have any hair under their armpits, and very little on any other part of their body, particularly the women.'

Mr. MACKENZIE states that the Knisteneaux " very generally extract their beards; and both sexes manifest a disposition to pluck the hair from every part of their body and limbs."+ Among the Chepewyans "the men in general extract their beards; but some are seen to prefer a bushy black beard to a smooth chin."‡

Respecting the Canadian Indians and the adjoining tribes, we have a curious statement in the Philosophical Transactions,§ communicated by a celebrated Mohawk chief named THAYANDANEEGA, but better known to the English by the name of Capt. BRANT, whose portrait is represented in Plate IV.

"The men of the Six Nations have all beards by nature, as have likewise all other Indian nations of North America, which I have seen. Some allow a part of the beard on the chin and upper lip to grow; and a few of the Mohawks shave with razors like Europeans; but the generality pluck out the hairs of the beard by the roots, as soon as they begin to appear; and, as they continue this practice all their lives, they appear to have no beard, or at most only a few straggling hairs, which they have neglected to pluck out. I am, however, of opinion, that if the Indians were to shave, they would never have beards, altogether so thick as the Europeans; and there are some to be met with, who have actually very little beard.”

The beardlessness of the natives at Nootka Sound is ascribed by Cook|| entirely to their practice of eradication; and the same opinion is expressed respecting the Chopunnish, a tribe on Lewis's River, which joins the Columbia, by Captains LEWIS and CLARKE, who are of opinion that several of them would have good beards, if they adopted the practice of shaving.¶

PEROUSE** reports, that about one-half of the adult Indians in New California had beards, which in some were ample: that

+ Voyages, &c. p. 92.

Journey, ch. ix. p. 305. + Ibid. p. 120. For the year 1786; art. 11, communicated by Mr. M'Causland, an army surgeon, who had resided for ten years at Niagara, in the midst of the Six Nations, and who confirms the statement of the American chief.

"Some have no beards at all; and others only a thin one on the point of the chin. This does not arise from an original deficiency of hair in those parts, but from their plucking it out by the roots; for those, who do not destroy it, nave not only considerable beards on every part of the chin, but also whiskers, or mustachios running from the upper lip to the lower jaw obliquely downwards." Voyage to the Pacific, v. ii. p. 302. Pl. 38, Man of Nootka Sound; pl. 46, Man of Prince William's Sound.

Travels to the Source of the Missouri, p. 556, 557. ** Voyage, v. ii. p. 197, 198.

he could not ascertain whether the deficiency observed in the others arose from natural defect, or from the beard being plucked out.

The genuine Negroes have very little growth of hair on the chin,* or on other parts of the body. In a full-grown lad of seventeen, there was not the smallest appearance of beard, nor of hair on any other part except the head. I never saw any hair on the arms, legs, or breasts of Negroes, like what is observed on those parts in Europeans.

Although the South Sea Islanders come under the darkcoloured division of the human race, they are not at all deficient in beard. The descriptions and figures of Cook concur in assigning to them in many cases a copious growth.†

That a similar connexion in point of colour to that which I have just explained between the skin and the hair, exists also between the former organ and the eyes, was noticed by ARISTOTLE, who observed that white persons have blue, and dark ones black eyes. Thus, in European countries, newly-born children have generally light eyes and hair, and both grow gradually darker together in individuals of dark complexion. Again, in proportion as the hair turns gray in the old subject, the pigmentum of the eye loses much of its brown colour.‡ With the colourless skin and hair of the Albinos, is combined an entire deficiency § of colouring in matter in the eye; so that the iris and choroid have a more or less red hue with a tendency to violet, from the colour of the blood in their numerous capillaries. Different children of the same family not unfrequently have opposite complexions, where one of the parents is fair and the other dark: hence we may see brothers and sisters with different coloured irides.

* De Bry states of the Congo Negroes, "Barbæ parum habent; videas enim trigesimum ætatis agentes annum, quorum genas vix lanugo vestire cœpit tenerrima.

The portrait of Potatow, an Otaheitean chief, has beard enough for a Jewish rabbi. Voyage towards the S. Pole, v. i. p. 159, pl. 56. New Zealander, v. ii. p. 152, pl. 55. See also the portrait of Tiarrah, a New Zealand chief, prefixed to Savage's Account of New Zealand. The representations of the Tannese, Mallicollese, and New Caledonians have been already quoted; note +, p. 215. Man of Mangeea; folio atlas to the Voy. to the Pacific; pl. 11.

Pigmentum nigrum is an incorrect expression as applied to the human eye, in which the matter in question, whether in the choroid membrane, or on the uvea, is always brown. It is neither black, nor of a tint that could be mistaken for it, even in the darkest races; although it is of a deep black in our common quadrupeds.

In his "Observations on the Pigmentum of the Eye," Mr. Hunter speaks of the white pigmentum of the Albino, white rabbit, white mouse, ferret, &c. Obs. on the Animal Economy. It seems to me easily demonstrable that there is no colouring matter in these cases; and that the light rose-colour of the iris, and the deeper violet-red of the pupil, depend solely on the blood.

Those animals only, in which the skin and hair are subject to variety of colour, vary in that of the eyes. This is not confined, as the ancients thought, to man and the horse, but extends also to others, particularly of the domesticated kinds. Moreover, the iris sometimes exhibits more than one colour in those animals which have a spotted skin; as was noticed by MOLINELLI* in dogs. Something of the same kind may be observed in sheep and horses; but BLUMENBACH says that it is most conspicuous in the rabbit; the gray, or those which retain the native colour of their wild state, have brown irides; those spotted with black and white have the irides evidently variegated; and the white, like other leucæthiopic animals, have them, as is well known, of a pale rose colour.

The three principal colours of the human eye were well laid down by ARISTOTLE; viz. blue, passing in its lighter tints to what we call gray; an obscure orange, which he calls the colour of the eye in the goat (Fr. yeux de chevre), a kind of middle tint between blue and orange, and sometimes remarkably green in men with very red hair and freckled skin; and lastly brown in various shades, forming in proportion to its depth what we call hazel, dark, or black eyes. The red eyes of the leucathiopic constitution may constitute a fourth division.

These may all occur in different individuals of the same race; or even of the same family: and again, they are sometimes confined to the distinct tribes of the same country within the limits of a few degrees. Thus LINNEUS ↑ describes in Sweden the Gothlander, with light hair and grayish blue eyes; the Fin with yellow hair and brown iris; and the Laplander with black hair and eyes.

Blue eyes, as well as yellow hair (cærulei oculi, rutila coma),‡ have characterized the German race from the earliest times; and the same combination is met with, in scattered instances, in the most remote nations. The iris of the Negro is the blackest we are acquainted with; so that close inspection is necessary, in living individuals, to distinguish it from the pupil. It is invariably dark in all the coloured tribes of men; as well as in dark-complexioned individuals of the white variety.

* Comment. Instit. Bonon., t. iii. p. 281.

+ Fauna Suecica, p. 1.

Tacitus, Germ. 4. Rutilus is applied to splendid or shining objects, as fire and flame; and denotes frequently the colour of gold, as in this case. Thus it has here the same meaning as the "auricomi" of Silius applied to the Batavi, and the epithet "golden-haired," so common among the earlier German writers.

CHAPTER IV.

Differences of Features; Forms of the Skull; Teeth; attempted Explanations. ALTHOUGH it is a common and very just observation, that two individuals are hardly to be met with possessing exactly the same features, and although this variety, according with what we observe throughout all nature,* is a simple and effectual provision for very important ends, yet there is generally a certain cast of countenance common to the particular races of men, and often to the inhabitants of particular countries. The five following varieties are established by BLUMENBACH ↑ after a careful comparison of numerous drawings and of the various races themselves, in situations, where commerce attracts them from all parts of the globe, as at London and Amsterdam. This distribution is only meant to indicate the most leading traits; details and minute particulars are not therefore taken into consideration

1. An oval and straight face, with the different parts moderately distinct from each other; high and expanded forehead; nose narrow, and slightly aquiline, or at least with the bridge somewhat convex; no prominence of the cheek-bones; small mouth, with lips slightly turned out, particularly the lower one, a full and rounded chin. See PLATE I.

This is the kind of countenance which accords most with our ideas of beauty: it may be considered as a middle, departing into two extremes, exactly opposed to each other, in most respects, yet agreeing in having a low and receding forehead, In one, the face is expanded laterally; in the other, it is lengthened forwards or downwards. Each of these includes two varieties, which are most readily distinguished by a profile view; one, in which the nose and other parts run together; and the other, in which they are more prominent and separate.

2. Broad and flattened face, with the parts slightly distinguished, and as it were running together: the space between the eyes flat and very broad, flat nose, rounded projecting cheeks; "Præterea genus humanum, mutæque natantes Squammigerum pecudes, et læta armenta, feræque, Et variæ volucres; lætantia quæ loca aquarum Concelebrant, circum ripas, fonteisque, lacusque ; Et quæ pervolgant nemora avia pervolitantes; Horum unum quodvis generatim sumere perge: Invenies tamen inter se distare figuris.

Nec ratione alia proles cognoscere matrem,

Nec mater possit prolem; quod posse videmus,

Nec minus atque homines inter se nota cluere."-Lucret. L. ii.

+ De gen. human, var. nat. Sect. iii. 56.

narrow and linear aperture of the eyelids extending towards the temples (yeux bridés, Fr.), the internal angle of the eye depressed towards the nose, and the superior eyelid continued at that part into the inferior by a rounded sweep; chin slightly prominent. See PLATE II.

This is the face of the Mongolian tribes; commonly called in English the Tartar face, from the confusion of the Tartars (Tatars) with the Mongols.

3. Face broad, but not flat and depressed, with prominent cheek-bones, and the parts when viewed in profile, as it were, more deeply and distinctly carved out. Short forehead, eyes deeply seated, nose flattish, but prominent. Such is the countenance of most Americans. See PLATE IV.

4. Narrow face projecting towards its lower part; narrow, slanting, and arched forehead; eyes prominent (à fleur de tête); a thick nose, confused on either side with the projecting cheeks (nez épaté); the lips, particularly the upper one, very thick; the jaws prominent, and the chin retracted.-This is the countenance of the Negro-the Guinea face. See PLATE III.

5. The face not so narrow as in the preceding, rather projecting downwards, with the different parts in a side-view rising more freely and distinctly. The nose rather full and broad, and thicker towards its apex (bottled-nosed). The mouth large. This is the face of the Malays, particularly of the South Sea Islanders. See PLATE V.

In his Abbildungen natur-historicher Gegenstände, p. i, BLUMENBACH has given characteristic representations of these five varieties, engraved from accurate portraits of celebrated individuals. These engravings have been copied for the present work,* as they render the subject much more intelligible than mere description.

In features, as in colour, the different races are connected to each other by the most gentle gradations; so that, although any two extremes, when contrasted, appear strikingly different, they are joined by numerous intermediate and very slightly differing degrees; and no formation is exhibited so constantly in all the individuals of one race, as not to admit of numerous exceptions.

We see, indeed, an astonishing difference, when we place an ugly Negro (for there are such as well as ugly Europeans) against a specimen of the Grecian ideal model; but, when we

See plate I.-V. Vignettes illustrating the same subject are introduced in the Beyträge zur Naturgeschichte; 1a Theil.