of $2,000,000. The company is to have the exclusive right of transportation on the road while they see fit to exercise that right.

Another act authorizes an increase of the capital stock of the Savannah, Ogeechee and Alatamahah Canal Company to a sum not exceeding $2,000,000; and the company are empowered to extend their canal from the Alatamahah, Ocmulgee, and Oconee rivers to the Flint or Chattahoochee rivers.

Roads, Rivers, &c. Nineteen acts relate to the surveying, laying out and improving different roads, the regulation of fisheries, &c.

Slaves. An act was passed to manumit a slave and to give her

a name.

A resolution was passed appropriating $5,000 to be paid to any person who shall arrest, bring to trial, and prosecute to conviction, under the laws of the State, the editor or publisher of a certain paper called the Liberator, published in the town of Boston, and State of Massachusetts, or who shall arrest, bring to trial, and prosecute to conviction, any other person or persons, shall utter, publish, or circulate, within the limits of this State, said paper called the Liberator, or any other paper, circular, pamphlet, letter, or address, of a seditious character.'

Tariff.

who

A resolution declares the tariff of 1828 to be a violation of the constitution of the United States, &c. &c.

A resolution was also passed by which the legislature declare 'their confidence in the ability, fidelity, and zeal of Andrew Jackson, and that the people of the State anxiously look to his reelection as eminently calculated to promote the general interest and prosperity of the country and the harmony of the Union.'

By another resolution $1500 are appropriated for procuring copies of the records now in the office of the Board of Trade and other colonial offices in London, which relate to the early colonial history of the State.

GREAT BRITAIN.

Acts of Parliament 1 and 2 Wm. 4. [The act from which extracts are made below, is the only one among those passed by the British parliament before its adjournment last autumn, which will excite any interest, or suggest any ideas on subjects of legislation, in the United States. A new game act, being a revision of the whole subject of game laws, was passed at the same session. Two practical treatises have already come out in England upon the game laws as altered by this new act.]

Cap. 37.-An act to prohibit the payment, in certain trades, of wages, in goods, or otherwise than in the current coin of the realm. [15th October 1831.]

S. 1. In all contracts for the hiring of artificers in the trades hereafter enumerated, the wages shall be paid in the current coin of the realm, and not otherwise.

S. 2. If in any such contract any provision shall be made respecting the place where, or the manner in which, or the person with whom, any part of the wages shall be laid out, such contract shall be illegal.

S. 3. The entire amount of such wages shall be paid in coin; every payment in goods, or otherwise, shall be illegal.

S. 4. Artificers may recover so much of their wages as have not been paid in coin, in the manner provided for the recovery of servants' wages, or other lawful wages.

S. 5. In an action for wages brought by such artificer, the defendant shall not be allowed to make any set-off in respect of goods supplied by him, or by any shop in which he is interested.

S. 6. No employer of such artificer shall have an action against him, for goods supplied on account of wages by the employer, or from any shop in which he is interested.

S. 7. If such artificer, his wife, widow, or child under age, become chargeable to the parish, the overseers may recover from the employer any wages earned within the three preceding months, and which were not paid in coin. The amount recovered to be applied in reimbursing the parish.

S. 8. This act not to invalidate the payment of wages in bank notes, or checks payable on demand, if the artificer consents.

S. 9. Any employer entering into a contract, or making any payment hereby declared illegal, shall, for the first offence, forfeit not exceeding ten, nor less than five pounds; for the second, not exceeding twenty nor less than ten pounds; and for the third offence shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding 1007.

S. 19. This act is to apply only to artificers employed in the following trades; viz. in making, casting, converting, or manufacturing of iron or steel, or any branches thereof; or in working mines of coals, iron, stone, limestone, salt-rock; or in working of stone, slate, or clay; or in making salt, bricks, tiles, or quarries; or in making nails, chains, rivets, anvils, vices, spades, shovels, screws, keys, locks, bolts, hinges, or other articles of hardwares made of iron or steel; or of any plated articles of cutlery, or of any wares made of brass, tin, lead, pewter, or other metal, or of

any japanned wares whatsoever; or in making, spinning, throwing, or otherwise preparing any kinds of woolen, worsted, yarn, stuff, jersey, linen, fustian, cloth, serge, cotton, leather, fur, hemp, flax, mohair, or silk manufactures whatsoever; or in making or otherwise preparing, any glass, porcelain, china, or earthenware, or any branches, or processes thereof, or any materials used therein; or in making or preparing of bone, thread, silk, or cotton lace, or lace made of mixed materials.

S. 20. This act not to extend to any domestic servant, or servant in husbandry.

S. 23. This act not to prevent employers from supplying to any such artificers, medicine or medical attendance, or fuel, or materials, or tools, if such artificers be employed in mining, or hay, corn, &c. to be consumed by any horse or other beast of burden employed by such artificers; nor from demising to any artificer any tenement for rent; nor from supplying him with victuals dressed under the roof of such employer, and there consumed; nor from making a deduction from the wages in respect of such rent, medicine, fuel, materials, tools, &c.; or for money advanced to such artificer for any such purposes; provided that such a deduction shall not exceed the real value of such articles supplied, and shall not be made unless the agreement for such deduction be in writing.

S. 24. Employers may advance money to artificers to be contributed to any friendly society or savings' bank, or for relief in sickness, or education of children.

INTELLIGENCE AND MISCELLANY.

The liberty of the citizen dependent upon the independence of the Judiciary. In the Address of Mr. Gray, delivered at Boston on the late anniversary of Washington's birth day, speaking of the constitutional limitations of the different branches of the government, he presents the connexion of personal liberty with the independence of the judiciary in a very striking light, in the following passage.

'It is obviously in vain, that these limitations and restrictions should be stated, unless they are enforced and maintained, by holding every act of power, which transgresses them, to be void, and rendering it in fact inoperative. This is accomplished by the Judiciary, the one, uniform, all pervading power, which keeps every part of the system in its place, determining the effect of the laws in each disputed case, and of course their validity, as well as their construction. It is independent of the Legislature; since it would be mere mockery to refer a citizen complaining of the invasion of his rights, to those of whom he complains, or to their dependents, for a remedy. Its authority, also, is coextensive with that of the Legislature, and must be so in every free government; since otherwise some laws will exist, which are either not enforced at all, but obeyed or disobeyed by every man at pleasure; and so far as these extend, this would be anarchy, not government; or else they are are enforced by some other than judicial power, by some other power than that, which gives full hearing, and fair trial, and deliberate judgment, according to law; and this would be tyranny, not freedom.

'Yet even the judicial power is not arbitrary, and absolute, but is subjected to every restraint and control compatible with its impartial and efficient action. Those who administer it, have no discretion whatever as to its exercise. The power of deciding on the validity of a law is not their prerogative, to be exerted or not, according to their will. It is the right of each individual, who

may think himself aggrieved by any law, to call on them to determine its validity, for his protection. In that case, it is their duty to do so, and it is only in that case, that they have the power.

"Their decisions, moreover, are not mere orders, directing what shall be done in each particular case, but determinations of right, founded on systematic and declared rules, and of course uniform, so that each case is a precedent for all others like it. This principle limits their discretion, compels them to mete out to all men the same measure of justice, and tends to secure deliberation, and to prevent partiality, since they can never know on whom or in what manner the rule established by any decision will ultimately operate most powerfully. That, which affects a stranger today, may affect themselves or their children tomorrow. It has been objected to this principle, that it gives them the power of legislation, and enables them, by the decision of any one case, to make that to be law, which was not law before. But this is not so. For if it were so, then the very case decided must have been determined unjustly, by a law made after it arose. There is an obvious difference between deriving a rule from principle or analogy, to govern cases not previously contemplated and provided for, and altering one already established and acknowledged. Besides, all controversies must be determined, and if the effect of uniformity in deciding them is like that of ordinary legislation, the effect of the want of it would be like that of the worst kind of legislation, or rather of the arbitrary power, which, under the name of legislation, makes a special law for each particular case.

"The proceedings of the Judiciary are public, and their ultimate decisions, together with the grounds of them, are made known and transmitted to future times, in order that they may feel that each decision must not only put at stake their reputation for wisdom and integrity among their contemporaries, but must abide the judgment of posterity; and that they may therefore always act under a deep sense of their responsibility to that power, which is the last appeal of right and reason upon earth-Public OpinionNot the popular opinion of the day; but that public opinion, which speaks the wisdom of ages, and whose throne is from generation to generation.

'The liberty of the citizen requires, that this should be the only ultimate coercive power in the state: that he should never be compelled finally to submit even to an act of the Legislature itself, the highest depositary of political power, without an opportunity to be fully heard, both as to its validity and its construction, before, a tribunal as independent of every external influence as can be