Jago. Jaggernaus but accounted copies from the Jaggernaut. According to the best information Mr Grose could obtain, this stone is meant to represent the power presiding over universal generation, which they attribute to the genial heat and influence of the sun acting in subordination to it. Domestic idols of the form of the Jaggernaut, and distinguished by the same name, are made by the Gentoos. These are niched up in a kind of triumphal car, decorated with gilding and tinsel; which for some days they keep in the best apartment in their house. During this time their devotion con sists in exhibiting the most obscene postures, and acting all manner of lasciviousness, in sight as it were of the idol, and as the most acceptable mode of worship to that deity it represents; after which they carry it in its gilded car in procession to the Ganges, and throw in all together as an acknowledgment to that river of its congenial fertilization with that of the sun. Formerly this machine was decorated with jewels and other expensive ornaments; but the Indians are now become less extravagant, as they found that the Moors and Christians, watching the places where they threw in their idols, dived for them for the sake of the jewels with which they were adorned. Our author conjectures, that this pyramidal form of the Gentoo idol was originally taken from that of flame, which always inclines to point upwards. From this Indian deity he supposes the shape of the Paphian Venus to have been derived, for which Tacitus could not account. This image had nothing of the human form in it, but rose orbicularly from a broad basis, and in the nature of a race goal tapering to a narrow convex a top; which is exactly the figure of the idol in India, consecrated to such an office as that heathen deity was supposed to preside over, and to which, on the borders of the Ganges especially, the Gentoo virgins are brought to undergo a kind of superficial defloration before they are presented to their husbands. JAGHIRE, an assignment made in Bengal by imperial grant upon the revenue of any district, to defray civil or military charges, pensions, gratuities, &c. JAGHIREDER, the holder of a jaghire. JAGO, RICHARD, an ingenious poet, was vicar of Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and rector of Kimcote in Leicestershire. He was the intimate friend and correspondent of Mr Shenstone, contemporary with him at Oxford, and, it is believed, his school-fellow; was of University college; took the degree of M. A. July 9. 1739; was author of several poems in the 4th and 5th volumes of Dodsley's Poems; published a sermon, in 1755, on the Causes of Impenitence considered, preached May 4. 1755, at Harbury in Warwickshire, where he was vicar, on occasion of a conversation said to have passed between one of the inhabitants and an appari tion in the church-yard there; wrote "Edge-hill," a poem, for which he obtained a large subscription in 1767; and was also author of " Labour and Genius," 1768, 4to; of "The Blackbirds," a beautiful elegy in the Adventurer; and of many other ingenious performances. He died May 28. 1781. St JAGO, a large river of South America, which rises in the audience of Quito in Peru. It is navigable; and falls into the South sea, after having watered a fertile country abounding in cotton-trees, and inhabited by wild Americans. St JAGO, the largest, most populous, and fertile of the Cape Verd islands, on the coast of Africa, and the residence of the Portuguese viceroy. It lies about 13 miles eastward from the island of Mayo, and abounds with high barren mountains; but the air, in the rainy season, is very unwholesome to strangers. Its produce is sugar, cotton, wine, and some excellent fruits. The animals are black cattle, horses, asses, deer, goats, hogs, civet-cats, and some very pretty green monkeys with black faces. Sir George Staunton, in the account which he gives of this island, observes, that it is liable to long and excessive droughts, for which it is perhaps impossible to as sign any philosophical cause. It was in a state of absolute famine at the end of 1792, when visited by the embassy to China, and the waters of the rivers were almost dried up. The surface of the earth was devoid of herbage, the cattle had nearly all perished, as much from the want of food as from drought. "What were the uncommon circumstances (says Sir George) that took place in the atmosphere of that part of Africa to which the Cape de Verd islands lie contiguous, or in the vast expanse of continent extending to the east behind it, and from which this direful effect must have proceeded (as they happened where no man of science existed to observe or to record them), will remain unknown, nor is theory bold enough to supply the place of observation. Whatever was the cause which thus arrested the bountiful hand of nature, by drawing away the sources of fertility, it was observable, that some few trees and plants preserved their luxuriance, indicating that they still could extract from the arid earth whatever portion of humidity it was necessary to derive from thence for the purpose of vegetable life, though it was denied to others." Beside palm trees, frequently found verdant amidst burning sands, nothing could be more rich in flavour, or abound more with milky though corrosive juice, than the asclepias gigantea, growing plentifully without culture, but undisturbed. The physic nut tree appeared as if its perpetuity was not to be affected by any drought. Some species of mimosa, or sensitive plant, were most common, and did not appear to languish. But the annual produce of agriculture had almost wholly disappeared, and the sugar canes had little resemblance to any thing like vegetation. Yet vegetation quickly revived whenever any moisture could be conveyed through the soil. The residence of the viceroy is represented by Sir George as a hamlet, consisting of 100 small dwellings, only one story high, scattered nearly a mile in length, and one-third as much in breadth. Not being commanded by any eminence, it was a situation which admitted of defence, yet the fort was nearly in ruins, and the few guns mounted on it were mostly honey-combed. Amidst the ruins of St Jago, was found a Portuguese, to whom one of the party was recommended, by whom they were hospitably received, and treated with every species of tropical fruits from his garden. St JAGO, a handsome and considerable town of South America, the capital of Chili, with a good harbour, a bishop's see, and a royal audience. It is seated in a large and beautiful plain, abounding with all the necessaries of life, at the foot of the Cordilleras, on the river Mapocho, which runs across it from east to west. Here Jago. .Jago Here are several canals and a dyke, by means of which they water the gardens and cool the streets.-It is very Jalemus much subject to earthquakes. W. Lung. 69. 35. S. Lat. 33. 40. St JAGO de Cuba, a town situated on the southern coast of the island of Cuba, in the bottom of a bay, with a good harbour, and on a river of the same name. W. Long. 76. 44. N. Lat. 20. o. JAGO de los Cavalleros, a town of America, and one of the principal of the island of Hispaniola. It is seated on the river Yague, in a fertile soil, but bad air. W. Long. 70. 5. N. Lat. 19. 40. St JAGO del Entero, a town of South America, one of the most considerable of Tucuman, and the usual residence of the inquisitor of the province. It is It is seated on a large river, in a flat country, where there is game, tygers, guanacos, commonly called camelsheep, &c. JAGO de la Vega, otherwise called Spanish-town, is the capital of the island of Jamaica, in the West Indies; and stands in 18° 1' north latitude, and 76° 45' west longitude. It is about a mile in length, and little more than a quarter of a mile in breadth, and contains about 6000 inhabitants of all colours and denominations. This town is situated in a delightful plain on the banks of the Rio Cobre, 13 miles from Kingston, and 10 from Port Royal. It is the residence of the commander in chief: and here the supreme court of judicature is held, four times in the year, viz. on the last Tuesdays of February, May, August, and November, and sits three weeks.-St Jago de la Vega is the county-town of Middlesex, and belongs to the parish of St Catharine. JAGUAR, or JAQUAR, a name given to the Brasilian ounce, a species of FELIS. See FELIS, MAMMALIA Index. JAGUEER, in East India affairs, any pension from the Grand Mogul, or king of Delhi; generally such as are assigned for military services. 66 66 a JAGUEERDAR, the holder or possessor of a jagueer. It comes from three Persian words, Ja, place;" gueriftun, "to take ;" and dashtun, "to hold;" quasi, a place-holder or pensioner." In the times of the Mogul empire, all the great officers of the court, called omrahs, were allowed jagueers, either in lands of which they collected the revenues, or assignments upon the revenues for specified sums, payable by the lord-lieutenant of a province: which sums were for their maintenance, and the support of such troops as they were necessitated to bring into the field when demanded by the emperor, as the condition of their jagueers, which were always revokable at pleasure. JAIL-FEVER, a very dangerous distemper of the contagious kind, arising from the putrescent disposition of the blood and juices. See MEDICINE Index. JAIS, a religious sect among the Hindoos. See SUPPLEMENT. JALAP, the root of a species of convolvulus or bind weed. See CONVOLVULUS, BOTANY and MATERIA MEDICA Index. JALEMUS, in antiquity, a kind of mournful song, used upon occasion of death, or any other affecting accident. Hence the Greek proverbs had their original, indepeɣ oixgotigos, or Yuxgorigos, i. e. more sad or colder than a jalemus, nie rug iadiμes sylganτws, worthy to be Jalemus ranked among jalemuses. JALOFFS, or YALOFFS, are a warlike people, in- Jamaica. habiting most of that part of Africa, lying between Senegal and the Mandingo states on the Gambia. Their lips, according to Mr Park, are not so protuberant as those of the generality of Africans; and though their skin is of the deepest black, they are esteemed by the white traders as the most sightly of the negroes in that part of the continent. They are divided into several independent states, and more resemble the Mandingoes than any other nation in their manners and government, but much exceed them in the manufacture of cotton cloth, spinning the wool to a finer thread, weaving it in a broader loom, and dyeing it of a better colour. They make excellent soap, by boiling ground nuts in water, and then adding a ley of wood ashes. They likewise manufacture very good iron, which they carry to Bandore to exchange for salt. Their language, it is said, is copious and significant, and is frequently learned by Europeans trading to Senegal. A generous disposition, according to the testimony of Mr Park, is said to distinguish them above the generality of savages; they know how to return an act of kindness shewn them by others in distress, and their conduct towards their enemies, in many instances, is said to be worthy of imitation. stan. JAMADAR, an officer of horse or foot, in HindoAlso the head or superintendant of the Peons in the Sewaury or train of any great man. JAMAICA, an island of the West Indies, the largest of the Antilles, lying between 17° and 19° Ñ. Lat. and between 76° and 79° W. Long.; in length near 120 miles, and about 50 in breadth. It approaches in its figure to an oval. The windward passage right before it hath the island of Cuba on the west, and Hispaniola on the east, and is about 20 leagues in breadth. This island was discovered by Admiral Christopher Columbus in his second voyage, who landed upon it May 5. 1494; and was so much charmed with it, as always to prefer it to the rest of the islands in consequence of which, his son chose it for his dukedom. It was settled by Juan d'Esquivel, A. D. 1509, who built the town, which, from the place of his birth, he called. Seville, and 11 leagues farther to the east stood Melilla. Oriston was on the south side of the island, seated on what is now called Blue Fields River. All these are gone to decay; but St Jago, now Spanish-town, is still the capital. The Spaniards held this country 160 years, and in their time the principal commodity was cacao; they had an immense stock of horses, asses, and mules, and prodigious quantities of cattle. The English landed here under Penn and Venables, May 11. 1654, and quickly reduced the island. Cacao was also their principal commodity till the old trees decayed, and the new ones did not thrive; and then the planters from Barba. does introduced sugar canes, which hath been the great staple ever since. The prospect of this island from the sea, by reason of its constant verdure, and many fair and safe bays, is wonderfully pleasant. The coast, and for some miles within, the land is low; but removing farther, it rises and becomes hilly. The whole isle is divided by a ridge of mountains running east and west, some rising Jamaica. to a great height; and these are composed of rock and wool is hairy and bad. Here are also goats and bogs Jamaica. a very hard clay; through which, however, the rains in great plenty; sea and river fish; wild, tame, and that fall incessantly upon them have worn long and water fowl. Amongst other commodities of great vadeep cavities, which they call gullies. These moun- lue, they have the sugar cane, cacao, indigo, pimento, tains, however, are far from being unpleasant, as they cotton, ginger, and coffee; trees for timber and other are crowned even to their summits with a variety of fine uses, such as mahogany, manchineel, white wood which trees. There are also about a hundred rivers that issue no worm will touch, cedar, olives, and many more. from them on both sides: and, though none of them Besides these, they have fustick, red wood, and various. are navigable for any thing but canoes, are both plea- other materials for dyeing. To these we may add a sing and profitable in many other respects. The cli- multitude of valuable drugs, such as guaiacum, china, mate, like that of all countries between the tropics, is sarsaparilla, cassia, tamarinds, vanellas, and the pricklevery warm towards the sea, and in marshy places un- pear or opuntia, which produces the cochineal; with healthy; but in more elevated situations cooler; and, no inconsiderable number of odoriferous gums. Near where people live temperately, to the full as wholesome the coast they have salt-ponds, from which at one time as in any part of the West Indies. The rains fall hea- they supplied their own consumption, and might cervy for about a fortnight in the months of May and Oc- tainly make any quantity they pleased. tober; and, as they are the cause of fertility, are styled seasons. Thunder is pretty frequent, and sometimes showers of bail: but ice and snow are never seen, although on the tops of the mountains, and at no very great height, the air is exceedingly cold. The most eastern parts of this ridge are known under the name of the Blue Mountains, some of which exceed 5000 feet in height. This great chain of rugged rocks defends the south side of the island from those boisterous north-west winds, which might be fatal to their produce. The streams, though small, supply the inhabitants with good water, which is a great blessing, as their wells are generally brackish. The Spaniards were persuaded that these bills abounded with metals: but we do not find that they wrought any mines; or if they did, it was only copper, of which they said the bells in the church of St Jago were made. They have several hot springs, which have performed great cures. The climate was certainly more temperate before the great earthquake; and the island was supposed to be out of the reach of hurricanes, which since that time it hath severely felt. The heat, however, is very much tempered by land and sea breezes; and it is asserted, that the hottest time of the day is about eight in the morning. In the night, the wind blows from the land on all sides, so that no ships can then enter their ports. In an island so large as this, which contains above four millions of acres, it may be very reasonably conceived that there are great variety of soils. Some of these are deep, black, and rich, and mixed with a kind of potters earth; others shallow and sandy; and some of a middle nature. There are many savannahs, or wide plains, without stones, in which the native Indians had luxuriant crops of maize, which the Spaniards turned into meadows, and keep in them prodigious herds of cattle. Some of these savannahs are to be met with even amongst the mountains. All these different soils may be justly pronounced fertile, as they would certainly be found, if tolerably cultivated, and applied to proper purposes. A sufficient proof of this will arise from a very cursory review of the natural and artificial produce of this spacious country. It abounds in maize, pulse, vegetables of all kinds, meadows of fine grass, a variety of beautiful flowers, and as great a variety of oranges, lemons, citrons, and other rich fruits. Useful animals there are of all sorts, horses, asses, mules, black cattle of a large size, and sheep, the flesh of which is well tasted, though their As this island abounds with rich commodities, it is happy likewise in having a number of fine and safe ports. Point Morant, the eastern extremity of the island, hath a fair and commodious bay. Óld Harbour is also a convenient port, so is Maccary bay, and there are at least twelve more between this and the western extremity, which is Point Negrillo. The town of Port Royal stood on a point of land running far out into the sea, narrow, sandy, and incapable of producing any thing. Yet the excellence of the port gradually attracted inhabitants, and there were near two thousand houses in the town in its most flourishing state, and which let at high rents. The earthquake by which it was overthrown happened on: the 7th of June 1692, and numbers of people perished in it. This earthquake was followed by an epidemic disease, of which upwards of three thousand died: yet the place was rebuilt; but the greatest part was reduced to ashes by a fire that happened on the 9th of January 1703, and then the inhabitants removed mostly to Kingston. It was, however, rebuilt for the third time; and was rising towards its former grandeur, when it was overwhelmed by the sea, August 28, 1722, There is, notwithstanding, a small town there at this day. Hurricanes since that time have often happened, and occasioned terrible devastations. The island is divided into three counties, Middlesex, Surry, and Cornwall; containing 20 parishes, over earth of which presides a magistrate styled a custos. The whole contain 36 towns and villages, and 18. churches and chapels. The population in 1787 was estimated at 250,000 negroes, 30,000 whites, 10,000 people of colour, and 1400 maroons; in all 291,400 inhabitants. In 1812, the number of slaves was 319,912. The number of whites was not published; but estimating it at 40,000, the whole population would be 360,000. The administration of public affairs is by a governor and council of royal appointment, and the representa-. tives of the people in the lower house of assembly. They meet at Spanish-town, and things are conducted with great order and dignity. The lieutenant-governor and commander in chief has 5000l. currency, or 35711. 8s. 6d. sterling, besides which, he has a house in Spanish-town, a pen or a farm adjoining, and a polink or mountain for provisions; a secretary, an undersecretary, and a domestic chaplain. The honourable the council consists of a president and: Jamaicn. and 10 members ; with a clerk, a chaplain, usher of each, amounting to 17,5col.; 180 cattle and mules, at Jamaica. the black rod, and messenger. 30l. each, 5400l.; buildings for the manufactures, and The honourable the assembly consists of 43 members, bouses for negroes and owners, 7cool. ; and land, one of whom is chosen speaker. To this assembly be- 10,000l. The value of the buildings and machinery on long a clerk, with 1000l . salary; a chaplain, 150l.; the sugar plantations varies from 4000l. to 25,000l. The number of members returned by each parish and proportion of whites, require about 10,000l. sterling of The high court of chancery consists of the chancel- ending 1807, the average export was 28 millions of Other Produce citor for the crowo : 33 commissioners for taking affi Counties. Sugar Settle- Slaves. Hbds. of Cattle. davits ; a provost-marshal-general, and eight depu Estates ties; 18 barristers, besides the attorney general and Sugar. Middlesex 323 917 8710031500 75000 Surry 350 540 75600 34900 80000 Cornwall dia islands, and the Spanislı main. The ships annually 561 90000 39000 69500 employed are upwards of 500 sail. Total is 1061 2018 255700 105400 224 500 The average expence of the cultivation of sugar 205. 10d. per cwt. independent of the interest of capital and produce of rum. The works necessary for maa It should be bere observed, that where two hogsheads king 200 bogsheads annually cost 10,000l. Jamaica of sugar are made, there is at least one puncheon of currency; and an estate producing such a quantity re- rum ; but the proportiov bas been of late years more quires 40,cool. to establish it, viz. 250 negroes, at 70l. considerable. A comparative view between the years 1768 and 1786. a ments, neys at law. 388 The official value of the imports from Jamaica to Great Britain, and the exports to the island, were in Imports. Exports. 1809 L.4,068,897 L.3,033,234 1810 4,303,337 2,303,179 The principal articles were Rum. Pimento. Cotton. Lbs. Lbs, 1,104,612 2,219,367 1,886,748 The 252,808 Jamaica # Jamblicus Cane land (the canes upon it valued Sterling. Plants separately) at L. 22 per acre. 22 ditto. Cane land, in ratoons and young plants, 15 ditto. Pasture land Wood land James. The common valuation of an estate in Jamaica is as Porphyry, and died under the reign of the emperor Jamblicas follows: Constantine. The second also enjoyed great reputation. Julian wrote several letters to him, and it is said he was poisoned under the reign of Valens.-It is not known to which of the two we ought to attribute the works we have in Greek under the name of Jamblicus, viz. 1. The history of the life of Pythagoras, and the sect of the Pythagoreans. 2. An exhortation to the study of philosophy. 3. A piece against Por-phyry's letter on the mysteries of the Egyptians. JAMBOLIFERA, a genus of plants, belonging to the octandria class; and in the natural method ranking with those of which the order is doubtful. BOTANY Index. Provisions Negroes Mules Steers Breeding cattle, &c. Works, water, carts, &c. 8 ditto. 4 ditto. 14 ditto. 57 ditto. 22 ditto. ΙΟ ditto. 5 ditto. from 7 to 10,000. The revenues of the island amount to about 300,000l. annually, Jamaica currency. They are derived from taxes, consisting chiefly of a duty on negroes imported, an excise on rum, &c. a poll tax on slaves and stock, and a rate on rents and wheel carriages. There are nineteen beneficed clergymen in the island, each of whom receives 420l. per annum, subject to a deduction of 10 per cent. for a widow's fund. Besides this stipend, there are surplus fees, which in Kingston, Spanish-town, and St Andrews, are very great. The last has also considerable glebe lands annexed to the living. All white males, from fifteen to sixty, are obliged by law to provide themselves with arms, and to enter either into the cavalry or infantry of the militia. JAMBI, or JAMBIS, a sea port town and small kingdom of Asia, on the eastern coast of the island of Sumatra. It is a trading place. The Dutch have a fort here; and export pepper from thence, with the best sort of canes. E. Long. 105. 55. S. Lat. o. 30. JAMBIA VICUS. See YAMBO. IAMBIC, in ancient poetry, a sort of verse, so called from its consisting either wholly, or in great part, of iambus's. See IAMBUS. Ruddiman makes two kinds of iambic, viz. dimeter and trimeter; the former containing four feet, and the latter six. And as to the variety of their feet, they consist wholly of iambus's, as in the two following verses of Horace : Syllaba longa brevi subjecta vocatur iambus, as Horace expresses it; who also calls the iambus a swift, rapid foot, pes citus. The word, according to some, took its rise from Iambus, the son of Pan and Echo, who invented this foot; or, perhaps, who only used sharp biting expressions to Ceres, when afflicted for the death of Proserpine. Others rather derive it from the Greek to, venenum, poison;" or from apa, maledico, "I rail, or revile;" because the verses composed of iambus's were at first only used in satire. 66 JAMES, ST, called the Greater, the son of Zebedee, and the brother of John the Evangelist, was born at Bethsaida, in Galilee. He was called to be an apostle, together with St John, as they were mending their nets with their father Zebedee, who was a fisherman; when Christ gave them the name of Boanerges, or Sons of Thunder. They then followed Christ, were witnesses with St Peter of the transfiguration on Mount Tabor, and accompanied our Lord in the garden of olives. It is believed that St James first preached the gospel to the dispersed Jews; and afterwards returned to Judea, where he preached at Jerusalem, when the Jews raised up Herod Agrippa against him, who put him to a cruel death about the year 44. Thus St James was the first of the apostles who suffered martyrdom. St Clement of Alexandria relates, that his accuser was so struck with his constancy, that he became converted and suffered with him. There is a magnificent church at Jerusalem which bears the name of St James, and belongs to the Armenians. The Spaniards pretend, that they had St James for their apostle, and boast of possessing his body; but Baronius, in his Annals, refutes their pretensions. JAMES, St, called the Less, an apostle, the brother of Jude, and the son of Cleopha3 and Mary the sister of the mother of our Lord, is called in Scripture the Just, and the brother of Jesus, who appeared to him in particular after his resurrection. He was the first bishop of Jerusalem, when Annanias II. high priest of the Jews, caused him to be condemned and delivered him into the hands of the people and the Pharisees, who threw him down from the steps of the temple, when a fuller dashed out his brains with a club, about the year 62. His life was so holy, that Josephus conD siders |