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CHAPTER III.
THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD.
A. D. 1250-A.D. 1500.
FORMATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH TONGUE.
1. Principle of the Change-Inflections deserted-Substitutes to be found—The First
Step already exemplified.—2. Stages of the Re-Construction-Early English-Middle
English. EARLY ENGLISH.—3. Character of the Early English-Specimens.-4. Ex.
tract from the Owl and the Nightingale.-5. Extract from the Legend of Thomas
Becket. MIDDLE ENGLISH.—6. Character of the Middle English-the Main Features
of the Modern Tongue established-Changes in Grammar-Changes in Vocabnlary-
Specimens—Chaucer.—7. Extracts from Prologue to the Canterbury Tales.-8. Ex-
tracts from the Knight's Tale.-9. Specimen of Chaucer's Prose.-10. Language in
the Early Part of the Fifteenth Century-Extract from Lydgate's Churl and Bird.-
11. Language in the Latter Part of the Fifteenth Century-Its Character—The Struc-
ture of the English Tongue substantially Completed_Extract from The Paston Let-
ters. THE LANGUAGE OF SCOTLAND.-12. A Gothic Dialect in North-Eastern Coun-
ties–An Anglo-Saxor Dialect in Southern Counties~Changes as in England.–13.
Tho Scottish Tongue in the Fourteenth Century-Extract from Barbour's Bruce. -
14. Great Changes in the Fifteenth Century-Extract from Dunbar's Thistle and
Rose.
Page 121
CHAPTER IV.
THE SOURCES OF THE MODERN ENGLISH TONGUE; AND
THEIR COMPARATIVE IMPORTANCE,
1. Two points—The Grammar-The Vocabnlary-Doctrine as to each.-GRAMMAR. 2.
English Grammar in Sụbstance Anglo-Saxon-Enumeration of Particulars.-3. Gen-
eral Doctrine-Our Deviations in Verbs few-The chief of them-Our Deviations in
Nouns and their Allies many-Description of them-Consequences.--4. Position of
Modern English among European Tongues-Leading Facts cominon to the History
of all-Comparison of the Gothic Tongues with the Classical-Comparison of the
English Tongue with both.- VOCABULARY. 5. Glossarial Elements to be Weighed
not Numbered---The Principal Words of the English Tongue--Anglo-Saxon-Seven
Classes of Words froin Saxon Roots.--6. Words from Latin Roots-Periods of Intro-
duction--Kinds and Uses.--7. Words from French Roots-Periods of Introduction
Kinds and Uses.-8. Words from Greek Roots.--9. Words from Tongues yielding few.
10. Estimate, by Number, of Saxon Words Lost-Remarks.--11. Estimate of the
number of Saxon Words retained-Proportion as tested by the Dictionaries-Propor.
tion as tested by Specimens from Popular Writers..
Page 141
PART THIRD.
THE LITERATURE OF MODERN TIMES.
A.D. 1509—A.D. 1852.
CHAPTER I.
THE AGE OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION.
A. D. 1509-A.D. 1558.
SECTION FIRST: SCHOLASTIC AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE IN
ENGLAND.
INTRODUCTION. 1. Impulses affecting Literature-Checks impeding it-The Reforma
tion-State Affairs--Classical Learning. 2. Influence of the Age on the Literature
of the Next-Its Social Importance. CLASSICAL LEARNING. 3. Benefits of Printing
-Greek and Latin Studies-Eminent Names—THEOLOGY. 4. Translations of the
Holy Scriptures—Tyndale's Life and Labours-Coverdale-Rogers-Cranmer-
Reigns of Edward the Sixth and Mary-Increase of Printers. 5. Original English
Writings in Theology-Their General Character-Ridley-Cranmer-Tyndale's Con-
troversial Treatises—Latimer's Sermons—Character of Latimer's Oratory. Pago 158
CHAPTER II.
SECTION SECOND: MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE IN ENGLAND;
AND LITERATURE ECCLESIASTICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS
IN SCOTLAND,
MISCELLANEOUS PROSE IN ENGLAND. 1. Secondary Importance of the Works—Sir
Thomas More-His Style-His Historical Writings-His Tracts and Letters.--2.
Roger Ascham-His Style-His Toxophilus—His Schoolmaster-Prosody-Female
Education-Wilson's Logic and Rhetoric.-ENGLISH POETRY. 3. Poetical Aspect
and Relations of the Age-Its Earliest Poetry-Satires-Barklay-Skelton's Works.
44. Lord Surrey–His Literary Influence-Its Causes-His Italian Studies-His Son-
nets-Introduction of Blank Verse-His Supposed Influence on English Versification.
-5. Wyatt-Translations of the Psalms-The Mirror of Magistrates-Its Influence
-Its Plan and Authors-Sackville's Induction and Complaint of Buckingham.-
-INFANCY OF THE Englisu DRAMA. 6. Retrospect, The English Drama in the
Middle Ages-Its Religious Cast-The Miracle-Plays—The Moral-Plays.—7. The
Drama in the Sixteenth Century-Its Beginnings--Skelton-Bishop Bale's Moral
Plays-Heywood's Interludes.-8. Appearance of Tragedy and Comedy–Udall's
Comedy of Roister Doister-The Tragedy of Gorboduc, by Sackville and Norton.-
LITERATURE IN SCOTLAND. 9. Literary Character of the Period—Obstacles-State
of the Language.-10. Scottish Poetry—Sir David Lindsay--His Satirical Play-Its
Design and Effects-His other Poems.-11. First Appearance of Original Scottish
Prose-Translations—The Complaint of Scotland-Pitscottie-State of Learning-
Boece-John Major.-12. John Knox-George Buchanan's Latin Works-Other
Latinists-Melville-Scottish Universities-Schools....
Page 170
THE AGE OF SPENSER, SHAKSPEARE, BACON, AND MILTON.
A. D. 1558-A.D. 1660.
SECTION FIRST: GENERAL VIEW OF THE PERIOD.
INTRODUCTION. 1. The Early Years of Elizabeth's Reign-Summary of their Litera-
ture.-2. Literary Greatness of the next Eighty Years—Divisior into Four Eras.-
REIGN OF ELIZABETH FROM 1580. 3. Social Character of the Time-Its Religious
Aspect-Effects on Literature.-4. Minor Elizabethan Writers—Their Literary Im-
portance-The Three Great Names.-5. The Poetry of Spenser and Shakspeare-
The Eloquence of Hooker.-REIGN OF JAMES. 6. Its Social and Literary Character
- Distinguished Names-Bacon-Theologians-Poets.—THE TWO FOLLOWING Eras.
7. Political and Ecclesiastical Changes--Effects on Thinking-Effects on Poetry-
Milton's Youth.-8. Moral Aspect of the Time-Effects on Literature. -REIGN OF
CHARLES. 9. Literary Events—Poetry-Eloquence—Theologians–Erudition.-THE
COMMONWEALTH AND PROTECTORATE. 10. Literary Events—Poetry Checked
Modern Symptoms-Philosophy-Hobbes—Theology-Hall, Taylor, and Baxter.-
11, Eloquence-Milton's Prose Works—Modern Symptoms-Style of the Old Eng.
lish Prose Writers.
Page 196
A. D. 1558-A. D. 1660.
SECTION SECOND: THE SCHOLASTIC AND ECCLESIASTICAL
LITERATURE.
ERUDITION, CLASSICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL. 1. General State of Ecclesiastica
Learning-Eminent Narneg-Raynolds-- jndrewes-- Usher --- Classical Studios -
Camden and Selden-Latin Prose and Verse.- TRANSLATIONS OF THE HOLY BIBLE.
2. The Geneva Bible-Whittingham-The Bishops Bible-Parker.-3. King James's
Bible-Its History—The Translators-Its Universal Reception.-ORIGINAL THEOLO-
GICAL WRITINGS. 4. The Elizabethan Period-Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity-
Reign of James-Sermons of Bishop Andrewes-Sermons of Donne.-5. Reign of
Charles-Hall and Taylor compared -6. Bishop Hall-His Sermons-His other
Works.—7. Jeremy Taylor-His Treatises-His Sermons-Character of his Elo-
quence.-8. The Commonwealth and Protectorate-Controversial Writings—The
Puritans-Richard Baxter-His Life and Works..
Page 214
CHAPTER V.
A. D. 15584A. D. 1660.
SECTION THIRD: THE MISCELLANEOUS PROSE LITERATURE,
SEMI-THEOLOGICAL WRITERS. 1. Fuller's Works—Cudworth-Henry More.—Philo-
SOPHICAL WRITERS. 2. Lord Bacon—The Design of his Philosophy-His Two
Problems-His Chief Works.-3. Hobbes-His Political and Social Theories--His
Ethics-His Psychology-His Style.- HISTORICAL WRITERS. 4. Social and Political
Theories-Antiquaries-Historians-Raleigh- Milton's History of England-His
Historical and Polemical Tracts-His Style.-MISCELLANEOUS WRITERS. 5. Writers
of Voyages and Travels-Literary Critics--Sir Philip Sidney's Defence of Poesy-
Romances and Novels--Sidney's Arcadia-Short NovelsGreene-Lyly--Pam-
phlets-Controversy on the Stage-Martin Mar-Prelate--Smectymnuus.--6. Essays
describing Characters–Didactic Essays-Bacon--Selden--Burton-Browne-Cow-
ley....
Page 233
CHAPTER VI.
SECTION FOURTH: THE DRAMATIC POETRY.
INTRODUCTION. 1. The Drama a Species of Poetry-Recitation of Narrative Poems and
Plays--Effects of Recitation on the Character of the Works-Relations of Prose and
Verse to Poetry.—2. The Regular and Irregular Schools of Dramatic Art—The
French Rules—The Unities of Time and Place—Their Principle--Their Effects.-3.
The Unity of Action-Its Principle-Its Relations to the Other Unities—The Union
of Tragedy and Comedy.--SHAKSPEARE AND THE OLD English Drama. 4. Its
Four Stages.--5. The First Stage-Shakspeare's Predecessors and Earliest Works-
Marlowe-Greene.--6. Shakspeare's Earliest Histories and Comedies-Character of
the Early Comedies.—7. The Second Stage-Shakspeare's Later Histories-His best
Comedies.-8. The Third Stage--Shakspeare's Great Tragedies--His Latest Works
9. Estimate of Shakspeare's Genius.- MINOR DRAMATIC POETS. 10. Shakspeare's
Contemporaries—Their Genius—Their Morality.-11. Beaumont and Fletcher.--12.
Ben_Jonson.-13. Minor Dramatists—Middleton-Webster+Heywood-Dekker,
14. The Fourth Stage of the Drama-Massinger-Ford-Shirley-Moral Declen-
sion..
Page 251
CHAPTER VII.
A.D. 1558-A.D. 1660.
SECTION FIFTH: THE NON-DRAMATIC POETRY.
SPENSER'S POETRY. 1. His Genius_His Minor Poems.--2. Spenser's Faerie Queene-
Its Design.-3. Allegories of the Faerie Queene-Its Poetical Character.-4. The Sto
ries of the Six Books of the Faerie Queene.—Minor Poets. 5. The Great Variety in
the Kinds of Poetry-Classification of thein.-6. Metrical Translations-Marlowe-
Chapman - Fairfax-Sandys.—7. Historical Narrative Poems-Shakspeare-Daniel
-Drayton-Giles and Phineas Fletcher.–8. Pastorals—Pastoral Dramas of Fletcher
and Jonson-Warner-Drayton-Wither-Browne.-9. Descriptive Poems-Dray-
ton's Poly-Olbion-Didactic Poems--Lord Brooke and Davies-Herbert and Quarles
-Poetical Satires-Hall-Marston-Donne.-10. Earlier Lyrical Poems-Shakspeare,
Fletcher and Jonson-Ballads-Sonnets of Drummond and Daniel.–11. Lyrical Po-
ems of the Metaphysical School-Donne and Cowley-Lyrics and other Poems of a
Modern Cast-Denham and Waller.-MILTON'S POETRY. 12. His Life and Works.-
13. His Minor Poems–L'Allegro and Il Penseroso-Comus–Lycidas-Ode on the
Nativity-Later Poems—Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.-14. The Para-
dise Lost..
Page 270
CHAPTER VIII.
THE AGE OF THE RESTORATION AND THE REVOLUTION.
A.D. 1668—A.D. 1702.
1. Social and Literary Character of the Period.-PROSE. 2. Theology-Leighton-Ser-
mons of South, Tillotson, and Barrow-Nonconformist Divines-Bunyan's Pilgriin's
Progress-The Philosophy of Locke-Bentley and Classical Learning.-3. Antiqua-
ries and Historians-Lord Clarendon's History—Bishop Burnet's Histories.-4. Mis-
cellaneous Prose - Walton-Evelyn-L'Estrange-Butler and Marvell—John Dry-
den's Prose Writings-His Style-His Critical Opinions—Temple's Essays.-POETRY.
3. Dramas—Their Character–French Influences-Dryden's Plays—Í'ragedies of
Lee, Otway, and Southerne-The Prose Comedies—Their Moral Foulness.-6. Poe-
try not Dramatic-Its Didactic and Satiric Character-Inferences.-7. Minor Poets
-Roscommon-Marvell-Butler's Hudibras-Prior.--8. John Dryden's Life and
Works.-9. Dryden's Poetical Character.
Page 289
CHAPTER IX.
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
A. D. 1702—A. D. 1800.
SECTION FIRST: THE LITERARY CHARACTER AND CHANGES
OF THE PERIOD.
1. Character of the Period as a Whole-Its Relations to Our Own Time.-2. Literary
Character of its First Generation-The Age of Queen Anne and George I.---3. Lite-
rary Character of its Second and Third Generations-From the Accession of George
II.-4. The Prose Style of the First Generation-Addison-Swift.-5. The Prose
Style of the Second and Third Generations—Johnson.
Page 397
CHAPTER X.
A. D. 1702–A. D. 1727. :
SECTION SECOND: THE LITERATURE OF THE FIRST GENERATION.
Poetry. 1. The Drama-Non-Dramatic Poetry-Its Artificial Character-Minor Poets.
-2. Alexander Pope-Characteristics of his Genius and Poetry.-3. Pope's Works-
His Early Poems--Poems of Miildle Age-His Later Poems.-Prose. 4. Theolo-
gians-Philosophers_ Clarke's Natural Theology Bishop Berkeley's I lealism, Shaftesbury -- Bolingbroke.-5. Miscellaneous Prose--Occasional Writings—Defoe CENTURY.
and Robinson Crusoe-Swift's Works and Literary Character--Other Prose Satires,
6. The Periodical Essayists-Addison and Steele--The Spectator-Its Character-Its
Design...
Page 314
CHAPTER XI.
A, D. 1727-A. D. 1760.
SECTION THIRD: THE LITERATURE OF THE SECOND GENERATION.
PROSE. 1. Theology-Warburton-Bishop Butler's Analogy-Watts and Doddridge-
Philosophy-Butler's Ethical System- The Metaphysics of David Hume--Jonathan
Edwards-Franklin.--2. Miscellaneous Prose-Minor Writers-New Series of Peri-
odical Essays-Magazines and Reviews.-3. Samuel Johnson-His Life--His Lite-
rary Character-4. Johnson's Works.-5. The Novelists -Their Moral Faultiness.
-POETRY. 6. The Drama-Non-Dramatic Poetry-Rise in Poetical Tone -
Didactic Poems-Johnson--Young-Akenside-Narrative and Descriptive Poems
-Thomson's Seasons.--7. Poetical Taste of the Public-Lyrical Poems of Gray and
Collins...
Page 330
CHAPTER XII.
THE
EIGHTEENTH
A. D. 1760—A. D. 1800.
SECTION FOURTH: THE LITERATURE OF THE THIRD GENERATION.
PROSE. 1. The Historians—Their Literary Character and Views of Art-Hume's His-
tory.-2. Robertson and Gibbon—The
Character of each-Minor Historical Writers.
-3. Miscellaneous Prose--Johnson's Talk and Boswell's Report of it--Goldsmith's
Novels-Literature in Scotland--The First Edinburgh Review-Mackenzie's Novels
--Other Novelists. 4. Criticism--Percy's Reliques-Warton's IIistory-Parliamen-
tary Eloquence--Edmund Burke--Letters.--5. Philosophy--(1.) Theory of Litera-
ture-Burke-Reynol Is--Campbell---Home-Blair-Smith--(2.) Political Economy
-Adam Smith.-6. Philosophy continued-(3.) Ethics-Adam Smith-Tucker-
Paley--(4.) Metaphysics and Psychology-Thomas Reid.-7. Theology--(1.) Scien-
tific-Campbell-Paley-Watson-Lowth-(2.) Practical -- Porteous-Blair — New:
ton and others.--Poetry. 8. The Drama--Home's Douglas--Comedies of Gold-
smith and Sheridan--Goldsmith's Descriptive Poems.-9. Minor Poets-Their Va-
rious Tendencies-Later Poems --Beattie's Minstrel.-10. The Genius and Writings
of Cowper and Burns..
Page 345
CHAPTER XIII.
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
A. D. 1800—A. D. 1852.
SECTION FIRST: THE CHARACTER OF THE PERIOD.
1. General Character of the Last Fifty Years-Two Ages embraced in the Period.-2.
The First Age-Its Poetry--Its Poetical Eminence and Characteristics.--3. The First