of psychology in all efforts to understand the facts of society. The difficulty of the problems in evolutionary psychology appears no less in the cleverly selected types for study through which Holmes (13) traces the genesis of intelligence, than in the demand of Haggerty (10) that the "descriptive" terms of the past shall yield to the more useful experimental terms of the present, and in which there is an almost threatened divorce of the behaviorist from the psychologist, because the latter's concepts are too limited to exhibit the results of the "experimental analysis" of behavior, which has only begun. The Psychological Index (19), which has been serviceable in aiding one to detect by numerical indications the ebb and flow of annual interest in the various phases of the science, has happily effected an arrangement with the Bibliographie of the Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, whereby a practically uniform system of classification of references came into adoption this year. This necessitated some radical changes in the distribution of the material, as shown by the following comparison, which also shows in a semi-logical fashion through the selection of rubrics certain progressive changes in the work of recent years. The old order was: general; anatomy and physiology of the nervous system; sensation, conditions and relations of consciousness; cognition; affection; conation and movement; philosophical implications of psychology; sleep, trance and pathology; and genetic, individual, and social psychology. The new order is: general; nervous system-structure and functions, sensation and perception; feeling and emotion; motor phenomena and volition; attention, memory, and thought; attitudes, and intellectual activities; special mental conditions; nervous and mental disorders; individual, racial and social phenomena; mental development in man; and organic evolution and behavior in other species. The former carried out the ten rubrics into sixty-three headings and thirty-seven sub-topics. The latter employs twelve rubrics, seventy-three headings and thirty-eight sub-topics. The Index for 1911 contains 3,202 titles, only sixteen more than the number in 1910, representing the work of two thousand five hundred and eighty-seven authors. In view of the difficulties of comparing the relative strength of the main topics in the two years, owing to the changed distribution of the material (only three rubrics remain unchanged, a new one is added, and the tenth of the old order is divided into the tenth, eleventh and twelfth of the new) and also to the increase in the material in sense physiology and the tendency to eliminate philosophy, we refer the reader to the following table.

One cannot fail to notice a more equal distribution of material under the new classification.

The second year of the specially planned service of the PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN to report the literature of psychology again illustrates the great range of activity. Its eleven issues devoted to general and special reviews selected material from 1911 and 1912 reaching an aggregate of over nine hundred references (not excluding duplicates), grouped under sixty-one topics. It is interesting to note, also, that this journal lists forty-four periodicals as regularly or occasionally containing papers on psychology, of which two are Italian, three British, six French, sixteen American, and seventeen German.

The annual record of the doctorates conferred by American universities being kept by Science (4) gives indication of a steady gain in the amount of worthy student research in psychology. This year twenty-nine degrees were conferred upon candidates presenting dissertations, twenty-five by these six universities: Columbia (eight), Clark (six), Pennsylvania (four), Cornell (three), Chicago (two), and Johns Hopkins (two). In the fifteen-year period, 1898 to 1912, during which this record has been kept, two hundred and fifty-one degrees have been conferred for work done in psychology. It ranks fourth in the list of twenty sciences aggregating two thousand three hundred and ten degrees, and is preceded by chemistry, physics and

zoology. Chemistry is credited with over one fourth, psychology with nearly one ninth of these doctorates. The average number of degrees in psychology conferred annually during the first ten years of the period is 13.5, during the last five years 23, and during the whole period 16.6. Over against this showing of consistent advancement in the scientific welfare of psychology are to be placed the special findings of Ruckmich and Titchener (22). Judging by financial support, by student registration, and by the number of university "hours," they conclude "that psychology, after twenty-five years. of growth, does not stand very high on the honor roll among academic subjects" in American colleges and universities. It always "foots the lists." It has also been outdistanced in the academic race with its rivals of equal, or less, age, as political science, education and zoology. Indeed, it is not faring as well as its foster mother, philosophy.

A few additions to the list of psychological and allied periodicals have been made during the year. The Fortschritte der Psychologie und ihrer Anwendungen, edited by K. Marbe with the assistance of W. Peter, "aims to serve science and practice equally," the program of applications including medicine, natural science, philology, literature, æsthetics, history, pedagogy, jurisprudence, political economy, and philosophy. The Psische: Rivista di studi psicologici, edited by R. Assagioli, of Florence, assisted by three directors, having plans more monographic than journalistic, is to appear six times a year, each issue being devoted to a special topic. The Zeitschrift für pädagogische Psychologie has begun a series of monographs. The intimate relations of education to psychology give interest to the appearance of the Archiv für Pädagogik, edited by Brahn and Döring, the L'année pédagogique, edited by Dugas and Cellérier, of Paris, and the Svenskst Archiv för Pedagogik, edited by Hammer, of Upsala. The intention of extending psychoanalysis. to the whole territory of the mental sciences has led to the new publication, Imago, edited by S. Freud. The Schriften des Vereins für freie psychoanalytische Forschung, under the direction of A. Adler, of Munich, as the journal of a new organization, indicates that dissensions among the psychoanalysts are making their appearance. The Studies in Linguistic Psychology, by R. J. Kellogg, of Decatur, Illinois, hopes to be interesting enough to grow into a journal.

The associational and personal interests of the science have brought it special credit, or shown a widening extension of its influences. The exhibit of apparatus and other material by the German In

stitute of Applied Psychology at the Fifth Congress of Experimental Psychology was a distinct service. The psychophysical Sammlung, founded by Ebbinghaus at Halle a. S., has during the year become a greatly enlarged and equipped Institute for experimental psychology under the direction of F. Krueger, now the German Exchange Professor at Columbia University. The first Conference of the Texas teachers of philosophy and psychology was held at Waco at the very close of last year. The Institute J. J. Rousseau, under the direction of P. Bovet, has been opened at Geneva to meet the demand of teachers for instruction in psychology and pedology, and to further the scientific study of education. Renewed applications of our science are a part of the plans for the three-year course of the new École Supérieure des Sciences Pédologiques et Psychologiques, privately inaugurated at Brussels, under the direction of Mlle. Ioteyko. The creation of the office of consulting psychologist to the Nutrition Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, filled by the appointment of R. Dodge, is a tribute to the science as well as an opportunity for approaching new problems and formulating new technique. T. Ziehen has withdrawn from teaching and the direction of the psychiatric and neurological clinic at Berlin to devote his full energy to psychological research in his private laboratory at Wiesbaden. W. Wundt, the “Altmeister der Psychologie," attained his eightieth birthday and retired from teaching, surrounded with such grateful honors as to make the joint event one of specific interest to the entire German people. The Wilhelm Wundt Stiftung of seven thousand marks, the material token of the occasion, is devoted by his designation to research in phonetics and acoustics, to aid in the fields of linguistics, music and social psychology.

The year's necrology includes the death of Alfred Fouillée and Hermann Munk. Psychology, as well as ethics and the history of philosophy, has been enriched by the works of the former, who was a prolific writer. His Psychologie des idées-forces aided in ushering in the functional point of view, and social psychology received the contributions of his studies on the people of France and of Europe. The death of Munk reminds us of our obligations to his work a generation ago on the functions of nerves and muscles and particularly on the localization of functions in the cerebral cortex.

REFERENCES

1. ANGELL, J. R. & Co., 1912.

Chapters from Modern Psychology. New York: Longmans, Green
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2. ANSCHÜTZ, G. Spekulative, exakte, und angewandte Psychologie: Eine Untersuchung über die Prinzipien der psychologischen Erkenntnis. Arch. f. d. ges. Psych., 1912, 23, 281-309; 24, 1-30, 111-140.

3. BRETT, G. S. A History of Psychology: Ancient and Patristic. London, 1912. Pp. 388.

4. Doctorates Conferred by American Universities. Science, 1912, 36, 129 ff.

5. DODGE, R. The Theory and Limitations of Introspection. Amer. J. of Psychol., 1912, 23, 214 ff.

6. DUGAS, L. L'Introspection. Rev. phil., 1911, 36, 606–626.

7. DUNLAP, K. The Case against Introspection. PSYCHOL. REV., 1912, 19, 404 ff. 8. ELLWOOD, C. A. Sociology in its Psychological Aspects. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1912. Pp. 417.

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Handbook of Mental examination Methods. New York: J. of N. and M. Disease Pub. Co., 1912. Pp. 165.

10. HAGGERTY, M. E. Imitation and Animal Behavior. J. of Phil., Psychol., &c., 1912, 9, 265 ff.

11. HALL, G. S. Founders of Modern Psychology. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1912. Pp. 471.

12. HART, B. AND SPEARMAN, C. General Ability; its Existence and Nature. Brit. J. of Psychol., 1912, 5, 51 ff.

13. HOLMES, S. J. The Evolution of Animal Intelligence. New York: Holt & Co., 1911. Pp. 296.

14. Lehmann, A. Grundzüge der Psychophysiologie; Eine Darstellung der normalen, generellen und individuellen Psychologie. Leipzig, 1912. Pp. 742.

15. MEUMANN, E. Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die experimentelle Pädagogik und ihre psychologischen Grundlagen. Bd. I., 2te Aufl., Leipzig, 1911. Pp. 726 16. MEUNIER, R. Les conséquences et les applications de la psychologie. Rev. phil., 1912, 37, 44-67.

17. MÜLLER, G. E. Zur Analyse der Gedächtnistätigkeit und des Vorstellungsverlaufes. I. Abt. Zsch. f. Psychol., Ergbd., 5, I., Leipzig, 1911. Pp. 443.

18. MÜLLER-FREIENFELS, R. Psychologie der Kunst: Eine Darstellung der Grundzüge, die Psychologie des Kunstgeniessens und der Kunstschaffens. Leipzig, 1912. 2 vols. Pp. 232, 220.

19. Psychological Index, No. 18, for the year 1911. PSYCHOL. REV. PUBL., 1912. 20. RAND, B. The Classical Psychologists: Selections illustrating Psychology from Anaxagoras to Wundt. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1912. Pp. 734. 21. Report of the Committee of the American Psychol. Assoc. on the Standardization of Procedure in Experimental Tests: Woodworth, R. S. and Wells, F. L., Association Tests, PSYCHOL. REV. MONOG., No. 57, Dec., 1911. Pp. 85. 22. RUCKMICH, C. The History and Status of Psychology in America.

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23. SCHRÖBLER, E. Bericht über den IV. internationalen Kongress für Kunstunterricht, Zeichnen, und angewandte Kunst. Dresden, im August, 1912. Arch. f. d. ges. Psychol., 1912, 25, 151–172.

24. SQUIRE, C. R. Graded Mental Tests. J. of Educ. Psychol., 1912, 3, 363 ff. 25. STERN, W. Die psychologischen Methoden der Intelligenzprüfung. V. Congress for Exp. Psychol. (Berlin), 1912 (separate), Leipzig. Pp. 100.