WESTERN GATE OF KOSHUN

Koshun used to be called the Liong-kiao Savage District. In 1874 after the Japanese expedition it was proposed by Cheng Bao-jen, and also made necessary by the Savage Boundary regulations, that a fortified city should be built here. One was accordingly erected with four entrances, one of which is shown in the photograph. Almost all Chinese towns are similarly enclosed. Taihoku, Tainan and Shoka all had similar defences, the thickness of the walls varying from 9 to 12 feet, and the height from 12 to 15 feet.

SAVAGE TYPES

AMI MAN

AMI WOMAN

PAIWAN WOMAN

PAIWAN MAN

PUYUMA MAN

PUYUMA WOMAN

TAME DUCKS ON THE TAMSUI RIVER

In Formosa, especially in the north, the custom of keeping ducks is very general, and the people are very skilful in managing them, one man often looking after several hundred. This photograph shows a duck-keeper in his boat driving his flock across the river. No male birds are to be found in the flock; because as they lay no eggs they are found unprofitable and are killed off.

Formosa Oolong Tea was produced in imitation of Chinese Tea, but has a peculiarly fine flavour of its own, and tastes quite different from the Chinese. Its prospects in the American market are, therefore, particularly bright. As the methods of manufacture are antiquated, and not to be recommended either from an economical or a sanitary standpoint, the authorities have started a model factory to teach the Formosans how to manufacture the tea entirely by machinery.

LIGHT HAND RAILWAY ACROSS THE TAIAN RIVER

TAKOW HARBOUR LOOKING SBAWARDS

Takow is one of the southern ports of Formosa. The harbour is almost entirely surrounded by rocks, there being but one small entrance for ships. On the left is seen the huge rock, called "Saracen's Head," on the top of which an old fort stood at the time of the Chinese occupation. At first sight the harbour seems good, but the water is shallow inside and the sand bar outside makes it difficult for steamers to enter. Dredging operations are now in progress for the improvement of the harbour. In the sea here is found a curious weed, called by the residents "Katanchu," which shows two or three inches above the surface of the water.

With the completion of the railway, communications between the north and south are free from interruption, but at the time of the brigand troubles travelling was an arduous undertaking, the transporting of mail matter presenting special difficulties, because the brigands made the mails the principal object of their attacks. The photograph shows the mail bags being transported by the light hand railway.

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Old Street in ROKKO

The town of Rokko was built about the close of the 10th century and was for a long time in a flourishing state. Owing to the accumulation of sand in the harbour, large vessels are now unable to enter, and the town has lost much of its importance, though it still bears witness to its once prosperous condition. The inhabitants belong to the Eastern race, and still keep up many of their peculiar customs. All the streets are roofed over, so that even in heavy rain one can go all over the city without getting wet.

SACRED TOWER

The Chinese venerate the written or printed characters, regarding them as living things, so that they never throw a printed or written page away, or put it to low uses. In this respect they differ greatly from us Japanese, who frequently use such paper as handkerchiefs. If any printed or written scraps of paper are seen on the road in China, they are picked up and placed in Sacred Towers known as "Character Reverencing Towers". The same custom prevails in Formosa. The photograph shows the Sacred Tower, which was built for this purpose in Tamsuikwan at Taihoku. The ashes of the burnt paper are collected annually, and used in the festival of Tsang-kieh, the inventor of characters, after which they are thrown into the sea.

RAILWAY STATION AT TAIHOKU

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This is situated outside the north gate of the city, and is the finest station building in Formosa. It is built of brick and stone, and was finished in August, 1901, at a cost of Yen 72,000.

FESTIVAL AT DAITOTEI (TWATUTIA)

Daitotei is a part of the city of Taihoku, situated on the left bank of the Tamsui River, about ten miles from the mouth. The population of the place has gradually increased since the port of Tamsui was opened in 1858, and still more rapidly since Daitotei was made a foreign concession. All the tea from the island is collected here for firing and shipment, and Daitotei has become the commercial centre of Taihoku. Now that the readjustment of the city divisions has been adopted, the drainage completed, and the dirt cleared away, the whole look of the place has changed. Prominent business establishments, as the Mitsui firm and the Osaka Shosen Kwaisha, have their offices here. The name Daitotei means "a large yard covered with large bundles of rice spread out to dry".

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TAMSUI WATERWORKS

Before the construction of these waterworks only two wells of good water were found in the town of Tamsui for the 6,000 inhabitants. It was not surprising then that this should be the most unhealthy place in the whole island; but since the construction of the waterworks the death-rate has greatly declined. The head spring is over two miles east of the town in the village of Suikito at the southern foot of Mount Getto, which is a part of the Daitone Range. The water comes up through many different volcanic strata, and is very clear and sweet. These waterworks were started in June, 1896, and completed in March, 1899.

BAMBOO RAFT CROSSING RIVER near KOROTON

SCHOOLS IN FORMOSA

GIRLS

Boys

The first picture shows a Formosan female teacher teaching embroidery to Formosan girls in the School in connection with the Formosan Language Training Institution in Taihoku. Embroidery and the making of artificial flowers are the two arts in which Formosan girls especially excel.

The second picture shows a Japanese teacher giving a lesson in Japanese Composition to a class of Formosan Chinese young

men.

MAP OF FORMOSA

CHAPTER I.

BRIEF SURVEY OF OUR SUCCESSES.

Empires founded upon force, short-lived-Misgivings as to Japan's aptitude for colonial rule-Discouraging reports disproved by actual facts—Railway building-Safety of travelling; order and peace restored-Slow progress made in suppressing brigands-Want of co-operation between civil and military authorities-Regular troops unfit for the work-Faithless interpreters-Viscount Kodama establishes civil rule and successfully seeks to conciliate the people, organises relief and encourages learning-Many brigands come to terms-Remainder broken up-Military authority curbed-French difficulties in Tonkin solved by M. de Lanessan-Development of enterprise and prosperity under Kodama régime-Formosa financially independent -Comparison with results attained by France in Algeria and Indo-China.

NEW territory may be won by the sword, and a widespreading dominion may for a time be kept up by force; but unless the conquering nation possesses the qualifications necessary for the wise administration of its possessions, decay and dissolution inevitably follow. Poland, now divided between Russia, Germany and Austria, its people only able to lament, in sorrowful dirges, the sad fate of their country, once delivered the proud city of Vienna from the armies that laid siege to it. Sweden, too, which at one time stood at the head of the Protestant Reformation in Northern Europe, and subsequently defeated ignominiously the forces of Russia, now stands stripped of all she once possessed beyond her own original boundaries, and trembles with apprehension at every move of her huge neighbour. Turkey, before whose fearless fighters all Europe once stood aghast, is to-day regarded as "The Sick Man of the East," upon whose demise the Powers are for ever counting, as they discuss what portions of his possessions should fall to each, when the time for the final division really comes.

It is obvious, therefore, that nations cannot maintain their existence by military power alone. In fact, military power has