province had been granted, obtained the appointment of governor for life. The right of the king was thus relinquished, and V1rginia became a proprietary government. The new magistrate arrived in 1680 and assumed the duties of his office. His administration was characterized by avarice and dishonesty. Regarding Virginia as his personal estate, he treated the Virginians. as his tenants and slaves.

In

25. In 1683 Arlington surrendered his claim to Culpepper, who thus became sole proprietor as well as governor; but before he could proceed to further mischief, his career was cut short by the king. Charles II. found in Culpepper's vices and frauds a sufficient excuse to remove him from office and to revoke his patent. 1684, Virginia again became a royal province, under the government of Lord Howard, of Effingham, who continued in office until near the close of the century. The affairs of the colony during the next fifty years are not of sufficient interest and importance to require extended notice. When the French and Indian War shall come, Virginia will show to the world that the labors of Smith and Gosnold and Bacon were not in vain.

RECAPITULATION.

Royal government is established.-The administration is unchanged.-Charles I. becomes king.-Recognizes the Virginia Assembly.-Yeardley is re-elected governor.-Dies.-West is chosen by the council.-Harvey arrives from England.-Land-grants vex the people.-Harvey is impeached.-But is sustained by the king.-Wyatt succeeds.-Monarchy is abolished in England.-Cromwell becomes Protector.-Berkeley becomes governor.-The Puritans are persecuted.-An Indian war arises.-The savages are beaten.-Cromwell restricts the commerce of Virginia.-Sends a fleet to America.-And the Virginians submit.-Favorable terms are granted.-Peace continues during the commonwealth.-The Burgesses elect three governors.-Berkeley is thus chosen.-At the Restoration issues writs in the king's name.-Tyranny follows.-Commerce is restricted.-The Virginians complain.-Charles II. gives away Virginia lands. And finally the whole State to Arlington and Culpepper.-The Quakers and the Baptists are persecuted.-Taxes are odious.-The people rebel.An Indian war is the excuse.-Bacon heads the insurrection.-The Indians are punished.-Berkeley flees.-Returns.-Captures Jamestown.-Bacon takes the place, and burns it.-Dies.-The patriots are dispersed.-And the leaders hanged.-A despotism is established.-Culpepper becomes governor.-Treats Virginia as an estate.-Arlington surrenders his claim.-The king recalls the grant.-And Virginia becomes a royal province.-Howard administers the government.

THE

CHAPTER XIII.

MASSACHUSETTS.-SETTLEMENT.

HE spring of 1621 brought hope to the Pilgrims of New Plymouth. The returning sun was welcome. The winter had swept off half of the number. The son of the noble Carver was among the first victims. The governor himself sickened and died, and his wife found rest in the same grave with him. Now, with the approach of warm weather, the pestilence was checked, and the survivors revived with the season. Out of the snows of winter and the terrors of death the Puritans came forth triumphant.

2. In February, Miles Standish was sent out with his soldiers to gather information concerning the natives. The army of New England consisted of six men besides the general. Deserted wigwams were found; the smoke of camp fires arose in the distance; savages were occasionally seen in the forest. These fled at the approach of the English, and Standish returned to Plymouth.

3. A month later a Wampanoag Indian, named Samoset, ran into the village and bade the strangers welcome. He gave an account of the neighboring tribes, and told of a great plague by which the country had been swept of its inhabitants. The present feebleness and desolation of the natives had resulted from the malady. Another Indian, called Squanto, who had been carried away in 1614, and had learned to speak English, came to Plymouth, and confirmed what Samoset had said.

4. By the influence of these two natives, friendly relations were established with the Wampanoags. Massasoit, the sachem of the nation, was invited to visit Plymouth. The Pilgrims received him with much ceremony. Standish ordered out his soldiers, and Squanto acted as interpreter. Then and there was ratified the first treaty made in New England. The terms were few and

simple. There should be peace between the whites and the Red men. No injury should be done by either party to the other. All offenders should be given up to be punished. If the English engaged in war, Massasoit should help them; if the Wampanoags were attacked unjustly, the English should give them aid.

THE TREATY BETWEEN GOVERNOR CARVER AND MASSASOIT.

5. This treaty remained inviolate for fifty years. Other chiefs followed the example of Massasoit. Nine of the tribes acknowledged the English king. One chieftain threatened war, but Standish's army obliged him to beg for mercy. Canonicus, king of the Narragansetts, sent to William Bradford, who succeeded Governor Carver, a bundle of arrows wrapped in the skin of a rattlesnake; but the governor stuffed the skin with powder and balls and sent it back to the chief, who did not dare to accept the challenge. The hostile emblem was borne about from tribe to tribe, until finally it was returned to Plymouth.

6. The summer was unfruitful, and the Pilgrims were brought to the point of starvation. New immigrants, without provisions or

stores, arrived, and were quartered on the colonists during the winter. For six months the settlers were obliged to subsist on half allowance. At one time only a few grains of corn remained to be distributed, and at another there was absolute want. some English fishing-vessels came to Plymouth and charged the colonists two prices for food enough to keep them alive.

Then

7. The new immigrants remained at Plymouth until the summer of 1622, then removed to the south side of Boston harbor and founded Weymouth. There they wasted the fall in idleness, and attempted to keep up their stock of provisions by defrauding the Indians. Thus provoked, the natives planned to destroy the colony; but Massasoit went to Plymouth and revealed the plot. Standish marched to Weymouth with his eight men, killed several warriors, and carried home the chief's head on a pole. The tenderhearted John Robinson wrote from Leyden: "I would that you had converted some of them before you killed any."

8. The summer of 1623 brought a plentiful harvest to the people of the colony, and there was no longer any danger of starvation. The natives became dependent on the settlement for corn, and brought in an abundance of game. At the end of the fourth year, there were a hundred and eighty persons in New England. The managers, who had expended thirty-four thousand dollars on the enterprise, were discouraged, and proposed to sell out their claims. to the colonists. The offer was accepted; and in November of 1627, eight of the leading men of Plymouth purchased from the Londoners their entire interest for nine thousand dollars.

9. Before this transfer, the colony had been much vexed by the attempt to set over them a minister of the English Church. To avoid this very thing they had come to the New World. There was dissension for a while. The English managers withheld support; the stores of the colonists were sold to them at three prices; and they were obliged to borrow money at sixty per cent. But the Pilgrims would not yield, and the conflict ended with the purchase of the proprietors' rights in the colony.

10. In 1624 a settlement was made at Cape Ann. John White, of Dorcester, England, collected the emigrants and sent them to America. The colony was established, but after two years the

cape was abandoned; the company moved farther south and founded Salem. In 1628 a second colony arrived in charge of John Endicott, who was chosen governor. In 1629, Charles I. issued a charter by which the colonists were incorporated under the name of THE GOVERNOR AND COMPANY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY IN NEW ENGLAND. In July two hundred immigrants arrived, half of whom settled at Plymouth, while the other half removed to the

JOHN WINTHROP.

north side of Boston harbor and founded Charlestown.

11. In September, 1629, it was decreed that the

government of the colony should be transferred from England to America, and that the charter should be entrusted to the colonists themselves. As soon as this action was known, emigration began on an extensive scale. In the year 1630 about three hundred of the best Puritan fam

ilies came to New England. They were virtuous, well-educated, courageous men and women, who left comfortable homes with no expectation of returning. It was their good fortune to choose a noble leader.

12. The name of John Winthrop, governor of Massachusetts, is worthy of lasting remembrance. Born a royalist, he cherished the principles of republicanism. Surrounded with affluence and comfort, he left all to share the destiny of the Pilgrims. Calm,