the lips rather thick. The forehead and vertex are in some cases deformed by art. This variety includes all the Americans, with the exception of the Esquimaux. The redness of the skin is not so constant, but that it varies in many instances towards a brown, and approaches in some situations to the white colour. Cook states that the natives of Nootka Sound have a colour not very different from that of Europeans, but with a pale dull cast:† and BOUGUER makes the same observations of the Peruvians on the Andes. HUMBOLDT observes that "the denominations of copper-coloured men could never have originated in equinoctial America to designate the natives." Mr. BIRKBECK says of the natives, whom he saw in the western territory of the United States, "that their complexion is various; some are dark, others not so swarthy as myself; but I saw none of the copper colour, which I had imagined to be their universal distinctive mark."§ In describing the Chilians, MOLINA says, "Their complexion, like that of the other American nations, is of a reddish brown, but it is of a clearer hue, and readily changes to white. A tribe, who dwell in the province of Baroa, are of a clear white and red, without any intermixture of the copper colour." || The most accurate observers, in various parts of the continent, have particularly noticed the imperfect development of the forehead in the American race. "In the natives of Nootka Sound," says Cook, "the visage of most is round and full; and sometimes also broad, with high prominent cheeks; and above these the face is frequently much depressed, or seems fallen in quite across between the temples; the nose flattening at its base, with pretty wide nostrils, and a rounded point. The forehead rather low." The same lowness of this region is remarked by HEARNE** in the northern Indians; by LEWIS and CLARKE, tt of the western tribes; by Mr. ROLLIN, the surgeon who accompanied La PerOUSE, of the natives on the western coast in 58 deg. north lat., ‡‡ of the Californians, §§ and the Chilians;|||| by DAMPIER, of those on the coast of Nicaragua, and the Isthmus of Darien; ¶¶ and by HUMBOLDT, of the Americans generally.*** For portraits of Americans, see Cook, Voy, towards the South Pole, v. ii. p. 183, pl. 27; native of Tierra del Fuego: and Voyage to the Pacific; pl. 38, 39, 46, 47, 54; natives of the north-west coast. + Voyage to the Pacific, v. ii. p. 303. Personal Narratire, v. iii. p. 223. Notes on a Journey in America, p. 100. Civil History of Chili, p. ¶ Voyage towards the South Pole, v. ii. p. 183. Journey to the Frozen Ocean, pp. 89 and 306. ++ Travels, p. 64, and ch, xxiii. Voyage, &c. v. iii. p. 202. Ibid. 201. Ibid. 200. ¶¶ Voyages, &c. v. i. p. 32; v. ii. p. 115. *** See the quotation at p. 249. In describing the Chaymas, he says that "the forehead is small, and but little prominent. Thus, in several languages of these countries, to express the beauty of a woman, they say that she is fat and has a narrow forehead."* A singular intellectual defect has been noticed in some Americans, and may, perhaps, be connected with this peculiarity in the configuration of the head. "The Chaymas have a great difficulty in comprehending any thing that belongs to numerical relations. I never saw a single man who might not be made to say that he was eighteen or sixty years of age."+ WAFER observed the same circumstance in the Isthmus of Darien. The Indians attempted to reckon a party of between three and four hundred persons: one of them put a grain of maize into a basket for each that passed; but they could not cast it up. Some days after, twenty or thirty of the chief men came together, and tried their skill. "But, when they could tell no further (the number probably exceeding their arithmetic), and seemed to grow very hot and earnest in their debates about it; one of them started up, and sorting out a lock of hair with his fingers, and shaking it, seemed to intimate the number to be great and unknown, and so put an end to the dispute. But one of them came after us, and inquired our number in broken Spanish." Several fabulous reports have been propagated, and entertained even by writers of credit, respecting the distinguishing characters of this race. The representation of their entire natural deficiency of beard has been rectified already (see p. 309 and following). It has been asserted that the women are not subject to the menstrual discharge; and that in some places the men suckle, and not the women. § A formal refutation of such fancies cannot be necessary. V. MALAY VARIETY. Brown colour, from a light tawny tint, not deeper than that of the Spaniards and Portuguese, to a deep brown approaching to black. Hair black, more or less curled, and abundant. Head rather narrow; bones of the face large and prominent; nose full and broad towards the apex; large mouth. The inhabitants of the peninsula of Malacca, of Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and the adjacent Asiatic islands; of the Molucca, Ladrone, Philippine, Marian, and Caroline groups; of New Holland, Van Diemen's Land, New Guinea, New Zealand, * Fersonal Narrative, v. iii. p. 223. + Ibid. p. 241. New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America, p. 179. and the numberless islands scattered through the whole of the South Sea, belong to this division. It is called Malay,* because most of the tribes speak the Malay language; which may be traced, in the various ramifications of this race, from Madagascar to Easter Island. Under this variety, to which, in truth, no well-marked common characters can be assigned, are included races of men very different in organization and qualities; too different indeed to be arranged with propriety under one and the same division, but hitherto too imperfectly known for the purposes of satisfactory arrangement. In that division of the abodes of this race, which may be called the Southern Asiatic, or East Indian islands, we find at least two very different organizations; namely, one Negro-like, black, with strongly curled hair; another of brown or olive-colour, with longer hair. The first, regarded as the Aboriginal inhabitants, occupy some islands entirely, but are found in the larger ones in the mountainous interior parts, whither they seem to have been driven by the encroachments of new settlers. They resemble the African Negroes in their black colour, woolly hair, and general formation of the skull and features; and hence they are called by the Dutch writers Negroes and Moors. They are distinguished, however, by their language, and by a copious bushy beard. In Sumatra they are called Batta; in Borneo, Biajos; in the Moluccas, Haraforas or Alfoeras; in the Philippines, Ygolotes. They are wild, barbarous, and uncivilized, like their African kindred. Col. SYMES, who visited the great Andaman island on his voyage to Ava, describes the natives as seldom exceeding five feet, having slender limbs, large bellies, high shoulders, and large heads. They had woolly hair, flat noses, and thick lips; and skin of a deep sooty black. They are naked, and in a state of complete barbarism.+ The term Malay, says Mr. Marsden, like that of Moor in the continent of India, is almost synonymous with Mahometan. Hist. of Sumatra; third edition, p. 42. These people, he says, are supposed to have come from the peninsula of Malacca, and to have spread thence over the adjacent islands; whereas it is clearly proved that the Malays went from Sumatra to Malacca in the 12th century; "and that the indigenous inhabitants, gradually driven by them to the woods and mountains, so far from being the stock from which the Malays were propagated, are an entirely different race of men, nearly approaching in their physical characters to the Negroes of Africa." Ibid. 326. + Embassy to Ava, 8vo. p. 301. A similar description of them is given by the Arabian travellers in the ninth century, whose account is translated by Renaudot, ibid. p. 296, note. "It deserves remark," the author adds, "that on the continent of India, extra Gangem, figures of Boodh or Budhoo, the Gaudma of the Birmans and Siamese, are often seen with the characteristic The lighter coloured race, with more oval countenance, longer hair, and finer forms altogether, occupy the coasts of the larger islands, and some smaller ones entirely. Many of them show their Malay origin by their organization, language, and manners; and appear to have gradually spread from the continent over the adjacent islands. Others, however, cannot be traced so satisfactorily to this source. * In the numerous larger and smaller islands of the South Sea, extending from New Holland to Easter Island over a space of early 140 degrees of longitude, very various tribes are found, of light brown or olive to black colour, of woolly or long hair, tall or short, handsome or ugly; and that often very near each other. They may be arranged, as in the latter case, under two divisions; between which, however, there are several intermediate gradations forming an insensible transition from the one to the other. 1st. Negro-like men, with curly hair, occupy the south-western islands; and may, perhaps, have descended from the analogous race in the Moluccas and other East Indian islands. They are savage, ferocious aud suspicious.† This race is found in New Holland and Van Diemen's Land, New Guinea, New Britain, and the adjacent group sometimes called Solomon's Islands, New Georgia and the Charlotte Islands, the New Hebrides, including Tanna, Mallicollo, and others, New Caledonia, and the Feejee islands. The remaining islands of the South Sea, from New Zealand on the west, to Easter Island, contain a race of much better organization and qualities. In colour and features many of them approach to the Caucasian variety; while they are surpassed by none in symmetry, size, and strength. They have made considerable advances in civilization, and readily learn the arts imparted by their European visitors. nair and features of the Negro." p. 302, note. Mr. Colebrook's account of the physical traits, the ferocity, and the completely savage state of this race, is precisely similar to that of Col. Symes. Asiatic Researches, v. iv. Two natives of Timor are represented by Peron, Voy. de Découvertes aux Terres Australes, t. i. pl. 25 et 26. +For portraits of this race see Cook's Voyage towards the South Pole. v. ii. pl. 47, Man of Mallicollo; pl. 26 and 45, Man and Woman of Tanna; pl. 39 and 48, Man and Woman of New Caledonia. Cook's Voyage to the Pacific; pl. 6 and 7, Man, Woman, and Child of Van Diemen's Land. Collins, Account of New South Wales, p. 439, Portrait of a Native with the prominent jaws and mouth of the Negro. Peron, Voyage de Décov. t. i. pl. 8-12, and pl. 17-20, Natives of New Holland, and the adjacent islands. The Papuahs of New Guinea are described by Forrest in his Voyage to New Guinea; and a figure of a youth of this race, with jaws as prominent as those of any African Negro, is given by Sir T. S. Raffles, in his History of Java, v. ii. Numerous figures may be seen in Cook's Voyage across the South Pole; and in the folio atlas of his Voyage to the Pacific. CONCLUDING ADDRESS OF THE LAST I HAVE NOW, GENTLEMEN! performed the task assigned to me by the BOARD OF CURATORS. In judging of the execution of any design, it is right to bea in mind the object and views with which it was undertaken. I have been desirous of exhibiting to you, in the Lectures, which are just concluded, the utility and applications of zoological science; and have, therefore, aimed more at illustrating principles, and the mode of employing and applying knowledge, than at collecting or bringing forwards a great number or variety of facts. I selected the natural history of our species, because the subject is very interesting, because many of the points which it involves, embracing physiological questions of the highest importance, are closely allied to our own peculiar pursuits; and because it has not yet received a due portion of attention in this country. I hope to have convinced you that the zoological study of man, when grounded on a knowledge of his organization and functions, and enlightened by the analogies, the contrasts, and the various aids afforded by an acquaintance with the animal kingdom in general, is the only means by which a clear insight can be gained into human nature;-into the physical and moral attributes, the comparative powers, the liability to change or modification of the individual, the race or the variety, and consequently into the frame, capabilities, and destiny of the species The principles furnished by such investigations are the safest guide in all branches of knowledge, of which man in any shape is the object: the only guide at least that can be trusted by those, who are determined to resort to nature for themselves, rather than blindly adopt established doctrines, or take up the ready-made notions and clever systems, so kindly provided for those who are too indolent or too timid to exercise their own observation and reason on these important topics. Such inquiries, I will venture to add, afford the only light capable of directing us through the dark regions of metaphysics, the only |