labor, carried on by a mind not ill-adapted to historical inquiry, acute, comprehensive, endowed with an inflexible honesty of purpose, and never avoiding the sober duties of the historian for the sake of rhetorical display. In the last three volumes may be found the only thorough and complete account of the federal government for the time of which it treats. There is hardly any question of domestic or foreign policy which can interest an American citizen that is not elucidated in its pages, such matters having been so fully discussed in the early period of our government that there has been but little advance or modification in regard to the views then taken concerning them. Mr. Hildreth has terminated his history with Monroe's first term, at which time began that fusion of parties which prepared the way for the state of political affairs now existing. To this point refer the concluding remarks of the sixth volume:

With the re-annexation of Florida to the AngloAmerican dominion, the recognised extension of our western limit to the shores of the Pacific, and the partition of those new acquisitions between slavery and freedom, closed Monroe's first term of office; and with it a marked era in our history. All the old landmarks of party, uprooted as they had been, first by the embargo and the war with England, and then by peace in Europe, had since, by the bank question, the internal improvement question, and the tariff question, been completely superseded and almost wholly swept away. At the Ithuriel touch of the Missouri discussion, the slave interest, hitherto hardly recognised as a distinct element in our system, had started up, portentous and dilated, disavowing the very fundamental principles of modern democracy, and again threatening, as in the Federal Convention, the dissolution of the Union. It is from this point, already beginning indeed to fade away in the distance, that our polities of to-day take their departure.

In his portraitures of political men, Mr. Hildreth perhaps too often "wears the cap of the executioner." Of this peculiarity his austere comments upon the characters and lives of Jefferson, Madison, John Adams, and J. Q. Adams, are an example. No statute of limitations, no popular canonization of the offender avails against the impartial severity of his criticism. But to the memories of Washington and Hamilton he pays a uniform and deserved homage, as may be seen by the passage subjoined :—

In Hamilton's death the Federalists and the country experienced a loss second only to that of Washington. Hamilton possessed the same rare and lofty qualities, the same just balance of soul, with less, indeed, of Washington's severe simplicity and aweinspiring presence, but with more of warmth, variety, ornament, and grace. If the Doric in architecture be taken as the symbol of Washington's character, Hamilton's belonged to the same grand style as developed in the Corinthian-if less impressive, more winning. If we add Jay for the Ionic, we have a trio not to be matched, in fact not to be approached in our history, if, indeed, in any other. Of earthborn Titans, as terrible as great, now angels, and now toads and serpents, there are everywhere enough. Of the serene and benign sons of the celestial gods, how few at any time have walked the earth!

As an example of the more animated descriptive

style of the historian we select a portion of his account of the duel of Hamilton and Burr:

It was not at all in the spirit of a professed duellist, it was not upon any paltry point of honor, that Hamilton had accepted this extraordinary challenge, by which it was attempted to hold him answerable for the numerous imputations on Burr's character bandied about in conversation and the newspapers for two or three years past. The practice of duelling he utterly condemned; indeed, he had himself already been a victim to it in the loss of his eldest son, a boy of twenty, in a political duel some two years previously. As a private citizen, as a man under the influence of moral and religious sentiments, as a husband, loving and loved, and the father of a numerous and dependent family, as a debtor honorably disposed, whose creditors might suffer by his death, he had every motive for avoiding the meeting. So he stated in a paper which, under a premonition of his fate, he took care to leave behind him. It was in the character of a public man. was in that lofty spirit of patriotisin, of which examples are so rare, rising high above all personal and private considerations-a spirit magnanimous and self-sacrificing to the last, however in this instance uncalled for and mistaken-that he accepted the fatal challenge. "The ability to be in future useful," such was his own statement of his motives, "whether in resisting mischief or effecting good in those crises of our public affairs which seem likely to happen, would probably be inseparable from a conformity with prejudice in this particular.”

It

With that candor towards his opponents by which Hamilton was ever so nobly distinguished, but of which so very seldom, indeed, did he ever experience any return, he disavowed in this paper, the last he ever wrote, any disposition to affix odium to Burr's conduct in this particular case. He denied feeling towards Burr any personal ill-will, while he admitted that Burr might naturally be influenced against him by hearing of strong animadversions in which he had indulged, and which, as usually happens, might probably have been aggravated in the report. Those animadversions, in some cases, might have been occasioned by misconstruction or misinformation; yet his censures had not proceeded on light grounds nor from unworthy motives. From the possibility, however, that he might have injured Burr, as well as from his general principles and temper in relation to such affairs, he had come to the resolu tion which he left on record, and communicated also to his second, to withhold and throw away his first fire, and perhaps even his second; thus giving to Burr a double opportunity to pause and reflect.

The grounds of Weehawk, on the Jersey shore, opposite New York, were at that time the usual field of these single combats, then, chiefly by reason of the inflamed state of political feeling, of frequent occurrence, and very seldom ending without bloodshed. The day having been fixed, and the hour appointed at seven o'clock in the morning, the parties met, accompanied only by their seconds. The barge- . men, as well as Dr. Hosack, the surgeon, mutually agreed upon, remained as usual at a distance, in order, if any fatal result should occur, not to be witnesses.

The parties having exchanged salutations, the seconds measured the distance of ten paces; loaded the pistols; made the other preliminary arrangements, and placed the combatants. At the appointed signal, Burr took deliberate nim, and fired. The ball entered Hamilton's side, and as he fell his pistol too was unconsciously discharged. Burr approached him apparently somewhat moved; but on the sug

gestion of his second, the surgeon and barge-men already approaching, he turned and hastened away, Van Ness coolly covering him from their sight by opening an umbrella.

The surgeon found Hamilton half-lying, half-sitting on the ground, supported in the arms of his second. The pallor of death was on his face. "Doctor," he said, "this is a mortal wound;" and, as if overcome by the effort of speaking, he immediately fainted. As he was carried across the river the fresh breeze revived him. His own house being in the country, he was conveyed at once to the house of a friend, where he lingered for twenty-four hours in great agony, but preserving his composure and self-command to the last.

Mr. Hildreth has throughout his life been much engaged in newspaper discussions of topics interesting to the community, and at the present time is an effective contributor to the New York Tribune, and other influential political journals. The amount of literary drudgery, such as editing geographical cyclopædias and works of a similar character, which he has performed, attests his singular mental vigor and activity, as well as the inadequate remuneration of more congenial literary labor. He is now busied in the composition of a work on Japan as it Was and as it Is.*

W. S. W. RUSCHENBERGER. WILLIAM S. W. RUSCHENBERGER was born in Cumberland county, New Jersey, September 4, 1807. His father, Peter Ruschenberger, a German, died a short time before the birth of his only son.

While an infant, Ruschenberger was removed to Philadelphia, where his mother supported herself and her child by keeping a school for several years. He was educated at New York and Philadelphia, and prepared for college, when he commenced, in 1824, the study of medicine in the office of Prof. Chapman. In June, 1826, he obtained the appointment of surgeon's-mate in the navy, and made a cruise to the Pacific in the frigate Brandywine. After an absence of thirtyeight months, he returned to his studies, and obtained his medical diploma in March, 1830. Having passed an examination as surgeon in the navy in March, 1831, he made a second cruise to the Pacific, which occupied about three years. The results of his observations were given to the public in 1835, in an octavo volume entitled Three Years in the Pacific, by an Officer of the United States Navy.

In March, 1835, he sailed in the sloop-of-war Peacock as surgeon of the fleet for the East India squadron. After an absence of over two years, he landed at Norfolk in November, 1837. In the following spring, Lea & Blanchard published his Voyage Round the World, including an Embassy to Siam and Muscat. The work was reprinted by Bentley in London, with the omission of various passages commenting upon the English government.

We are indebted for this notice of Mr. Hildreth to the pen of Mr. W. S. Thayer, himself an accomplished litterateur, as his critical articles contributed to his friend Mr. Charles Hale's excellent Boston periodical "To-Day," and his occasional poems, correspondence, and other articles latterly pubH-hed in the New York Evening Post, with which he has been connected, suthciently witness.

In 1843 Dr. Ruschenberger was ordered to the United States Naval Hospital, New York, where he remained until 1847, during which period he laid the foundation of the naval laboratory, designed to furnish the service with unadulterated drugs. He next sailed to the East Indies, but returned under orders in the following year. After being stationed at New York and Philadelphia, he sailed as surgeon of the Pacific squadron October 9, 1854.

In addition to the works already noticed, Dr. Ruschenberger is the author of a series of manuals-Elements of Anatomy and Physiology, Mammalogy, Ornithology, Herpetology and Ichthyology, Conchology, Entomology, Botany, and Geology, and of several pamphlets* and numerous articles on subjects connected with the navy in the Southern Literary Messenger and Democratic Review. He has also written much on medical and scientific topics in the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Silliman's Journal, Medical and Surgical Journal, Journal of Pharmacy, Medical Examiner, Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, and the National Intelligencer. He has also edited American reprints of Marshall on the Enlisting, Discharging, and Pensioning of Soldiers, 1840; and Mrs. Somerville's Physical Geography, 185053.

JONATHAN LAWRENCE, JR.

JONATHAN LAWRENCE, Jr., was born in New York November 19, 1807. He was graduated from Columbia College at the early age of fifteen, and studied law with Mr. W. Ślosson, whose partner he became on his admission to the bar. He devoted himself earnestly to his profession, his essays and poems being the fruit of hours of relaxation; but in the midst of high promise of future excellence he was removed by death on the 26th of April, 1833.

A selection from his writings was prepared and privately printed by his brother soon after. The volume contains essays on Algernon Sidney, Burns, English comedy, the Mission to Panama (on the affairs of the South American republics), two Dialogues of the Dead (imaginary conversations between Milton and Shakespeare, and Charles II. and Cowper, in the style of Walter Savage Landor), and a number of poems, miscellaneous in subject, grave and reflective in tone.

And they bid her sip from each dewy üp
Of the rosy-tinted throng.

Oh, the spring has come again, love,
And her eye is bright and blue,
With a misty passionate light that veils
The earth in its joyous hue;
And a single violet in her hair,

And a light flush in her cheek,
Tell of the blossoms maids should wear,
And the love tales they should speak.
The spring has come again, love,

And her home is everywhere;
She grows in the green and teeming earth,
And she fills the balmy air;

But she dearly loves, by some talking rill,
Where the early daisy springs,
To nurse its leaves and to drink her fill
Of the sweet stream's murmurings.

The spring has come again, love,

On the mountain's side she throws

Her earliest morning glance, to find
The root of the first wild rose;

And at noon she warbles through airy throats,
Or sounds in the whirring wing

Of the minstrel throng, whose untaught notes Are the joyous hymns of spring.

Oh, the spring has come again, love,

With her skylark's cloudy song;
Hark how his echoing note rings clear
His fleecy bowers among.

Her morning laughs its joyous way,
In a flood of rosy light,

And her evening clouds melt gloriously,

In the starry blue of night.

Oh, the spring has come again, love,
And again the spring shall go;

And withered her sweetest flowers, and dead
Her soft brooks' silvery flow;

And her leaves of green shall fade and die
When their autumn bloom is past,
Beautiful as her cheek whose tint

Looks loveliest at the last.

Oh, life's spring can come but once, love,
And its summer will soon depart,

And its autumn flowers will soon be nipped,
By the winter of the heart;
But yet we can fondly dream, love,

That a fadeless spring shall bloom,
When the sun of a new existence dawns
On the darkness of the tomb.

CORNELIUS CONWAY FELTON, ELIOT Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, was born Nov. 6, 1807, at Newbury, now West Newbury, Mass., on the Merrimack, about six miles from Newburyport. The family of Felton dates from an early period the first of the name having established himself in the town of Danvers at or about the year 1636. Mr. Feiton was prepared for College chiefly at the Franklin Academy, Andover, under the late Simeon Putnain, an eminent classical scholar and teacher. On his entrance at Harvard University in 1823 in his sixteenth year, the Greek examiners were the Hon. Edward Everett, then Eliot Professor of Greek Literature, George Bancroft the Historian, then Greek tutor, and Dr. Popkin afterwards Eliot Professor. Like many other New England students, being obliged to earn money for the payment of College bills, he taught winter schools in the sophomore and

junior years, besides teaching the mathematics the last six months of the junior year in the Round Hill School, Northampton, under the charge of J. G. Cogswell (now of the Astor Library), and George Bancroft. He was graduated in 1827.

For the next two years, in conjunction with two classmates, the late Henry Russell Cleveland and Seth Sweetser, now the Rev. Seth Sweetser, D.D., Pastor of one of the principal religious societies in Worcester, Mass., Mr. Felton had charge of the Livingston County High School in Genesee, New York. In 1829 he was appointed Latin tutor in Harvard University; in 1830 Greek tutor; and in 1832 College Professor of the Greek language. In 1834 he received his appointment of Eliot Professor of Greek literature, (the third Professor on that foundation; Mr. Everett and John Snelling Popkin having preceded him), the duties of which he has since discharged with the exception only of the time passed in a foreign tour from April, 1853, to May, 1854. In this journey he visited England, Scotland and Wales, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, travelling thence to Malta and Constantinople. On his return stopping at Smyrna, and several of the Greek islands, he arrived in Athens in Oct. 1853, and remained in Greece, the principal object of his tour, till the following February. In Europe, previous to visiting Greece, he was occupied chiefly with the collections of art and antiquities in London, Paris, Berlin, Munich, Dresden, Venice, Florence, Rome, Naples. In Greece he was engaged, partly in travelling through the country, in visiting the most celebrated places for the purpose of illustrating Ancient Greek History and Poetry, and in studying at Athens the remains of ancient art, the present language and literature of Greece, the constitution and laws of the Hellenic kingdom, attending courses of lectures at the University, and in visiting the common schools and gynnasia. Returning from Greece to Italy, he revisited the principal cities, especially Naples, Rome, and Florence, studying anew the splendid collections of art and antiquities. Having pursued a similar course in France and England, he returned to the United States in May, 1854, and immediately resumed the duties of the Greek Professorship at Cambridge.

The professional occupation of Dr. Felton being that of a public teacher, his studies have embraced the principal languages and literatures of modern Europe as well as the ancient, and something of Oriental literature. His literary occupations have been various. While in college he was one of the editors and writers of a students' periodical called the Harvard Register. Of numerous addresses on public occasions, he has published an address at the close of the first year of the Livingston County High School, 1828; a discourse delivered at the author's inauguration as professor of Greek literature; an address delivered at the dedication of the Bristol County Academy in Taunton, Mass.; an address at a meeting of the

There is not one now connected with college who was connected with it when he was appointed Tutor. In term of service, though not in years, he is the oldest member of any department of the University.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, on moving resolutions on the death of Daniel Webster; and an oration delivered before the Alumni of Harvard University.

Mr. Felton's contributions to periodical literature embrace numerous articles in the North American Review, and critical notices commencing with the year 1830; various articles and notices published in the Christian Examiner from the same date, numerous reviews and notices published in Willard's Monthly Review, between June, 1832, and December, 1833, afterwards in Buckingham's New England Magazine; and occasional contributions to other periodical publications, such as the Bibliotheca Sacra, the Methodist Quarterly Review, the Knickerbrocker Magazine, the Whig Review, with articles in various newspapers, among others the Boston Daily Advertiser, Boston Courier, the Evening Traveller.

The separate volumes of Dr. Felton, his editions of the classics, and contributions to general literature, are hardly less numerous. For the first series of Sparks's American Biography he wrote the life of Gen. Eaton. In 1833 he edited the Iliad of Homer with Flaxman's Illustrations and English notes, since revised and extended, having passed through numerous editions. In 1840, he translated Menzel's work on German literature, published in three volumes in Ripley's Specimens of Foreign Literature. In 1840, he published a Greek reader, selections from the Greek authors in prose and poetry, with English notes and a vocabulary-which has been since revised and passed through six or seven editions. In 1841, he edited the Clouds of Aristophanes, with an introduction and notes in English, since revised and republished in England. In 1843, in conjunction with Professors Sears and Edwards, he prepared a volume entitled Classical Studies, partly original and partly translated. The greater part of the biographical notices, some of the analyses, as those of the Heldenbuch, and the more elaborate one of the Niebelungenlied, together with several poetical translations in Longfellow's Poets and Poetry of Europe, published in 1845, were from his pen. In 1847, he edited the Panegyricus of Isocrates and the Agamemnon of Eschylus, with introductions and notes in English. A second edition of the former, revised, appeared in 1854.

In 1849, he prepared a volume entitled, Earth and Man, being a translation of a course of lectures on Comparative Physical Geography, in its relation to the History of Mankind, delivered in French in Boston, by Professor Arnold Guyot. This work has gone through numerous editions in this country, has been reprinted in at least four independent editions in England, and has been widely circulated on the Continent, having been translated into German.

In 1849, he edited the Birds of Aristophanes, with introduction and notes in English, republished in England; in 1852, a Memorial of Professor Popkin, consisting of a selection of his lectures and sermons, to which is prefixed a biographical sketch of eighty-eight pages. In 1852, he published selections from the Greek historians, arranged in the order of events. In 1855, a revised edition of Smith's History of Greece, with preface, notes,

additional illustrations, and a continuation from the Roman conquest to the present time; the latter embracing a concise view of the present political condition, the language, literature, and education in the kingdom of Hellas, together with metrical translations of the popular poetry of modern Greece. His latest work has been the preparation of an edition of Lord Carlisle's Diary iu Turkish and Greek waters, with a Preface, notes, and illustrations. He has also published selections from modern Greek authors in prose and poetry, including History, Oratory, Historical Romance, Klephtic Ballads, Popular Poems and Anacreontics.

As Professor, besides teaching classes in the Text books, he has delivered many courses of lectures on Comparative Philology and History of the Greek language and literature through the classical periods, the middle ages, and to the present day.

Outside of the University, besides numerous lectures delivered before Lyceums, Teachers' Institutes, and other popular bodies, Dr. Felton has delivered three courses before the Lowell Institute in Boston. The first (in the winter of 1851-2), of thirteen lectures on the History and Criticism of Greek Poetry; the second (in 1853), of twelve lectures on the Life of Greece; the third, in the Autumn of 1854, on the Downfall and Resurrection of Greece.

To these extended literary labors, Dr. Felton has brought a scholar's enthusiasm. He has not confined his attention to the technicalities of his profession, but illustrated its learned topics in a liberal as well as in an acute literal manner, while he has found time to entertain in his writings the current scientific and popular literature of the day. As an orator he is skilful and eloquent in the disposition and treatment of his subjects. We have already alluded* to his elevated composition on the approaching death of Webster, and as a further indication of his manner, we may cite a passage from his address before the Association of the Alumni of Harvard in 1854.

Excudent alii spirantia mollius æras;

Credo equidem; viros ducent de marmore vultus;
Orabunt causas melius, cœlique meatus
Describent radio et surgentia sidera discent.
Tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento,
Hæ tibi erunt artes; pacisque imponere morem,
Parcero subjectis, et debellare superbos.

These lines strike the key-notes to Greek and Roman character,-Greek and Roman history. During the long existence of the Athenian Republic, amidst the interruptions of foreign and domestic wars,-her territory overrun by Hellenic and Barbarian arinies, her forests burned, her fields laid waste, her temples

* Ante, p. 81.

levellel in the dust,-in those tumultuous ages of her democratic existence, the fire of her creative genius never smouldered. She matured and perfected the art of historical composition, of political and forensic eloquence, of popular legislation, of lyric and dramatic poetry, of music, painting, architecture, and sculpture; she unfolded the mathematies, theoretically and practically, and clothed the moral and metaphysical sciences in the brief sententious wisdom of the myriad-minded Aristotle, and the honeyed eloquence of Plato. Rome overran the world with her arins, and though she did not always spare the subject, she beat down the proud, and laid her laws upon the prostrate nations. Greece fell before the universal victor, but she still asserted her intellectual supremacy, and, as even the Roman poet confessed, the conquered became the teacher and guide of the conqueror. At the present moment, the intellectual dominion of Greece-or rather of Athens, the school of Greece--is more absolute than ever. Her Plato is still the unsurpassed teacher of moral wisdom; her Aristotle has not been excelle 1 a philosophic observer; her schylus and Sophocles have been equalled only by Shakespeare. On the field of Marathon, we call up the shock of battle and the defeat of the Barbarian host; but with deeper interest still we remember that the great dramatic poet fought for his country's freedom | in that brave muster. As we gaze over the blue waters of Salamis, we think not only of the clash of triremes, the shout of the onset, the pean of victory; but of the magnificent lyrical drama in which the martial poet worthily commemorated the naval triumph which he had worthily helped to achieve.

as

All these things suggest lessons for us, even now. We have the Roman passion for universal empire, under the names of Manifest Destiny and Annextion. I do not deay the good there is in this, nor the greatness inherent in extended empire, bravely and fairly won. But the empire of science, letters, and art, is honorable and enviable, because it is gained by no unjust aggression on neighboring countries; by no subjection of weaker nations to the rights of the stronger; by no stricken fields, reddened with the blood of slaughtered myriads. No crimes of violence or fraud sow the seed of disease, which must in time lay it prostrate in the dust; its foundations are as immovable as virtue, and its structure as imperishable as the heavens. If we must add province to province, let us add realin to realm in our intellectual march. If we must enlarge our territory till the continent can no longer contain us, let us not forget to enlarge with equal step the boundaries of science and the triumphs of art. I confess I would rather, for human progress, that the poet of America gave a new charm to the incantations of the Muse; that the orator of America spoke in new and loftier toes of civic and philosophic eloquence; that the artist of America overmatched the godlike forms, whose placid beauty looks out upon us from the great past,-than annex to a country, already overgrown, every acre of desert

fear of falling overboard before morning. The states of Greece were of insignificant extent. On the map of the world they fill a scarcely visible space, and Attica is a microscopic dot. From the heights of Parnassus, from the Acrocorinthos, the eye ranges over the whole land, which has filled the universe with the renown of its mighty names. From the Acropolis of Athens we trace the scenes where Socrates conversed, and taught, and died; where Demosthenes breathed deliberate valor into the despairing hearts of his countrymen; where the dramatists exhibited their matchless tragedy and comedy; where Plato charmed the hearers of the Academy with the divinest teaching of Philosophy, while the Cephissus murmured by under the shadow of immemorial olive groves; where St. Paul taught the wondering but respectful sages of the Agora, and the Hill of Mars, the knowledge of the living God, and the resurrection to life eternal. There stand the ruins of the Parthenon, saluted and transfigured by the rising and the setting sun, or the unspeakable loveliness of the Grecian night,-beautiful, solemn, pathetic. In that focus of an hour's easy walk, the lights of ancient culture condensed their burning rays; and from this centre they have lighted all time and the whole world.

ELIZABETH MARGARET CHANDLER.

ELIZABETH MARGARET, the daughter of Thomas Chandler, a Quaker farmer in easy circumstances, was born at Centre, near Wilmington, Delaware, December 24, 1807. She was educated at the Friends' schools in Philadelphia, and at an early age commenced writing verses. At eighteen she wrote a poem, The Slave Ship, which gained a prize offered by the Casket, a monthly magazine. She next became a contributor to the Genius of Universal Emancipation, an anti-slavery periodical of Philadelphia, in which most of her subsequent productions appeared.

In 1830, Miss Chandler removed with her aunt and brother (he had been left an orphan at an early age) to the territory of Michigan. The family settled near the village of Tecumseh, Lena-wee county, on the river Raisin; the name of Hazlebank being given to their farm by the poetess. She continued her contributions from this place in prose and verse on the topic of Slavery until she was attacked in the spring of 1834 by a remittent fever; under the influence of which she gradually sank until her death on the twentysecond of November of the same year.

In 1836, a collection of The Poetical Works of Elizabeth Margaret Chandler, with a Memoir of her Life and Character, by Benjamin Lundy, the editor of the journal with which she was connected, appeared at Philadelphia. The volume also. contains a number of Essays, Philanthropical and Moral, from the author's pen.

Miss Chandler's poems are on a variety of sub

but whatever the theme, it is in almost

every instance brought to bear on the topic of Slavery. Her compositions are marked by spirit, fluency, and feeling.

JOHN WOOLMAN.

Meek, humble, sinless as a very child,

Such wert thou,-and, though unbeheld, I seem Oft-times to gaze upon thy features mild,

Thy grave, yet gentle lip, and the soft beam Of that kind eye, that knew not how to shed A glance of aught save love, on any human head.