ventilation and sanitation. Indeed, there is perhaps little left to be desired, so far as our knowledge of these matters are concerned.

I think that the nation is rich also in men and women who have faith for the reclamation of the vilest and worst of our criminals -faith that reaches far beyond that of the average criminologist. In every part of this great land are men and women who have unwavering faith in the salvation of Jesus Christ, as a real solution for most of our criminal problems. The organization which I have the honor to represent (the Salvation Army) stands squarely on that rock. We believe that there is little hope for the permanent reclamation of the criminal by any other means than his personal regeneration, which we prefer to call "salvation". Salvation changes the motives which direct man's conduct and imparts a new spiritual and internal strength to his will. We believe in prison discipline. Most of you know that one of the chief factors in the success of the Salvation Army is its almost military discipline, so that it is hardly likely that we should decry or minimize discipline. We believe that the criminal should be punished for his crime, but that the punishment should have behind it the motive: the man's reformation. We are almost inclined to say that all punishment which fails to lead in that direction is a failure.

With all our splendid equipment for housing prisoners, with such ideal environments as those we now find at Stillwater, with such excellent probation and indeterminate sentence laws as have been adopted by many of our States, it might seem that there is little more to be desired and little left for the prison aid worker to say. However, there is one word I should like to add in backing up the report of our committee which Mr. Fredenhegen has just read to us. That word is "coöperation". I think it is the word that needs to be spoken and emphasized before this Congress closes.

I plead for coöperation both without and within the prison; for coöperation between every agency whose object is to save the man and restore him to society. I plead for coöperation between those who make the laws and those who administer them. Coöperation between him whom the State appoints to administer punishment to the lawbreaker and him who strives to bring the prisoner to a realization of his wrong and to his heart a change of moral motive.

May I not plead for coöperation between the warden and the chaplain and coöperation between the chaplain, working within the prison, and the prisoners' aid workers, whose task it is to provide a link between the man within and that society without to which he hopes to restore the prisoner, a new man. I believe that every prisoners' aid worker will unite with me in my plea for this very necessary coöperation. It is my opinion that the service of the prison aid workers of the Salvation Army, as well as those of other organizations could render much more efficient service if this cooperation were given.

Before the judge sentences the man to serve his time, why should not the prisoners' aid society worker be linked up with him and especially linked up with the family he often leaves to become dependent on charity? It is my belief that the prisoners' aid worker can be of much value to the State if this coöperation is more fully realized. I think he is in a position to furnish valuable information which would help the State in determining the method to be employed in its work of reconstructing the man. Then, I would say, let that coöperation between the prisoners' aid worker, the prison official and the State continue in all their relations with the prisoner during his stay in the penal institution. At this point let me say that all such work in my opinion should pass through the hands of the prison chaplain. The Salvation Army asks for no open doors or opportunities in public institutions except such as are approved by the chaplain, and the prison worker in our opinion should never seek to deal with prisoners over the head of the chaplain.

From one end of this land to the other we are striving to do two things: First, to prepare an environment within society adapted to the ex-prisoner. Second, to prepare the prisoner for the place prepared for him. Let me ask that you prison officials coöperate with us in this task.

I cannot altogether agree with the previous speaker if he holds -as he seems to that we should teach the released man to hide his past. Perhaps I have received the wrong impression from the incident he recited of assuring a prisoner that those to whom he was going for employment would not find out the coat he wore came

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from the prison. In my opinion there is danger in trying to smuggle men into society, in helping them to hide their past. I do not wish to be understood as advocating the making broadly public the fact that the man we are placing is a criminal, but I do strongly maintain that we must teach the man to be honest concerning himself and his past. If we accomplish his salvation while in prison we need have little fear that he will fail when he meets the test in the outside world. He will not be anxious concerning what the world thinks of him, if the motives of his life have become pure and clean. Rather than smuggle him into society, possessed with a fear of failure or discovery, advocate his being held in prison until a place is secured for him, where he will be greeted by men willing to help him to make good, to smooth the rough places of his life and who, knowing his past, will count it an honor to help him back to good citizenship. The Salvation Army is providing these willing hands in every part of the land.

In spite of his lying, Then there is an explo

When a man comes from prison resolving to hide his past he will soon find it necessary to lie to do so. some one will find it out sooner or later. sion. He is condemned and ostracised and generally finds his way back to crime. Let us deal honestly with these men, and teach them to be honest in dealing with themselves. Let us be careful that we do not make the way of salvation too easy by sentimental preaching, by patching up or covering the past. Let us teach them to confess their sins and to seek salvation from sin and, by the cooperation of every agency this great Association represents, let us lead them back to the paths of honor and help them to find their place in the world's work, which today offers abundant opportunity to the fellow who is determined to make good.

J. H. McConlogue, Member Iowa Board of Control: We appreciate the splendid work done by the Prisoners' Aid Society in our State and I rise to express my gratification and satisfaction of the splendid work done by that society.

Adjourned, 10:30 p. m.

THURSDAY MORNING SESSION.

Auditorium Oakland Hotel, 10:15 o'Clock.

President Byers called the Association to order at 10:15 o'clock, after which Rev. C. E. Benson, Chaplain of the Minnesota State Prison, offered prayer.

The following resolution was submitted by the Committee on Resolutions:

Kesolved, That the president of the American Prison Association appoint a special committee of five members to be known as the "Committee on Plan of Organization," and that said committee be instructed to report at the next annual meeting a plan of organization, with special regard to the selection of such officers and committees; said plan to include a method of co-ordinating the work of auxiliary societies with the main organization to produce the best results. The resolution was adopted.

A motion was made that the committee be instructed to have a report in the hands of the secretary thirty days before the next meeting of the Association, in order that copies may be sent to the members in advance. Carried.

President Byers announced the following persons as members of the Special Committee on Plan of Organization:

C. R. Vasaly, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Amos W. Butler, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Hastings H. Hart, New York, N. Y.

Joseph F. Scott, Eden Mills, Vermont.

Archdeacon B. M. Spurr, Moundsville, West Virginia.

Amos W. Butler: I move that the secretary be directed to send a telegram of greetings from this Conference to Z. R. Brockway, of Elmira, New York.

A rising vote expressed unanimous approval and the secretary was directed to send the message.

Mr. Butler: I desire to move that this association instruct the Committee on Organization to report one or more names to be recommended by this Association to the United States Government for appointment as International Prison Commissioner to succeed the late Charles R. Henderson.

The motion was carried.

REPORT OF THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON
CRIMINAL LAW.

JAMES P. GREGORY, CHAIRMAN, JUDGE CRIMINAL COURT,

LOUISVILLE, KY.

Your committee would, in the outset, take occasion to emphasize certain law reforms recommended in recent years to this body, which though of unquestionable wisdom have not as yet become incorporated as a part of the law of many States. Among these we respectfully submit there can, at this time, be slight room for a difference of opinion upon the following:

(1) A wider discretion to the court in dealing with mental and physical defectives, who are actually criminals, but who, by reason of such deficiency, should not be held to the same degree of criminal responsibility as normal persons.

(2) Simplifying pleading in criminal cases (a) by elimination of unnecessary technicalities and formalities; (b) facilitating joinder of charges having their origin in a common criminal impulse or purpose, and (c) by rendering amendment easy and effective.

(3) Abolish requirement for a unanimous verdict except, perhaps, in capital cases, and permitting continuance of trial to conclusion, when one juror during trial becomes disabled or disqualified.

(4) Legislation permitting, under reasonable restrictions, compulsory process for the return of witnesses crossing a state line, and at the time of trial, remaining beyond the jurisdiction of the trial court.

Your committee is strongly impressed with the growing importance of adopting more effective measures for the prevention of