Jonathan Maxcy exerted no little influence on the character of the youth of his day; and his name is never to be mentioned by his disciples without reverence. He had many eminent qualifications for his office. His genius was aesthetic; persuasion flowed from his lips; and his eloquence diffused over every subject the bright hues of a warm imagination. He was deeply imbued with classical learning, and the philosophy of the human mind divided his heart with the love of polite literature. With profound piety, he was free from the slightest taint of bigotry or narrowness. Early in life he had entered into the ministry, under sectarian banners; but though he never resiled from the creed which he had adopted-so Catholic was his spirit-so genial his soul to the inspirations of faith, hope, and charitythat whether in the chair or the pulpit, he never seemed to us less than an Apostolic teacher. Never will the charm of his eloquence be erased from the memory on which its impression has once been made. His elocution was equally winning and peculiar. He spoke in the most deliberate manner; his voice was clear and gentle; his action composed and quiet; yet no man had such command over the noisy sallies of youth. His presence quelled every disorder. The most riotous offender shrank from the reproof of that pale brow and intellectual eye. The reverence that attended him stilled the progress of disaffection; and to him belonged the rare power -exercised in the face of wondering Europe by Lamartine of quelling by persuasion, the spirit of revolt.

THOMAS COOPER, one of the most active spirits sent over by the old world to establish themselves in the politics of the new, was born in London, October 22, 1759. Having been educated at Oxford, become a proficient in chemistry, and acquired a knowledge of the law and medicine, he brought these acquisitions to America, joining his friend, Dr. Priestley,* at Northumberland,

Priestley, the son of a cloth-dresser near Leeds, whose scientific discoveries in England had stamped him as one of the first chemists of the age, and whose religious and political principles, as a Unitarian and advocate of the French Revolution, had rendered him the object of popular persecution (his house and library in Birmingham were burnt by the mob in 1791), caine to America, whither his sons had already emigrated in 1794. He arrived in New York on the fourth of June of that year, and was received with great attention by the citizens, who, not long after, proposed a subscription of a thousand dollars for a course of lectures on Experimental Philosophy, if he would deliver them. In July he went to Northumberland in Pennsylvania, where his son had an agricultural settlement. He soon established himself in his old habits, constructing a library, writing books as rapidly as usual, and resuming his chemical experiments. He was offered the Professorship of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, with a good salary, and declined the appointment, preferring his own disposition of his time in retirement. He delivered two courses of public lectures, however, at Philadelphia in 1796 and 1797, on the Evidences of Revelation, which he published in two volumes, the first of which he dedicated to John Adams, who was then his hearer and admirer. His Continuation of the History of the Christian Church, from the fall of the Western Empire to the present times, was written in America and published at Northampton in four volumes in 1503. It was dedicated to Jefferson. He also wrote in this country in reply to Volney's and Paine's attacks upon Revelation, and in addition to the Linn controversy, a number of miscellaneous theological productions, with a Comparison of the Institutes of Moses with those of the Hindoos and other ancient nations. On American politics Priestley found himself not altogether free from his old English difficulties, as his sympathy for France brought him in collision with the Federal party; though his latter days were soothed by the ascendency of his friend and correspondent Jefferson. In 1774, at Franklin's request, he had written an address to the people of England on the American disputes, calculated to show the injustice and impolicy of a war with the colonies. It was written by Priestley at Leeds, and Franklin corrected the proofs for him at London. His Maxims of Political Arithmetic by a Quaker in Politics, first published in the Aurora, February 26 and 27, 1798, contain in a very neat essay

having been driven from England by the part which he took in reference to French politics, in becoming the agent of an English democratic club to a revolutionary club in France, and issuing a pamphlet in reply to an attack on him by Burke, which was threatened with prosecution. In the United States he became a Jeffersonian politician, and attacking Adams in a newspaper communication, which he published in the Pennsylvania Reading Weekly Advertiser of October 26, 1799, was tried for a libel under the sedition law in 1800, and sentenced to six months' imprisonment and a fine of four hundred dollars.*

The Democratic party coming into power Governor M'Kean appointed Cooper, in 1806, President Judge of one of the Pennsylvania Common Pleas districts, an office which he filled with energy, but from which he was removed in 1811 by Governor Snyder at the request of the Legislature, on representations chiefly of an overbearing temper. He became Professor of Chemistry in Dickinson College at Carlisle, and subsequently, in 1816, held a professorship of Mineralogy and Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, and shortly after, in 1819, became at first Professor of Chemistry, then, in 1820, President of the South Carolina College. He also discharged the duties of Professor of Chemistry and Political Economy. Retiring from this post on account of age in 1834, he was employed by the Legislature of South Carolina in revising the statutes of the state. He died May 11, 1840.

Of his writings we may mention a volume of statistics entitled Information respecting America, published in London in 1794; a collection of Political Essays in 1800, contributed to the Northumberland Gazette in Pennsylvania, which he "conducted for a short time to enable the printer of that paper to proceed more expeditiously with a work of Dr. Priestley's then in the press;" a translation of The Institutes of Justinian, which

some admirable suggestions on free trade and national honor. He communicated his scientific papers to the Medical Repository of New York. The entire number of his publications reaches one hundred and forty-one. An edition of his works has been published in England in twenty-five volumes, edited by Towell Rutt. His Memoirs indicate the philosophical serenity of his character. They touch lightly upon his American period, as they close with the year 1795; but the continuation by his son Joseph Priestley contains many interesting notices of his residence at Northumberland, particularly a simple and affecting account of his death, which he met with great tranquillity at that place, February 6th, 1804, in his seventy-second year. A candid and discriminating account of his career has been written by Lord Brougham in his "Lives of Men of Letters and Science, who flourished in the time of George III." An anecdote given by Brougham is highly characteristic of Priestley's manners, and of his position in the religious world of America into which he was introduced. "He happened to visit a friend whose wife received him in her husband's absence, but feared to name him before a Calvinistic divine present. By accident his name was mentioned, and the lady then introduced him. But he of the Genevan school drew back, saying, Dr. Joseph Priestley?' and then added in the American tongue, (query, what does Lord Brougham mean by the American tongue? the Choctaw ?) I cannot be cordial.' Whereupon the Doctor, with his usual placid demeanor, said that he and the lady might be allowed to converse until their host should return. By degrees the conversation became general; the repudiator was won over by curiosity first, then by gratification; he remained till a late hour hanging upon Priestley's lips; he took his departure at length, and told his host as he quitted the house, that never had he passed so delightful an evening; though he admitted that he had begun it by behaving like a fool and a brnte." One such anecdote (and there are many current) is of more force to describe its subject than a hundred labored panegyrics."

* Wharton's State Trials of the United States, pp. 659-681. + Preface to Second Edition. Philadelphia. 1800.

appeared in Philadelphia in 1812; his Medical Jurisprudence in 1819. He was engaged in the publication of a magazine of scientific information, The Emporium of Arts and Sciences, five volumes of which appeared in Philadelphia from 1812 to 1814. Two of these were prepared by Dr. John Redman Coxe, the remainder by Dr. Cooper.

In 1826 he published at Columbia, South Carolina, his Lectures on the Elements of Political Economy. They were written as a class-book for his students, but are strongly impressed with his manly utterance of opinions for all readers. His advocacy of free trade at home and abroad, in foreign and domestic regulations, of trade and government, is urged in his bold, dogmatic style, with constant effect. His miscellaneous writings on law and medicine were numerous. In politics he always held a forcible pen. He was a vigorous pamphleteer in the nullification contest in South Carolina, taking the side of the ultra states rights doctrine.

Th. Copu

Of his conversational powers, which were remarkable from the natural strength of his perception, his controversial taste, his knowledge of distinguished men, and his wide personal experience of memorable affairs, we are enabled to present something more than this general recognition in a few passages of his table-talk, copied for us by his friend and intimate, the late Colonel D. J. M'Cord, who entered them at the time in his note-book. Though the date is not given, the period is that of Dr. Cooper's last years at Columbia.

MEMORANDA OF TABLE-TALK OF JUDGE COOPER.

Sunday, 26. When I was going over to Paris with Watt during the French Revolution, being both members of the club at Manchester, we had letters from the club to Robespierre, Petion, and other members of the Jacobine clubs of Paris. I called on Petion and told him my business, and that I wished to be introduced to Robespierre. Petion was a clever fellow, and more like an Englishman than any Frenchman I have ever seen. Good, candid fellow, on whom you might rely. He took me to Robespierre's. We passed through a carpenter's shop, and went up a ladder to the place occupied by Robespierre. He was dressed up. A complete petit maitre, a dandy. A little pale man, with dark hair.

He received me well. I told him that I had written an address to deliver to the club, and requested him to deliver it for me, as I spoke French badly. He said he would. I wrote the address, and Watt translated it into French. We went to the club (he mentioned which, but it has escaped me), and he with others sat under the canopy (I think he said) where the president sits. He mentioned who presided. After a while a loud noise was made, and a call for Citizen Cooper (Citoyen Gouappe) and Watt, and for the address of Citoyen Gouappe which had been formally announced. I requested Robespierre to take it and read it as he had promised. He declined, and I insisted, until he refused positively, when the noise increasing, I told him-" Citoyen Robespierre, vous êtes un coquin !" and with that I mounted and delivered my address, which was well received, and with considerable noise. After that (which was before Robespierre commenced his reign of blood), I kept company principally with the Brissotians. The day after the above affair took place at the club, several persons told me to take care of myself, for that Robespierre and his friends had their designs upon us. Spies were set upon us. We were informed of it, and their names furnished, which he mentioned. We invited them regularly to dinner, and the poor devils not being used to drinking wine, we always got them drunk after dinner. One evening, at the house of a person whose name I did not catch, where many Brissotians were present, Watt and I proposed that if they would gather as many friends as they could and go with us, to support us at the club, I would insult Robespierre before the whole assembly, and compel him to challenge us to fight. We should have broken him up that night. We did not care for responsibility there, it would have been all amusement. Such was our excitement, I would as leave have fought him as not I would have liked it. We might have got him off, but d-n the bit these fellows would agree to join us. They would not risk it. At last we were denounced by Robespierre, and Watt went off to Germany, and I returned to England. Now those four months that I spent in Paris were the most happy and pleasant of my life. I laughed more than I ever did before or have since. I lived four years.

It is curious, but I believe the fact from what I saw, that during the most dreadful times of that Revolution, during its most bloody period, the people of Paris enjoyed more aggregate happiness than at any other period of their lives. Every moment was a century. When there every energy of my mind was called out, every moment engaged. Some important event unceasingly occurred, and incessantly occupied the mind. He laughed, and said that after he had left France he was set up as a candidate for convention, by some one, in opposition to the Duke of Orleans, but the duke beat him.

Speaking of the King of France, he was asked if he could have been saved. Dr. C. Aye! that he could. Very easily. The Brissotians were anxious to save him. Petion wrote to Pitt, or communicated through Marat, and some one else, with the English minister, and said that if he would furnish £100,000 he might be saved. Pitt refused it. H. could not believe that Pitt refused unless he considered it as a trick. P. thought he would have refused it, for the very reason that he wished the king killed, as his wish was that France would commit the greatest excesses, to deter England from following her detestable example. Mrs. Grant told him that she once dined in company with Pitt. She always spoke of it with great enthusiasm. It was an era in her life. came to dinner on an express promise that politics

Pitt

should not be introduced, as he was at that time in bad health. However, Pitt got in a good humor and seemed disposed to give them a talk on politics; and reclining back in his chair, with what she called the vacant stare of genius, gave them a talk of an hour's length.

Dr. C. speaking of the time he lived at Sunbury, Northumberland, Pa., he said it was a complete blank in his life. P. observed that he was then in hot water. Yes, but I have forgotten nearly everything in connexion with those matters. It got me in jail, where I stayed six months (in Philadelphia). But I there had good company every day and night. At night I had the best company in Philadelphia. They all called on me. Everything that was good was sent to me-wine-claret, Madeira, port, cider-everything came, God knows how or from where, and cost me nothing. However, I had to pay $400. Crafts the other day published my speech on that occasion. I had no counsel. I advocated my own cause. He was asked if the Constitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Law was questioned in the case? No, Chase would not suffer it. He then gave us some curious anecdotes concerning Chase.

Sunday, 16. Speaking of Dr. Johnson. P. called him a bigot in politics and religion. Dr. C. No! No! In a political conversation which I had with Dr. Johnson he said, "I believe in no such thing as the jure divino of kings. I have no such belief; but I believe that monarchy is the most conducive to the happiness and safety of the people of every nation, and therefore I am a monarchist, but as to its divine right, that is all stuff. I think every people have the right to establish such government as they may think most conducive to their interest and happiness."

Boswell, continued Dr. C., was the greatest fool I ever knew. He was a real idiot. I am sure I have a right to say so. He came to Lancaster assizes once when I was there. He took his seat at the bar, and Park (on insurance), Sir Samuel Romilly, myself, and perhaps some others, subscribed three guineas upon a brief, and docketed a feigned issue, and sent a fellow to employ him. He received the brief and the three guineas, and when the case was called, he rose at the bar, to the great amusement of the whole court, yet he proceeded to open the case, which the court soon understood, and on some pretence postponed the affair. He stayed in the same house with us, and I think he said he drank two or three bottles of port and got drunk.

Burke, he said, he knew very well. He was the most excessive talker he ever knew, and, at times, very tiresome. Speaking of the republican clubs in England during the French revolution, he said his party at Manchester made much more noise than any other in England. Burke denounced Dr. Priestley and himself (Dr. C.), one day in the House of Commons. Cooper replied to it in a pamphlet, which he had, and I have read. A young man, he said, must lay in a large stock of democracy, if he expects it to hold out to my age. We laughed, and told him that he had given up his democracy as to England, but not as to America. But he replied, that he was now a constitutional democrat. He was opposed to the many steps taken by the United States government, as well as the United States courts, towards a consolidated government. He thought none but freeholders were of right entitled to vote and to be represented. It might be policy in a nation to permit others, but all others are mere sojourners, and have no such right. It would be better if a compromise could be made between freeholders and numbers, but that could not be done.

He admitted that there was evil in general suffrage, and evil likewise in not suffering it, but it could not be claimed as a right. P. observed that Sir James Mackintosh had given up all his French politics. That he had heard him in a conversation of some hours, with his feet in the American fashion against the fire-place, give a character of Burke in the most elevated and eloquent strains. He said he had relinquished his notions on the French revolution, and that he had agreed perfectly with Mr. Burke, and that he had the most exalted ideas of his politics, literary taste, and eloquence. Dr. C. expressed his surprise.

In 1792 he came to America, and he said in February, 1793, he returned to attend his friend Walker's trial for sedition, at Lancaster. Erskine and himself took seats at the bar as counsel for Walker. The case was tried, and they produced a witness who proved the perjury of a witness (Duun), and subornation by the agents of the ministry. Walker was acquitted, and on motion of Erskine, Dunn was immediately committed. He, C., drew up a bill of indictment against him, and at the next assizes he was convicted, and imprisoned. He returned to America in September.

At Horne Tooke's, said the doctor, one day at dinner I met Thelwell, the Radical. Walker and he went up to Horne Tooke and told him that they were surprised to meet Thelwell there, that they were sure he was a spy from the violent and imprudent manner in which he spoke of government. Horne Tooke said that he had not invited him, and that Thelwell forced himself upon him. Tooke then turned to Thelwell and said, "You know that some time since, when it was expected that there would be a revolution in this country, that you had a list of gentlemen proscribed, who were first to be cut off, and that I was placed nearly at the top, and Mr. Cooper soon after." Thelwell never said a word. He could not deny it. These radicals, he said, were great rascals.

February 22. Dr. C.: "Now M., I dine professor

on Sunday, but will not have meat enough to feed you also. So come after dinner. Mind, I invite you to drink, not to eat.” During the evening he said to me, when you become a member of the legislature take my advice, conciliate the fools; for they are always the majority. Be kind to them. Give them your ideas. Let them use them. Do their business for them. Write for them. Draw their bills and resolutions. Make one good speech during the session, and hold your peace. By that means you will gain them. Take my advice. sue it. It prescribes the course Legaré should have taken, but he chose the opposite. Sense, eloquence, speeches wont do. You must work into their favor.

Pur

March 2. Explained what he meant by saying that he had not taken in a sufficient stock of democracy. That it was running into excess in America, and that it had rendered the people too fond of change, and that these changes were too often effected by the ignorant and lower classes.

The REV. ROBERT HENRY, LL.D., the successor of Dr. Cooper in the College Presidency, was born in Charleston, S. C., on the 6th December, 1792, and received the first rudiments of education in that city. He commenced the study of the Latin language at the early age of six, and in 1803 was sent by his mother, then a widow, to the neighborhood of London, where for some time he remained under the private tuition of a highly respectable clergyman. In 1811 he entered the Edinburgh University, and was gra

duated there in 1814, and after a visit and short residence on the continent, returned to South Carolina in 1815. For two years he was minister to the French Huguenot Church of Charleston, where once a month he preached in French. In November, 1818, at the suggestion of Judge King of Charleston, a highly competent judge of his merits, Mr. Henry was elected Professor of Logic and Moral Philosophy in the South Carolina College, and was afterwards made Professor of Metaphysics, Moral and Political Philosophy, and, perhaps, was the first person who gave lectures in the United States on Free Trade, and Political Economy generally. In 1834 he was made president of the College, which he resigned in 1835. At a subsequent period, in 1836, he was induced to accept the appointment of Professor of Metaphysics and Belles Lettres in the South Carolina College. In 1840 he was again appointed President, but in 1843, upon being relieved from certain duties in the government of the college, and allowed to reside without the precincts, accepted the Professorship of Greek, newly established, and expressly at his suggestion. He still continues to perform these learned duties.

Mr. Henry, to an intimate acquaintance with the ancient languages, unites a familiar knowledge of the modern. He speaks French, German, and Dutch fluently. His reading is encyclopædian, and his memory equal to his reading. His social qualities are eminent, and his conversation delightful and instructive. While Dr. Cooper was at his best, it was rare to meet such charming conversation as was exhibited at that time at the dinner tables, and other society at Columbia, in which Cooper, Preston, Henry, Legaré, Nott, Petigru, Harper, and others were conspicuous, and would not have appeared to disadvantage in the best London society, not even alongside of Rogers, or of Conversation Sharp, with both of whom Cooper had been specially intimate in his early European days.*

It is to be regretted that Mr. Henry's health has been very feeble for some years past. This may have rendered his works few in number, in proportion to his learning and abilities. He has published, in 1829, Eulogy on Dr. E. D. Smith, late Professor of Chemistry in the South Carolina College. In 1830, Eulogy on Jonathan Maxcy, late President. A Sermon on duelling, before the Legislature of South Carolina. In 1847, two Sermons at the Pinckney Lecture in Charleston. In 1850, A Eulogy on John C. Calhoun. For the Southern Review, he wrote articles on Niebuhr's Roman History, La Motte Fouqué, Goethe's Wilhelm Meister, and Waterhouse's Junius. Dr. Henry has always been a friend of free trade, and the constitutional rights of the states as opposed to a great central power.

The next President of the college, the Hon. WILLIAM C. PRESTON, was the distinguished statesman, lawyer, and orator, of South Carolina. He was born December 27, 1794, at Philadelphia, while his father was at the National Congress at that place, as a member from Virginia. His mater

* In this personal tribute, and in other parts of this article, we employ the words of the communication of the late D. J. M'Cord, whose sudden and lamented death occurred while this work was passing through the press. Ante, p. 249.

nal grandmother was the sister of Patrick Henry. He was educated at the University of North Carolina, and studied law in the office of William Wirt, at Richmond. From 1816 to 1819 he travelled in Europe, visiting England, France, and Switzerland, and residing for a while at Edinburgh, where he attended with Mr. Legare the philosophical lectures at the university. In 1821 he was admitted to the practice of the law in Virginia. He removed the next year to Columbia, in South Carolina, and soon became engaged in political life. In 1824 he was elected to the House of Representatives, and in 1832 to the Senate of the United States. After ten years' service in the last position, where he maintained an eminent rank as an orator, he returned to the practice of the law in South Carolina. held the Presidency of the College for six years, imparting to the institution the influence of his refined scholarship, elegant tastes, and winning manners. He retired in consequence of ill health, and has since resided at Columbia.

He

The REV. DR. JAMES II. THORNWELL, the successor to Mr. Preston, was born in Marlborough District, South Carolina, in 1811. He was educated at the South Carolina College, and was graduated, with the highest distinction in his class, in December, 1819. He afterwards commenced the study of the law, but soon abandoned it for the church. As a Presbyterian clergyman, he commenced preaching as minister of Waxsaw church. At the age of twenty-five he was elected Professor of Logic and Belles Lettres in the South Carolina College, the duties of which he performed with distinction for two years, but resigned, on being elected pastor of the Presbyterian church at Columbia, S. C. After two years' service there, where his reputation daily grew, he was induced to accept the Professorship of the Evidences of Christianity, and the position of chaplain, upon the resignation of those places by Mr. now Bishop Elliott. Here he remained until May, 1852, when he took charge of Glebe Street Church, Charleston. Previous to this removal, Mr. Thornwell had received very flattering invitations from various Northern cities, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and St. Louis, but declined them all.

Upon the resignation of the Presidency by Mr. Preston, in December, 1852, Dr. Thornwell was elected to succeed him. He returned to Columbia, and has continued to fill the office with deserved distinction and popularity. The number of students is now about two hundred, and the college was never in a better condition either as to education, morals, or manners. To the great regret of the state generally, the Presbyterian synod have thought it advisable to demand the services of Dr. Thornwell for their theological seminary in Columbia, a call which he has felt it his duty, under his clerical obligations, to obey.*

The following is a list of Dr. Thornwell's publications -1. A Sermon on the Vanity and Glory of Man, preached October 9, 1842, in the College Chape!. 2. A Sermon on the Necessity of the Atonement, preached December, 1843, in the College Chapel. 3. Arguments of Romanists Discussed and Refuted in relation to the Apocryphal Books of the Old Testament, published in New York, 1845. 4. Discourses on Truth, published in New York, 1855. 5. The following articles have been contributed to the Southern Presbyterian Review, printed in Columbia:-1. The Office of Reason in regard to Revelation. Vol. i. Art. 1. No. 1. 2. The Christian Pastor. Vol. i. No. 8.

Dr. Thornwell is familiar with Greek, Roman, French, German, and other languages and literature, and is as vigorous and unrelenting in the pursuit of new studies now, as when he left college. His popularity with the students, and his tact in the management of youth, connected with the high respect generally entertained for him in the state, must cause his withdrawal to be deeply felt.

ORESTES A. BROWNSON.

This eminent speculative inquirer, ingenious thinker, and exponent of various religious opinions in his writings, is a native of Vermont, where he was born about the beginning of the century. In his education he has been what is usually, though incorrectly, called a self-made man; and he must always have been an earnest one, for we find him early in life a diligent inquirer in the higher walks of religious philosophy. As the life of Mr. Brownson has been passed in the pursuits of the thinker and scholar, with little external incident beyond that involved in his several changes of opinion, which have carried him in succession through different associations and sets of companions, we may cite, as a portion of his biography, what he has himself chosen to say on the subject. "Much," he remarks in the preface to the collection of his Essays, in 1852, "has been said first and last in the newspapers as to the frequent changes I have undergone, and I am usually sneered at as a weathercock in religion and politics. This seldom disturbs me, for I happen to know that most of the changes alleged are purely imaginary. I was born in a Protestant community, of Protestant parents, and was brought up, so far as I was brought up at all, a Presbyterian. At the age of twenty-one I passed from Presbyterianism to what is sometimes called Liberal Christianity, to which I remained attached, at first under the form of Universalism, afterwards under that of Unitarianism, till the age of forty-one, when I had the happiness of being received into the Catholic Church. Here is the sum total of my religious changes. I no doubt experienced difficulties in defending the doctrines I professed, and I shifted my ground of defence more than once, but not the doctrines themselves.

"I was during many years, no doubt, a radical and a socialist, but both after a fashion of my own. I held two sets of principles, the one set the same that I hold now, the other the set I have rejected. I supposed the two sets could be held consistently together, that there must be some

Art. 6. 8. The Elder Question. Vol. ii. No. 1. Art. 1. 4. Paul's Preaching at Athens. Vol. ii. No. 4. Art. 1. 5. Thoughts upon the Priesthood of Christ. Vol. iii. No. 4. Art. 2. 6. Philosophy of Religion (Review of Morell). Vol. iii. No. 2. Art. 5. 7. Philosophy of Religion (Review of Morell). Vol. iii. No. 8. Art. 6. 8. Slavery and the Religious Instruction of the Colored Population. Vol. iv. No. 1. Art. 6. The substance of this article was also published as a Sermon on the Rights and Duties of Masters, 9. Dissertation on Miracles (Matt. xxii. 9). Vol. iv. No. 4. Art. 2. 10. Validity of Popish Baptism: a series of articles commenced in Vol. v. No. 1, and continued in successive numbers. 11. Report on Slavery. Vol. v. No. 8. Art. 3. To these may be added a Sermon on the occasion of the Death of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, preached in the College Chapel, April, 1850, a letter to Governor Manning, on Public Instruction in South Carolina, 1853, and a Sermon preached before the Legislature, December 1854, against demagogism, and on the duties of the legislator.

way, though I never pretended to be able to discover it, of reconciling them with each other. Fifteen years' trial and experience convinced me to the contrary, and that I must choose which set I would retain and which cast off. My natural tendency was always to conservatism, and democracy, in the sense I now reject it, I never held. In politics, I always advocated, as I advocate now, a limited government indeed, but a strong and efficient government. Here is the sum total of my political changes. I never acknowledged allegiance to any party. From 1838 to 1843, I acted with the Democratic party, because during those years it contended for the public policy I approved; since then I have adhered to no party. No party, as such, ever had any right to count on me, and most likely none ever will have. I do not believe in the infallibility of political parties, and I always did and probably always shall hold myself free to support the men and measures of any party, or to oppose them, according to my own independent convictions of what is or is not for the common good of my country." To this comprehensive outline and self-justification of an active career, we may supply some of the details as furnished by Mr. Brownson's publications.

His first work, published in 1836, entitled, New Views of Christian Society and the Church, was written while he was minister of an Independent congregation at Boston, which was called "The Society for Christian Union and Progress." It was marked by French and German opinions, which the writer put forward without particular reference to the religious body of Unitarians to which he was then attached. At this period Mr. Brownson was a contributor to the Christian Examiner. A novel which he published in 1840, Charles Elwood, or the Infidel Converted, is an autobiographic sketch, in which the writer shows minutely the mental struggle through which he had passed. The form of fiction is but a thin covering, and a slight impediment to, if it does not assist, a purely philosophical essay. It was about this time that Mr. Brownson commenced the course of independent periodical literature in which he has since been engaged. He published the Boston Quarterly Review, in five annual volumes, written from the commencement mostly by himself, from 1838 to 1842, when he merged the work in the Democratic Review at New York, to which he became a stated contributor. His articles "On the Origin and Ground of Government," "Democracy," and "Liberty," and similar topics, proved, however, to be of an unaccommodating character to the supporters of that journal, and Mr. Brownson withdrew from its pages to resume his independent Review, in which he could freely unfold his own sentiments and opinions without seeking to conciliate or being controlled by other interests. He then, in 1814, began at Boston the publication of the journal entitled Brownson's Quarterly Review, which has since been continued without interruption, having, in 1855, reached a twelfth annual volume, or a third of the third series. In this, Mr. Brownson having become a devoted member of the Papal Church, maintains his new views of Catholicism, in the same fluent, commanding style, once so well adapted to the energy of Democracy and the schemes of Socialism.