been: 'properly pursued as a whole, by a united body of men, but is indebted for its progress to the energy of indi- any question of the immeuse number of in-be an equivalent counterbalance. to it, principally at their own cost, and the public at large sects required by birds during the breeding have benetted by their labors of love.' viduals who have from time to time devoted themselves New-York, Sept. 24, 1833. D. A. AMES. naturalist, (the Rev. W. T. Bree,) that they||1 am about to show you that its cheapness, an article of as much request as ashes, or are to us quite inoffensive, while "the bene-durability, strength, cleanness, &c. will make plaster of paris, and will, therefore, be of as ficial services they perform for us, by clear. it a valuable manure for the Long Island much commercial impo'rtance as coal. ing the air of innumerable insects, ought to market-gardeners and farmers. If they once render them sacred, and secure them from try it, they will no more buy the New-York our molestation. Without their friendly aid manure at 50 cents the carman's load. I am the atmosphere we live in would scarcely be assured by one respectable farmer, that he On the Wine of Seckel Pears. By C. S. RAhabitable by man; they feed entirely on in-considers one load of marl equal to five of FINESQUE. [For the New-York Farmer sects, which, if not kept under by their dung. It is perfectly clean, and will even and American Gardener's Magazine.] means, would swarm and torment us like an-destroy many weeds. This is a great desi- This American Pear is the most deliother Egyptian plague. The immense quan-deratum in garden truck. It does not readilycious fruit of our country; it is different in tity of flies destroyed in a short space of freeze, and will work well all weathers, al.||flavor from any other pear or fruit. I prefer time by one individual bird is scarcely to be ways ready for use, and may be spread any it to the pine-apple and any other fruit, excredited by those who have not had actual time from September to March inclusive. It cept some kinds of grapes. It begins to be experience of the fact." He goes on to il-makes an excellent compost; upon grass land extensively cultivated, and this year it has lustrate this from a swift, which was shot. it does wonders; a thick bottom and heavy appeared in abundance in the market of Phi"It was in the breeding season when the swarth of white clover is its certain produce. ladelphia, at the price of 20 to 50 cents the young were hatched; at which time the pa- Potatoes, both the sweet and Irish, thrive well half peck. rent birds, it is well known, are in the habit with it. Dung, it is known generally, flies I had long ago wished to make experiments of making little excursions into the country into the tops of these, while marl scarcely on its vinous properties, and I now have begun to a considerable distance from their breed-alters the top, but greatly increases the size of a series of them, of which I shall gradually ing places, for the purpose of collecting flies, the roots. Corn, buckwheat, cabbages, tur. communicate the results. which they bring home to their infant proge-nips, all succeed with it. Mr. Brarier, of Philadelphia, had already AGRICULTURE, &c. cents. ny. On picking up my hapless and ill-got- I am informed that five loads to the acre published his experiments on its saccharine ten prey, I observed a number of flies, some have produced a fine crop of buckwheat upon properties in the Journal of Pharmacy. He mutilated, others scarcely injured, crawling very poor land. It is used as a top dressing has shown that it is the only pear that affords out of the bird's mouth; the throat and pouch on grass land, and may be spread from 10 to a real syrup and sugar candy, equal to those seemed absolutely stuffed with them, and an 20 loads per acre, as late as March. One of the sugar cane. And as sugar is the main incredible number was at length disgorged. large farmer, Judge C., informed me he had principle of wine, I was induced to try my exI am sure I speak within compass when I used 18 loads per acre; but there is some periments. state that there was a mass of flies, just danger of using too much, particularly with The juice of the Seckel Pear weighs 1075, caught by this single swift, larger than, when poor light land. I have heard of some that water being 1000, or 7 per cent. more than pressed close, could conveniently be contain- was unproductive for five years, but last year water. This is more than many grape juices, ed in the bowl of an ordinary table-spoon." it began to recover, and it is expected the which vary from 1040 to 1100. This juice [Library of Entertaining Knowledge.] produce will eventually make up for lost time, is very sweet and pleasant, but thinner than but it is certainly better not to over-do the good Must, or grape juice. The color is yelthing. Give a second dressing the second year lowish, with a tinge of reddish. One bushel of rather than a surfeit at first. As far as ex- pears gives four gallons of juice. Therefore, Valuable Manure-New-Jersey Marl. By perimental information enables us to deter- if the wine or perry made with it may be of a D. A. AMES. [For the New-York Farmer.mine, it continues its effects sufficiently nine superior flavor and quality, it may be worth MR. FLEET, I have, according to pro-lor ten years. For corn and grain it is scat-$1 the gallon; thus a bushel of pears will mise, collected a few facts upon the Jer-tered on the top after ploughing, and well produce $4; while the same quantity prosey Marl, as a manure, and I submit then to harrowed in. I cannot learn that it has been duces only one gallon of syrup worth 75 you for insertion in the New-York Farmer. tried for peach trees, but I know one large Every person to whom I have applied for grower who is making preparations to try it Mr. Brarier believes that when this useful information upon this new and valuable article, this season. tree becomes very plentifully multiplied, as it speaks of it as possessing enriching qualities, This marl is evidently a marine deposit: it bids fair to be, since the nurserymen inform truly surprising, and of more general value is found in hollows at two or three feet below me that they sell more of it than of any other than any known substance at present in use the surface, continuing downwards to sixteen. whatever, or than of all the other pears put for that purpose. Its upper strata is of a greenish blue color, the together, and can hardly propagate it fast Its effect was accidentally brought into lo- middle more inclining to grey; and the low-enough-when it will be as plenty as our cical notice about sixteen years ago, by a far-est is of an ash color; this last is considered der apples, he thinks it may be made useful for mer, who, having a ditch dug in a meadow, the strongest. Observe, I speak of its color the purpose of syrup and sugar. But how had the soil scattered over the piece: the when dry; and I ought further to observe much more so for wine, or a superior perry! ditch or drain happened to cut a vein of this that other pits are said to vary much in color The average of a full bearing tree is four marl, and the produce of the meadow was and quality: therefore, before trial the quality bushels-one acre will hold easily 100 such three-fold the ensuing season, upon the spot ought to be known. This marl has the ap-trees. Thus one acre of orchard will prowhere the marl was scattered. Important as pearance of sand, each little grain having a duce at least 400 bushels, which, at $1 per this was, no further notice was taken of it, thick coat of decomposed vegetable matter, bushel, $400 annual income, whether sold in and being of the old stamp, averse to any making them adhere together in lumps occa-market or made into syrup, which requires thing new, he neglected to profit by his acci- sionally. some care or trouble while it will be $800 dental good fortune. That meadow still has Shells, sea-worn stones, sharks' teeth, &c. per acre for 1600 gallons of wine or perry, a better bottom where the marl was spread. are often found amongst it. The marl that at 50 cents the gallon, or $1600 if it should After this I can find no traces of its use till is found in some places further from the sea sell at $1 the gallon, and with less trouble about nine years since, when, by some chance, does not appear to be so powerful. From the than the making of syrup or sugar, which is Mr. Alexander McGregor spread a quantity pits where I selected you the sample, that ac- not so easily made as maple sugar. on some grass land; the effect was great, and company this, it is carted by land 40 miles, I have an idea that by mixing the juice of he informed me that the first crop paid him the farmer paying from 2s. 6d. to 3s. per Seckel Pears and wild grapes, an improved for the expense in additional hay. That gen- load by the pit side. A load is twenty bush. wine can be made. In fact the Seckel juice, t'eman is now a warm advocate for it, and els; a bushel weighs from one hundred to one by an addition of Must or grape juice, will acbeing a large owner, and a wealthy man, has hundred and three pounds, when dry. quire the tartaric acid, without which no wine caused it to be pretty extensively used for I am about having the marl analized, so as can be had, as the malic acid of apples and these last two years, for all kinds of crops, and to ascertain exactly where it will be most use- pears makes only cider or perry. Some tarhe assured me last week, with entire suceess; ful. 1 will communicate to you the result taric acid or argol might be added; but foryet one or two, who have pits of marl on their with some other experiments, for your next tunately the grapes and Seckel Pears ripen premises, still prefer disposing of it to improve number; and should you wish to possess a at the same time, and thus by the mixture other farms, rather than enrich their own. It larger sample for any of your readers to both the proper acid and mucilage of grapes is now ascertained that this marl formns a sub-make trial with, I have prepared you some in may be procured for the vinous change. stratum in many parts of the Jersey coast, and barrels, with the price you can furnish it; for My experiments will extend to this; and therefore may be procured to any extent; and I can see no reason why it should not become I shall use the poorest of our wild grapes, If it should be needful to thicken the Seckel juice so as to have a richer must, it may easi ly be done by boiling, reducing four gallons to three. Thus a variety of wines may be produced by these pears. &c. such as those called chicken grapes, so as to Of Knight's Marrow we sowed two parcels, equally free from febrile and inflammatory have the worst result. Well knowing after-on the same day, the one from France and the diseases in the uniform temperature of every wards that by using the better sort of our other from England, and although there was location on the dry shores of a tropical sea. wild grapes, İsabella, Bland, Catawba, &o., in appearance no perceptible difference, yet This whole peninsula of Yucatan is proverbial a superior result may be attained. the crop from the French seed was ten days for the dryness and healthiness of its soil and sooner than that from the English seed. atmosphere. In the city itself, from which You will perceive by the above statement I am writing-in this very house, whose that Bishop's Dwarf and the Dwarf Spanish balcony almost overtops the wall washed by vary materially as to the periods of maturity, the sea, I should be content to pass all my In fact, when Bishop's Dwarf was fit remaining days, if the state were placed under for the table, the Spanish Dwarf had but just our happy government, and inhabited by our commenced expanding its blossoms. The intelligent people. Indeed, so delightful is reason that many have considered them as this climate, that a winter in Yucatan would equally early is this: a great quantity of the remind you that we read not of frost in the peas sold last spring for the former were of the garden of Eden; and might incline you to look latter variety, and a number of instances in with indulgence on the sublime idolatry of the proof of this fact have fallen under our own Peruvians, in worshipping the truly material WM. PRINCE & SONS. God of the World! Linnæan Botanic Garden, Flushing, Sept. 30, 1833. But as I am still bent upon improving our native wines, I deem that the juice of Seckel Pears, added to our native grape juice, in the proportion of one-third or one-fourth, would improve many of our wines, by imparting to them the delicate flavor of the pear, and even adding to the strength of any must which is under 1075 in weight. Our Seckel Pears last from September to October, in Pennsylvania, New-Jersey, and New-York, and there is yet time for many farmers to take the hint, and make experiments this very year. Let them communicate the results, as I will do mine, and we shall acquire thereby a stock of knowledge for next year. This is quite a new subject and branch of industry, since the very fruit is new and only lately spread. It is truly an American fruit, deserving our attention and care. Memorandums about the Pea Crop. By W. Farmer.] May 22 and 23, 1833. Planted all the following kinds on good ground, without manure, in rows: Ick have pods fit to pick. much resemble each other. Early Cluster and Dwarf Prolific soming. observation. Salubrity of the Climate of Florida, and of To the Editor of the Medical Journal of Sciences, Philadelphia. GRASS CLOTH, &c.-Mr. Fleet: I observe in the advertisements of the New-York Courier The desire to protract a tolerable existence amid the numerous natural blessings of such a climate, with the political aud social enjoy. ments existing in our boundaries alone, induced me to ascertain that it does indeed extend beyond the astronomical line, into our own territory, and under our own government -whose manifold advantages can be duly appreciated only by our citizens abroad, or DEAR SIR, AS the ship is still in the by foreigners, who happily compare it to bay, I commence an additional sheet, to say the air which covers us, unseen, unfelt, but We ought to multiply it speedily and that I have just read, in the May number of essential to our existence. In my address properly, by grafting with it all our worthless your Journal, your review of "Johnson on To the Intelligent Friends of the Union," I pears and apples. C. S. RAFINESQUE. Change of Air"; and that I am highly de- therefore briefly mentioned the very peculiar Philadelphia, Sept. 15th, 1833. lighted with your additions to his remarks on circumstance presented in the singularly unithe climate of Italy. It is, indeed, a matter of form temperature of southern Florida for ve momentous inquiry, to select the best winter getable growth and animal health; and I now retreat for our citizens, who are laboring challenge my professional brethren in general under pulmonary disorder, and, I will add, to name any place in the world, which, in cliunder hepatic disease. However diversified mate and position, can combine as many nathe climate of our twenty-four existing states, tural and social advantages, for a dry winter the one great evil of a variable temperature retreat to our invalids, as Cape Florida. June 20. Observed blossoms on the Nimble is common to them all-sudden changes cutVery respectfully, your obedient servant, Dick, and on the Early Single Frame. ting off equally the corn of Maine and the cane HENRY PERRINE. 23. Blossoms on Bishop's Dwarf, (Eng-of Louisiana, with the frosts of spring and o. lish seed). autumn; and carrying off the farmer of the July 8. Early Single Frame and Nimble north and the planter of the south, with conThese kinds sumption of the lungs and of the liver; and as and Enquirer, of August 16th, under public the sufferer in either section but increases or sales, the following: 66 cases assorted bleachblos.exchanges disease in the other, he finally dies ed and brown grass cloth, and fine and extra amid the great vicissitudes of the south of grass cloth handkerchiefs; 150 bales and cases and Europe, with the too tardy conviction, that Chinchu, Bamboo, and other fancy baskets; the natural remedy of an equable temperature and white Pongee handkerchief; 60 dozen 40 cases Suchan Pongees, 20 do. Cochineal cannot be found in the miscalled temperate, and white Pongee handkerchief; 60 dozen but, properly, variable zones. 1 myself ex- fancy cane seat chairs. Cannot you enlighten 8. Pulled up Bishop's Dwarf, and put changed incipient pulmonary disorder of the us in your next number relative to the vege them on the fences to dry fully; they having bank of the northern Raritan, for actual he- tables which furnish these materials? H. P. FLORIDA PRODUCTIONS.-I presume you ripened unequally, it was unsafe to house them patic disease on the borders of the southern without more airing. Mississippi; but, thank God, I have expe- have observed that the Charleston Mercury 13. Thrashed out Bishop's Dwarf, Bo.rienced relief for both on the tropical shores remarks that "no doubt can longer exist that tany Bay, Early Single Frame, and Lady's of Yucatan. While you admit the wonderful the productions of the West Indies may be Finger. equability of temperature of the mis-named profitably cultivated in the peninsula of Flo16. Thrashed out Sugar Peas, Matchless torrid zone, and its consequent remedial pow-rida. The sloop Capital, arrived yesterday Marrow, and Bergen Peas. ers for the consumptive disorders of our citi- from near Cape Florida with a quantity of 19. Pulled up Blue Imperial, and Newzens, you still appear to retain that common bananas, plantains, and limes, as a part of her Grotto Marrow, and put them on the fences-belief of the general insalubrity of tropical cargo, being the first shipment for commerclimates, which is founded on the reports and cial purposes, of fruit, produced at that place. resorts of war and trade; but as you are al-A bunch of the bananas, and of the plaintains, ready divested of false impressions in behalf of and a few of the limes, may be seen at this H. P. It appears that the Nimble Dick and Early southern Europe, you will as easily overcome office, all remarkably fine." Single Frame are the earliest of the above, unmerited prejudices against tropical Ame. CAPE FLORIDA NURSERY.-I am told that and they resemble each other very much, but rica. The local circumstances which render the St. Helena will suddenly start to-morrow, are supposed different varieties. They are certain districts sickly during the hot weather at 9 A. M. I fear these dilatory Mexicans fit for the table from twelve to fourteen days beyond the tropics, will render similar districts will not have the hives of stingless bees ready. sooner than Bishop's Dwarf, or any of the unhealthy during the warm weather between I want also to send you, if possible, three kinds I have planted, and yielded more than the tropics; but for every extra-tropical si- young plants, viz.: a true pulque Agave, a Bishop's in proportion as 16 to 13. The tuation, which you may show me exempt true Henequen Agave, and a true Pita plant, Nimble Dick had pods fit for the table in 46 from malignant fevers during our autumnal Bromelia or Furcroa, which you should have days from the day of planting. I believe months, I will show you an inter-tropical situ- the greatest possible care taken of, as they that by picking out the earliest pods, they ation exempt from malignant fevers through- give a death-blow to the veracity and intellimight have realized the story of forty day out the year! When remote from noisome gence of Humboldt. Should they go, exhibit marshes and chilling mountains, you will be them likewise at the American Institute, if August 2. Housed Nimble Dick, thrashed them out. 7. Pulled up Botany Bay purple podded peas. not fit to thrash. Pulled up Spanish Dwarf, Dwarf Prolific and Early Cluster. peas. they arrive in time. ADVOCATE OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. to butter. sery under way, provided J. Dubose of Cape served by a proportion of saltpetre and sugar Some years farmers and speculators are made As I can keep my nur-Every one knows the superiority of meat preFlorida is persevering, through Sagra at Ha- with common salt, and it cannot but be expect-hopping" mad because they can get no price 729 vana; and as my fellow trustees in the T. Ped that the same should be the case in respect for them. This year, as appears below from PRICE OF HOPS.-Hops vary much in price. Company seem to hold back for the law giving the township of land, I shall remain here till I have news of its passage. have time to-night to write a short address to Perhaps I will the Horticultural Society, which I wish you to present and explain. If they and their brethren throughout the Union would do any thing in their own way, to forward the enter prisc, it would soon be completed. H. PERRINE. Sept. 16, midnight, 1833. 66 a conversation recently held with him, in re- York, and the high prices which the article SALT YOUR CORN.-Mr. Brown, of this vici-gladness. the American Farmer, they are "hopping" for gard to the use of salt in corn which is put commanded in consequence of the exportation nity, communicated some information to us, in away in the husks, which may be interesting of a large quantity to Europe, appears to have to the public. He stated that he received last set our friends in the north "all hopping." The late increased demand for hops in Newyear a quantity of corn, which he had purcha- Every northern agricultural paper that we sed, in so wet a state that he was apprehen-open abounds in "hops, hops." It would seem sive that it would spoil. He remembered that from the following article, that one, at least, it was a common practice in Pennsylvania, of these active gentry has hopped into a pretty PITTING TURNIPS.-As the turnip harvest is such hay generally kept well, and that horses tions that one of the packets of that place, when hay was put away somewhat damp, or round sum. approaching, we take the liberty of suggesting and cattle were very fond of it; he therefore bound to New-York, recently took on board not fully cured, to sprinkle salt on it, and that to those who cultivate the Swedes, our method concluded to try the experiment on his corn. two hundred bales of No. 1 hops, raised in Penfor pitting them for winter. The pits are limited He accordingly, as his corn was thrown in a obscot. The value of this quantity was $8000, Hop Culture.-The Bangor Courier mento two feet in width, and of an indefinite length, pile on a large floor, sprinkled it with salt, and the present prices of the article make the and are dug in a dry situation, seldom more using from a half a bushel to a bushel of salt to crop worth, on an average, $150 per acre. As than two feet deep. When the pit or hole is five or six hundred bushels of corn. The corn the Maine soil and climate are suited to the culfilled with roots as high as the surface of kept well, never became musty, and never had ture, we see no reason why it should not be the ground, the turnips are laid by hand, the any weevil in it. Mr. B. still had of this corn carried, in that as well as other sections, much tops out, and sloping to the centre, until they when he communicated this information to us; farther than it has been. terminate in a ridge which is generally about and he stated that the bread which it then made about fifty thousand acres are occupied with two feet above the ground. The whole are then was so sweet and good that it was esteemed hops." covered with straw, and then with earth. The preferable to that made of new corn. important point follows: The crown of the stated that he was not under the necessity of" $150 per acre,' ridge is then pierced with an iron bar, at inter- purchasing any fodder for his working oxen be at, if we only knew how. Has any of our In Great Britain, vals of a yard, and the earth pressed out, so as last winter, they fed upon the husks of this corn subscribers ever cultivated the hop to any exHe also to leave an entire aperture into the turnips, and so freely; and he added that they kept in ex-tent in this section of country, or farther south? Now this kind of business, at the rate of into each of these apertures a wisp of twisted cellent order. Mr. B. was so well pleased with and if so, cannot he or they tell us something we would like very well to straw is loosely inserted. The roots will heat, this experiment, that he is putting up all his about it? We should like to be "made sensible' and unless the rarified air is permitted to es- corn this year in the same manner, using about of the practicability, prospects of success, and cape the turnips are apt to rot. permit its escape, without danger of the frost corn, which he thinks is enough.-[Ala. Intel.]" conducting it. The openings half a bushel of salt to five hundred bushels of advantages of this culture, with the method of doing injury. With this precaution we have not lost one bushel in a thousand. The same course would no doubt be beneficial in preserving the mangel wurzel. B. MASSACHUSETTS SILK.-We observe that th Bristol County Agricultural Society have been awarded four premiums for white mulberry Octob.26.. 6 a. m. trees, two of which were given for those planted expressly for the making of silk on the same farms. The whole number of trees entered for the premiums was over 70,000. CURING BUTTER.-We should suppose the following recipe recommends too great a proportion of saltpetre: Take two parts of the best common salt, one part sugar, and one part of saltpetre, beat them up together, and blend the whole completely; take one ounce of this composition for every sixteen ounces of butter, work it well into a mass, and close it up for use. The above by some is used in this proportion-ten ounces of salt to four ounces of clean sugar. The following is the commendation given of this mode of practice in the Pennsylvania Far mer: "The butter cured by this mixture appears of a marrow consistence and fine color, and never acquires hardness, nor tastes salt; it eats as sweet after being kept three years as at first. It must be noted that butter thus cured requires to stand three weeks or a month before it is fit to be used; if it be sooner opened, the salts are not perfectly blended with it, and sometimes the coolness of the nitre will be perceived, which totally disappears afterwards." This mixture will not cost more than about one cent per ounce, which is suffcient for curing one pound of butter. Country farmers, is not this worthy of your attention? As much so as sweet butter is better and bears a higher price than that which is strong and frowy. Besides, it affords to the dairy woman a settled rule, in an operation which, in the way it is usually practised, is done without rule or uniformity. I cannot but think, were people to adopt the mode here recommended, they would soon be convinced of the importance of it." do. November 4, 40°.94. NEW-YORK AMERICAN. NOVEMBER 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15-1833. LITERARY NOTICES. accede to his desire of ascending the throne, as the servant; to have the estates and lives of three king- surmount the obstacles that attached to his condition power. ILLUSTRATIONS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, No. XIX. - Our Parish. sure, as we are, to see in the sequel of the tale how this family is borne through its reverse of fortune. Of Cromwell it may be said that he was rather a the spending of them; and, lastly (for there is no end remarkable man than a great one, and that the story to all the particulars of his glory), to bequeath all THE INFIRMITIES OF GENIUS, as evinced in the of his life excites in the mind of the reader more of these with one word to his posterity; to die with peace habits and peculiarities of Men of Genius, by R. R. surprize than admiration. The elements of true at home and triumph abroed; to be buried among kings, greatness were deficient in his character: he wanted and with more than regal solemnity; and to leave a MADDEN, Esq., author of Travels in Turkey. 2 vols.especially self-denial, sincerity and gratitude. He name behind him not to be extinguished but with the Philadelphia: CARRY, LEA & BLANCHARD.-There was even destitute of that sensibility, or delicacy of whole world, which, as it is not too little for his have appeared from time to time in our columns ex.feeling, without which no man can attain the higher praises, so might have been too for his conquests, trasts from this work, which will, for those who degrees of excellence. The mere circumstance, for if the short line of his human life could have been example, trifling as it may appear, of his occupying stretched out to the extent of his immortal designs ?"'+ recall thom, sorve to display its character, and the at Whitehall one of the king's beds while his majes The life of Cromwell may be studied with special manner in which the design of the author is execa.ty was under the hands of his jailer in the Isle of advantage in our country, as showing the gradual ted. We think well of beth; and cannot but be. Wight, argues a base spirit; and the disgust which arises from this contrast is not a little increased, and crafty, but sure devices which have so often led, lieve that for miscellaneous readers these volumes when we are told, that while in the possession of the and which will again, in spite of history and experi will have a great charm, while to the hard student royal bedchamber, and even reclining on the couch,ence, often lead popular masses, contending, as they the observations and examples with which they be gave audiences to the principal persons of the re-believe, for freedom, into the clutches of those, who, abound, of the wearing of the body by overtasking publican government. It is indeed mortifying to human pride to reflect with tair seeming, and loud professions in the cause the mind, may be greatly useful, as a guide and a how mean and worthless, ou many occasions, are of liberty, aim only at the possession of office and warning. Our clever countryman, Dr. Dekay, in his the individuals who start up from obscure life to seize Sketches of Turkey, has taught as rather to distrust the loftiest and most commanding positions of soMr. Maddon as a traveller. Perhaps there is less ciety. In the case of Cromwell, however, we see qualities which were adapted exclusively to the room for errors of fact in the volumes before us,period in which he lived, and which, at any other Berkley the Bauker; Part I, No.which are rather a collection of curious incidents and time, by being confined to a very limited range, could By Harriet Martineau. Stereotype edition. Boston, cireumstances connected with the career of a few not have produced any deep or permanent impres- L. C. Boroles; New York, C.S. Francis. eminent men, such as Byron, Cowper, Scott, &c.,sion on publie affairs. His enthusiasm, and fanati These two little volumes-we hope all Miss Martiwith the reasonings and illustrations furnished by have spent themselves on local objects and domescal propensities would, at a more tranquil epoch, neau's illustrations may be in like manner stereotyped their pursnits and habite, of the influence upon li ́e of tic reformation. He might have figured at a county and widely circulated in our country-though adaptliterary avocations. meeting or a Bible society, and under the mask oted to the peculiar state of society in England, espehis natural dissimulation, have acquired a character cially in respect of its poor laws and banking system, MECHANICS' MAGAZINE AND REGISTER OF INVENfor zeal, patriotism, and independence; but in a TIONS, &c. Vol. II. No. 10. New York: D. K. peaceful, settled period, such as that we have supare yet so sensible, so clear, so natural, and withal MINOR. In addition to the usual and instructive va-posed, his abilities would not have enabled him to so attractive as mere stories, that we soon lose the riety furnished by this deserving periodical, we impression t they lack that immediate application here which they must find in every town and village have in the present number a detailed statement of all the articles exhibited at the late Fair of the Inof England. From Berkley the Banker we make a In comparing what Cromwell actually accomplishstitute in this city, and moreover, the address of led with the means of which he was possessed, no single extract. It is the letter of the daughter of the Mr. Kennedy, at the Chatham street Chapel, before writer has been more successful than Cowley; who, banker, written to her mother on hearing of the fail. the Society of the Institute and a large assemblage in the following terms. in the discourse already referred to, speaks of him ure of the father's bank---a failure by which that faof citizens. This address is certainly clever. It is ordinary, than a person of mean birth, no fortune, dence. It will make our readers anxious, we are “What can be more extra-mily would be reduced from wealth to self-depenas a whole an ornate and attractive declamation in no eminent qualities of body, which have somefavor of a protective Tariff, and against the system times, or of mind, which have often, raised men to of free trade-claiming, which we confess surprised the highest dignities, should have the courage to as not a little, that even Mr. Huskisson's doctrines, able a design as the destruction of one of the most attempt, and the happiness to succeed in, so improbapplied to this country, are the doctrines of the Ta ancient and solidly founded monarchies upon earth; riff party! There is both ingenuity and talent in the that he should have the power or boldness to put his general construction of the address, and in the se-banish that numerous and strongly-allied family, to prince and master to an open and infamous death; to lestion of its topics; and it could not therefore fail do all this under the name and wages of a parliament; to be highly acceptable to the Society before whom to trample upon upon them, too, as he pleased, and it was delivered. We cannot leave this Magazine spurn them out of doors when he grew weary of them; without again saying that it seems to us to have a ashes; to stifle that in the very infancy, and to set to raise up a new and unheard of monster out of their strong claim on the support of al' the industrious himself up above all things that ever were called soclasses connected with manufactures and the me-vereign in England; to oppress all his enemies by the new and more responsible kind of exertion of chanic arts. arms, and all his friends afterwards by artifice; to which their father has kindly given them frequent serve all parties patiently for awhile, and to command warning, and for which you have so directed their LIFE OF OLIVER CROMWELL; by the Rev. M. Rus-them victoriously at last; to overrun each corner of education as to prepare them. Fanny and I are too SELL, L. L. D. 2 vols. New York: J. & J. Harper. the three nations, and overcome with equal facility well convinced that the greatest happiness is to be Constituting Vol. LXIII and IV of the Family Li- both the riches of the south and the poverty of the found in strenuous exertion on a lofty principle, to north; to be pleased and courted by all foreign princes, repine at any event which makes such exertion nebrary.—The life and career of Cromwell have been and adopted a brother to the gods of the earth; to call cessaly, or to dread the discipline which must, I the theme of unmeasured censure, and equally un-together parliaments with a word of his pen, and scat suppose, accompany it. I speak for Fanny in her measured admiration, according to the political bias absence as for myself, because I have learned from of the parties discussing them. Mr. Russell has enfor her; and I have written so much about ourher to feel as I do, and am sure that I may answer deavored to present an impartial view of both; and selves, because I believe my father in what he has considering how difficult impartiality is, even for so often said,-that it is for our sakes that he is those in the habit of, and with the qualifications for, *"I have often observed, with all submission and anxious about his wordly concerns. I assure you forming an opinion for themselves, he has succeeded resignation of spirit to the inscrutable mysteries of we shall be anxious only for him and you and pretty well. The leaning, if any, is against Crom. Eternal Providence, that when the fulness and ma. Horace. Horace, however, can never be long de well, whom, in the sketch of him with which the turity of time is come that produces the greatest con.presed by circumstances; nor do I think that any of fusions and changes in the world, it usually pleases us can. I mean to say this in the spirit of faith, not history closes, and which we extract, he rather un- God to make it appear, by the manner of them, that of presumption. If it is presumption, it will cer derrates, as we think, in the qualities of greatness.they are not the effects of human foree and policy, tainly be humbled: if it is faith, it will, I trust, be The great art of attaining success, in all comino. but of the divine justice and predestination; and justified. In either case, welcome the test! tions excited by political or religious change, is though we see a man like that which we call a Jack "I expect Fanny home by the middle of the day founded on the knowledge of character, and on the of the clock-house, striking as it were the hour of to-morrow; and I hope we shall see you in the eretalent of direeting to a particular object the passions that fallness of time, yet our reason must needs bening, or the next day at farthest. My father may of the multitude, and the ambition of their more ao convinced that the hand is moved by some secret, rely on perfect freedom from disturbance. I shall tive leaders. By this mastery over the feelings and and, to us who stand without, invisible direction. provide that nobody shall come farther than the designs of his contemporaries, Cromwell, there is no And the stream of the current is then so violent, white gate, unless he wishes it. I send you some doubt, acquired the means of accomplishing the that the strongest men in the world cannot draw up grapes, and my father's cloth shoes, which I think most arduous parts of his undertaking. He thereby against it, and none are so weak but they may sail he must want if he has to sit still much at his writ. broke the power of Parliament, from whom he first down with it. These are the spring-tides of publicing. I shall send you more fruit to-morrow; and derived his authority; wielded the mighty influence affairs, which we see often happen, but seek in vain arising from religions sentiment; and, finally, in- to discover any certain causes."-[Cowley's Essay + Cowley's Discourse on the Government of Oliver duced the majority of a democratical government tollon the Government of Oliver Cromwell.] Cromwell. ter them again with the breath of his mouth; to be brought grieves me very much. My great trouble is "Dearest Mother,-The news which Horace has that I am afraid Fanny and I know too little at present what will be the extent of such a trial to feel however, that it must be very great and long-confor my father and you as we ought. We are aware, tinued to one who, like my father, has toiled through life-time to obtain the very reverse of the lot which is now appointed to him. There is no dishonor, which we should find it very difficult to bear. Your however, and that. I think, is the only calamity children will feel it no misfortune to be impelled to a |