17. The gaze of the Puritan was turned ever to posterity. He believed in the future. For his children he toiled and sacrificed. The system of free-schools is the monument of his love. The printing-press is his memorial. Almshouses and asylums are the

tokens of his care for the unfortunate. With him the outcast found sympathy, and the wanderer a home. He was the earliest champion of civil rights, and the builder of THE UNION.

18. In matters of religion the fathers of New England were sometimes intolerant and superstitious. Their religious faith was gloomy. Human life was deemed a sad and miserable journey. To be mistaken was to sin. To fail in trifling ceremonies was reckoned a crime. In the shadow of such belief the people became austere and melancholy. They set up a cold and severe form of worship. Dissenters themselves, they could not tolerate the dissent of others. To punish error seemed to the Pilgrims to be right and necessary. But Puritanism contained within itself the power to correct its own abuses. The evils of the system may well be forgotten in the glory of its achievements. Without the Puritans, America would have been a delusion and liberty only a name.

RECAPITULATION.

Causes of Queen Anne's War.-Field of operations in America.-A treaty is made with the Five Nations.-The conflict begins.-Deerfield is burned.-And the inhabitants carried captive to Canada.-Barbarities of the Indians.-An expedition is sent against Port Royal.-The attempt fails.-Is renewed in 1710.— Port Royal is taken.-And named Annapolis.-Preparations are made for invading Canada.-Nicholson commands the land forces.-And Walker the fleet The squadron is delayed.-Is ruined by a storm in the St. Lawrence.Returns in disgrace.-The expedition by land is abandoned.-A treaty is made at Utrecht.-A separate peace with the Indians.-The people of Massachusetts resist the royal governors.-Causes of King George's War.-The conflict begins. -Importance of Louisburg.-Its conquest is planned.-The colonies contribute men and means.-The expedition leaves Boston.-Is joined by Warren's fleet. --Invests Louisburg. The siege.-Cape Breton submits.-France attempts to reconquer Louisburg.-Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.-Character of the Puritans.

THE

CHAPTER XVIII.

NEW YORK.-SETTLEMENT.

HE settlement of New Amsterdam resulted from the voyages of the brave Sir Henry Hudson. For ten years after its founding, the colony was governed by the directors of the Dutch East India Company. In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was organized, and Manhattan Island, with its cluster of huts, passed at once

under the con

trol of the

new corpora

tion.

2. In April, 1623, the ship New Netherland, with

thirty fami

lies on board, arrived at New Amsterdam. The colonists, called

WALLOONS, were Dutch

Protestant refugees. Cor

nelius May was the leader

of the com

SIR HENRY HUDSON.

pany. Most of the new immigrants settled with their friends on Manhattan; but the captain, with a party of fifty, made explora

tions as far as Delaware Bay. A few miles below Camden, a block-house was built and named Fort Nassau. In the same year Joris, another Dutch captain, sailed up the Hudson to the present site of Albany, where he built Fort Orange.

3. In 1625 William Verhulst became governor of the colony at Manhattan. In January of the next year, Peter Minuit was appointed to succeed him. In May the island, containing more than twenty thousand acres, was purchased from the natives for twentyfour dollars. A block-house was built and surrounded with a palisade. New Amsterdam was already a town of thirty houses.

4. The Dutch of New Amsterdam and the Pilgrims of New Plymouth were early and fast friends. In 1627 an embassy was sent by Minuit to Plymouth with expressions of good will. Governor Bradford replied with words of sympathy, but advised the Dutch to obtain new land-titles from the council of Plymouth.

5. In 1628 the population of Manhattan numbered two hundred and seventy. The settlers engaged in the fur-trade. In 1629 the West India Company framed a CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES, under which a class of proprietors called patroons were authorized to colonize the country. The conditions were that each patroon should purchase his lands of the Indians; and that he should establish a colony of not less than fifty persons.

6. Five estates were immediately laid out. Three of them were on the Hudson; the fourth, on Staten Island; and the fifth, in the southern half of Delaware. Samuel Godyn was patroon of this estate, but the management was entrusted to David de Vries. With thirty immigrants, he reached Delaware Bay in the spring of 1631, and founded Lewistown, the oldest settlement in Delaware.

7. De Vries soon returned to Holland, leaving the settlement in charge of Hosset. The latter brought the colony to ruin. The natives rose upon the colonists and left not a man alive. The houses were burned to the ground; nothing but ashes remained to testify of savage passion.

8. In April of 1633, Minuit was superseded by Wouter van Twiller. Three months previously the Dutch erected a blockhouse at Hartford. In October of the same year, an armed vessel from Plymouth sailed up the river and defied the Dutch com

mander. The English proceeded up stream to the mouth of the Farmington, where they built Fort Windsor. Two years later, by the building of Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut, they obtained control of the river above and below the Dutch fort.

9. In 1626, Gustavus Adolphus, the Protestant king of Sweden, formed the design of establishing settlements in America. But before his plans could be carried into effect, he became involved in war, and the company which had been formed was disorganized. In 1632,Gustavus was killed in battle, but the Swedish minister took up the work which his master had left unfinished. The charter of the company was renewed, and after four years the enterprise was brought to a successful issue.

10. Late in 1637, a company of Swedes and Finns left the harbor of Stockholm, and in the following February arrived in Delaware Bay. The country from Cape Henlopen to the falls at Trenton, was honorably purchased of the Indians. The name of NEW SWEDEN was given to the territory. On the left bank of a small tributary of the Brandywine, a spot was chosen for the settlement. The immigrants soon provided themselves with houses. The creek and the fort were both named Christiana, in honor of Christina, the maiden queen of Sweden. In a short time the banks of the bay and river were dotted with pleasant hamlets.

11. The authorities of New Amsterdam were jealous of the Swedish colony. Sir William Kieft, who had succeeded Van Twiller, warned the settlers of their intrusion on Dutch territory. But the Swedes went on enlarging their borders. Kieft, indignant at these aggressions, sent a party to rebuild Fort Nassau, on the old site below Camden. The Swedes adopted active measures of defence. Ascending the river to within six miles of the mouth of the Schuylkill, they landed. On the island of Tinicum, a short distance below Philadelphia, they built a strong fort of hemlock logs. Here, in 1643, Governor Printz established his residence.

12. In 1640 New Netherland became involved in a war with the Indians. Dishonest traders had maddened them with rum and then defrauded them. The savages of the Jersey shore crossed over to Staten Island, burning and killing. New Amsterdam was soon put in a state of defence, and a company of militia was sent

against the savages. On both sides the war degenerated into treachery and murder. Through the mediation of Roger Williams, a truce was obtained, and immediately broken. A chieftain's son, who had been robbed, went to the nearest settlement and killed the first Hollander whom he met. Governor Kieft demanded the criminal, but the chiefs refused to give him up.

13. While the dispute was still unsettled, a party of Mohawks came down the river to enforce their supremacy over the Algonquins in the vicinity of New Amsterdam. The latter begged assistance of the Dutch. Kieft now saw an opportunity of wholesale destruction. A company of soldiers set out from Manhattan, and discovered the camp of the Algonquins. The place was surrounded by night, and the first notice of danger given to the savages was the roar of muskets. Nearly a hundred of the poor. wretches were killed by those to whom they had appealed for help.

14. When it was known among the tribes that the Dutch, and not the Mohawks, were the authors of this outrage, the war was renewed with fury. The Indians divided into small war-parties and concealed themselves in the woods; then rose upon defenceless farmhouses, burning and butchering without mercy. At this time Mrs. Anne Hutchinson was living with her son-in-law in the valley of the Housatonic. Her house was surrounded and set on fire by the savages; every member of the family except one child was murdered. Mrs. Hutchinson herself was burned alive.

15. In 1643 Captain John Underhill of Massachusetts was appointed to command the Dutch forces. He first invaded New Jersey, and brought the Delawares into subjection. A decisive battle was fought on Long Island; and at Greenwich, in Western Connecticut, the power of the Indians was finally broken. The Iroquois came forward with proposals for peace. Both parties

were anxious to rest from the ruin of war. On the 30th of August, 1645, a treaty was concluded at Fort Amsterdam.

16. Nearly all of the bloodshed of this war may be charged to Governor Kieft. The people had many times desired to make peace with the Indians, but the project had always been defeated by the governor. As soon as the war was ended, petitions for his removal were circulated and signed by the people. In 1647