Takashima's ship; but, being unable to communicate with it, went on to the Pescadores. On receipt of the message, the Japanese Admiral replied that the fleet would be off Anping on the 12th, and would then discuss the matter with General Lu himself or with his accredited commissioner.

On the 12th, according to promise, the flagship Yoshino arrived off Anping, but Lu was distrustful and would not go on board. Instead of doing so, he sent another proposal of surrender to the Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Guards through a certain English gentleman. On the 13th, the Yoshino, Naniwa, Akitsushima, Hiei, Yaeyama, Saien, etc., attacked the Takow forts and silenced them. Then a detachment landed and occupied the town, and Lieutenant-Governor Takashima informed Lu that he must surrender unconditionally or take the consequences.

On this, General Lu, conceiving that he could do nothing else, took about a hundred officers and, under the pretence of going to inspect the Anping fort, left the city and, disguising himself as a coolie, went on board the ss. Thales to escape to Amoy. Hearing this, the Yaeyama started in pursuit, sighted the Thales fifty miles from Amoy, stopped her and examined the passengers. Our officers found seven Chinese labourers who appeared suspicious characters and wished to arrest them. The captain of the Thales, however, protested so strongly that they were released. Afterwards it was discovered that one of these seven was really Lu himself.

After General Lu's flight, the remains of his party wandered about the city not knowing what to do, till the foreigners, afraid that they would begin plundering, managed to persuade them to lay down their arms. This operation took the whole of one day, between 7,000 and 8,000 rifles being eventually placed in secure custody. Then two English missionaries, Messrs. Fergusson and Barclay, went to the Japanese headquarters a few miles south of the city, bearing a letter from the Chinese residents saying that the soldiers had all laid down their arms and disappeared, and asking the Japanese to come quickly and enforce order. General Nogi entered the city on 21st October and the rest of the army soon followed. Thus Formosa came into our possession in reality as well as in name.

Our losses in the whole campaign were as under, viz. :—

Unhappily His Imperial Highness Prince Kitashirakawa succumbed to an attack of malarial fever. He was a great loss, not only to the army but also to the whole nation.

The Chinese losses are impossible to ascertain, but it is said that no less than 7,000 dead were actually found on the field.

CHAPTER III. (Continued).

FORMOSA IN THE PAST.

SECTION VII.-THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE BRIGANDS.

Brigand risings-Critical situation—Fighting the only work done by the civil officials—Various outbursts with difficulty suppressed-Plans of campaign -People's attitude towards the brigands-Their resorts-Japanese change of policy-The brigands invited to surrender-Clemency and justiceUnrest in the centre and south-Strong measures-Brief summary.

As soon as our victorious armies, advancing from the north and south, had succeeded in occupying the city of Tainan on 18th November, 1895, the Governor-General, Count Kabayama, reported to headquarters that the island was pacified. But while all were congratulating themselves, and feeling as though a heavy burden had been rolled from their shoulders, indeed, even before the ink was dry on the full reports of the expedition, the Hakkas, near Toko in the south, armed themselves with long poles, and rose in insurrection. The Hakkas and the Pepohoans inhabit a long belt of the plain in the extreme south, and live in a continual state of warfare with each other. The rising was all the more serious, since Lu, to enlist the help of these tribes, had armed all volunteers with modern weapons. From the latter part of November, they began a series of attacks on our officials, which continued until Major-General Yamaguchi shot five or six hundred of them, and forced the rest to submit.

This was but the beginning of troubles which lasted on and off for several years. These people are called brigands because, though they desired to overthrow the Government, the main object of their risings was robbery and plunder.

When the Hakka rising was nearly over, a brigand band, led by Lin Ta-peh and Lin Li-chung, besieged Giran on 30th December, 1895. Two days later, a band under Cheng Tseu

giu of Taihoku, and Ho A-gen and others of Shinchiku, attacked a number of places in the Taihoku and Giran districts, throwing a large portion of the northern part of the island into a state of rebellion. The small number of troops in the district at the time, made it necessary for the police and civil officials to assist them in maintaining their position until relief came. This critical state of affairs continued until the Seventh Mixed Brigade and the reliefs of the Second Division arrived from Japan, when the insurgents were soon overcome, several thousands being killed and the remainder dispersed.

At this time, the whole administration was in the hands of military officers, hence the name "The Period of Military Administration". Civil administration was introduced in April, 1896, but the change was only nominal, as the officials were obliged to devote all their energies to putting down the frequent disturbances in different parts, leaving little or no time for the execution of their proper duties.

The most serious of the risings which occurred are alone worth recounting. When the Republic had been overthrown, Liu Tek-chok, the Chinese commander at Taito, disappeared; but news was afterwards brought that he had gathered a number of the natives together, been made their leader, and withdrawn into the backwoods. On 18th May, Mr. Sagara, the District Governor of Koshun, set out by way of Hinan with Fan Wen-hiu, a civilised savage, and others to attack Taito. Overcoming all opposition as they advanced, they reached Karenko in the latter part of June. Tek-chok was defeated and hid himself in the Toroku mountains; and being eventually captured in January, 1899, he was deported to China.

On the 30th of June, 1896, Kien-i, the brigand chief of Taiheiko in Toroku, attacked the town with a strong force, and Mr. Sato, the commander of the Japanese garrison, deserted his post and fled. The towns and villages of Rinkiho, Nanto, Hokuto, Tarimu, Rokko, Inrin, Rattoko and Daihorin all were occupied by the brigands. They also threatened Shoka, while at Taichu the authorities felt so insecure that they proclaimed a state of siege. On 11th July, the brigands captured Horisha, all the centre of the island thus falling into their hands. At last Lieutenant-Colonel Takahashi, who was

then at Taichu in command of the Second Brigade, went out and attacked the brigand forces at Nanto, Toroku and Shoka, but it took him ten days to restore order. Mr. K. Furusho, the Chief of the Home Government in the Civil Administration Bureau, sent a message to the brigand chief, Kien-i, offering him generous terms if he would surrender. He accepted, and was employed by the District Provincial Government until his death in 1898.

On 30th October, 1896, a band of 360 brigands at Taihoku, led by Lin Ta-peh and other chiefs, laid down their arms.

On 19th November, Chung Ki-sung and other chiefs attacked the town of Hozan, but were repulsed by the garrison. On 27th December, the Second Brigade attacked Taiheicho, where the brigand Kwa Tia, one of Kien-i's colleagues, had fortified himself.

On 10th January, 1897, the brigands again attacked Hozan, but were driven off.

On 8th May, Cheng Tseu-giu and others, over 600 strong, attacked Taihoku, and began to plunder the Chinese quarter, but they were finally driven off by the garrison, leaving 205 of their number dead, including Chang Cheng, their leader.

As fast as one rising was quelled, another broke out to the great embarrassment of the authorities. One reason for this was, that at that time no definite plan having been adopted, each garrison and local police office followed its own special methods of restoring order. Their energies were therefore often misdirected, and the brigands had many opportunities of making their attacks.

So it continued until the latter part of 1897, when Lieutenant-General Nogi became Governor-General. Regulations were then drawn up clearly defining the different spheres of work for the troops and the police. The former were employed to put down insurrections in mountainous or hilly districts, while those that occurred in the cities, towns and plains were to be dealt with by the police. In the districts unprovided for, either soldiers or police might be employed according to the requirements of each case. This period was called "The Age of the Triple Guard," and the authorities were confident that they would by this means be able to subdue at once all the risings that might occur anywhere in the