[PART II. without articulation; as A, or O.-The semivowel, that which has a distinct sound with articulation, as S, and R. The mute, that which, with articulation, has yet no sound by itself; but joined with one of those letters that have some sound, becomes audible; as, G, and D. These all differ from each other, as they are produced by different configurations, and in different parts, of the mouth; as they are aspirated or smooth, long or short; as their tone is acute, grave, or intermediate: the detail of all which, is the business of the metrical treatises.

2. A syllable, is a sound without signification, composed of a mute and a vowel: for GR, without A, is not a syllable; with A, as GRA, it is. But these differences, also, are the subject of the metrical art.

3. A con

• Literally, percussion: ie. of the tongue against the palate, or teeth, the lips against the teeth, or against each other, and all the other modes of consonant articulation. See Hermes, III. 2. p. 322. where they are called "contacts." Dacier makes sad confusion here, both in 'his version, and his notes, by confounding the names of the consonants, when vowels are prefixed, or put after them, to make them separately pronouncible, (Te, eF, eL, &c.) with their powers in composition--as elements of words. Thus, it is strictly true, that S and R, have a sound, without the assistance of a vowel, merely by their mode of articulation. But D, or G, have no sound at all by themselves. The semivowels are 1, m, n, r, s. (Dion. Halicarn. De Struct. Orat. Sect. 14.)

3. A conjunction, is a sound without signification, of such a nature, as, out of several sounds, each of them significant, to form one significant sound'.

4. An article, is a sound without signification, which marks the beginning, or the end of a sentence; or distinguishes, as when we say, THE word pnu-THE word weg, &c.

περί,

5. A noun, is a sound, composed of other sounds; significant, without expression of time; and of which no part is by itself significant: for even in double words, the parts are not taken in the sense that separately belongs to them. Thus, in the word Theodorus, dorus is not significant3.

6. A verb, is a sound composed of other sounds;-significant-with expression of timeand of which, as of the noun, no part is by itself significant. Thus, in the words, man, white, indication of time is not included: in the words,

he

1 See Hermes, p. 239, Note (a). Here are, in the original, two definitions; one intelligible, and one unintelligible. I believe I shall easily be excused for giving the reader the intelligible definition only. See the NOTE.

* The name, Theodorus, is derived from Thros, God, ánd Doron, a gift. Yet when the word is used, it stands for neither of these ideas, but merely for the individual 80 named.

he walks, he walked, &c. it is included; the one expressing the present time, the other the past.

7. Cases belong to nouns and verbs. Some cases express relation; as of, to*, and the like: others, number; as man, or men, &c. Others relate to action or pronunciation: as those of interrogation, of command, &c. for, ßadice; [did he go?] and, Badie, [go,] are verbal cases of that kind.

8. Discourse, or speech, is a sound significant, composed of other sounds, some of which are significant by themselves: for all discourse is not composed of verbs and nouns;-the definition of Man",

for

These only, in modern grammar, are called cases: in Aristotle, number, whether in noun or verb, and the tenses, and modes, (or moods,) of verbs, are comprehended under that term; because cases, (πтwσɛ-casus) are endings, terminations, inflections, &c. and, in the learned languages, all the above mentioned differences of meaning are expressed by different terminations. The French use chute, the literal translation of casus, in the sense of termination.—“ La chute d'une periode," &c. And fall is used, in our poetical language, for a close, or cadence, in music.

That strain again-it had a dying FALL.
Merch. of Venice,

And so Milton in Comus, v. 251.

s These modes, are the same which he calls figures of speech, Sect. 23. See the NOTE.

6 The definition alluded to appears to be this, literally rendered: “A terrestrial animal with two feet.” ((WOY WECOY, diwav.) See the NOTE.

for instance. Discourse, or speech, may subsist without a verb: some significant part, however, it must contain; significant, as the word Cleon is, in, "Cleon walks."

A discourse or speech is one, in two senses; either as it signifies one thing, or, several things made one by conjunction. Thus, the Iliad is one by conjunction: the definition of Man, by signifying one thing.

XXV.

Of WORDS, Some are single-by which I mean, composed of parts not significant; and some double: of which last, some have one part significant, and the other not significant; and some, both parts significant. A word may also be triple, quadruple, &c. like many of those used by the Megaliota; as, Hermocaïcoxanthus. Every word is either common, or foreign, or metaphorical, or ornamental, or invented, or extended, or contracted, or altered.

By COMMON Words, I mean, such as are in general and established use.- -By FOREIGN, such

as

Different

KINDS

of

WORDS.

7 A strange word, and how it was applied we know not. It appears to be a consolidation of three Asiatic rivers-the Hermus, the Caïcus, and the Xanthus.

* See the last paragraph of NOTE 190; an observation of importance to the right understanding of this enumeration.

as belong to a different language: so that the same word may, evidently, be both common, and foreign, though not to the same people. The word Eyuvov, to the Cyprians is common, to us, foreign.

A METAPHORICAL word is a word transferred from its proper sense; either from genus to species, or from species to genus, or from one species to another, or in the way of analogy. 1. From genus to species: as,

Secure in yonder port my vessel STANDS'. For, to be at anchor, is one species of standing or being fired'.

2. From species to genus: as,

- to Ulysses,

A THOUSAND generous deeds we owe

For a thousand is a certain definite many, which

is here used for many, in general.

3. From

• For the general sense, in which metaphorical is here used, see the beginning of NOTE 183.

From Homer, Od. A. 185.-In Pope's translation, I.'237

"Far from your capital my ship resides." This would not answer my purpose, because the metaphor is changed.

2 How widely different is the metaphor, when we talk of a ship RIDING at anchor!

3 II. B. 272.-In Pope, II. 333.--but the metaphor is not retained.