cation was the Legal Outlines in 1836, a succinct and elaborate exposition of the practice and study of the law. The next year Mr. Hoffman admitted the public to a participation of some of his individual moods and humors, the result of his study of books and the world, in his volume of Essays, entitled Miscellaneous Thoughts on Men, Manners, and Things, by Anthony Grumbler, of Grumbleton Hall, Esq. A second volume, which may be regarded as a sequel to this, followed in 1841, Viator; or a Peep into my Note Book. A passage from the dedication of the latter to Thomas D'Oyly, Esq., serjeant at law, London, will exhibit the author's motive and the general complexion of his thoughts. "It is one of a series on a great variety of topics; the whole being designed to be illustrative and somewhat corrective of what is called the new school, and to portray the unhappy influences of the present mania in literature over men, manners, and things, as they appear, chiefly on this side of the broad Atlanticand also to recall readers to some retrospect of by-gone days; and finally, to contrast them with that fashionable ultraism so prevalent here, and which is no less obvious in our law, government, morals, and religion, than it manifestly is in our popular literature." Though in the form of light literature these books, in a pleasant way, contain various important discussions of law, art, religion, literature, in a style of popular philosophy. They are the productions of a lover of books and of men. The brief aphoristic essay was an especial favorite of the author. In the words of the motto of his Note Book, from Butler

"Tis in books the chief

Of all perfections to be plain and brief. In the preface of his "Introductory Letters" (1837) he mentions that "This volume, together with the two editions of the author's Course of Legal Study, and his Legal Outlines, as also his Moot Court Decisions, and Abridgment of Lord Coke's Reports, with Notes, will afford, as he hopes, sufficient evidence, were any needed, that in breaking up the law professorship, the trustees have done the author no little injustice, and themselves ro great credit." The two lastnamed," Moot Court Decisions" and "Coke's Reports," were prepared for the press, but never published. The manuscripts are now in possession of his family, by whom they may at some future time be given to the world.

In 1846 he published, in Philadelphia, Legal Hints, being a condensation of the leading ideas as relating to Professional Deportment, contained in "A Course of Legal Study," with the addition of "Some Counsel to Law Students." In the preface to this book, Mr. Hoffman says:"It has been suggested to the author to publish separately, in a small manual, the following observations on Professional Deportment, which forms a division in the second volume of the work (Legal Study). This suggestion is acquiesced in from a deep conviction that the high tone of the bar has suffered some impairment, consequent upon its immense increase in this country within the last ten years-a cause, as well as effect, of the lamentable fact alluded to. Such a little Vade Mecum,' it is thought, might often prove useful, where the larger work might

not be found; and with a sincere desire to do all the good to so noble a profession that may be in the author's humble competency, he now submits this little volume."

In this short space may be found a fair exposition of the ruling motives of the life of this amiable and accomplished gentleman. In all the excitements of professional contests, or in the privacy of social life, the same sentiments seem to have been breathed. To elevate, to refine, to bring into closer connexion those with whom he had business or social relation, was with him a great source of pleasure; and there is apparent, everywhere in his writings known to the public, and in his private correspondence, a sincere and earnest desire to soften and ameliorate in every possible way, the hard and forbidding aspect presented to the beginner in his struggle with the world.

After the termination of his law professorship, Mr. Hoffman, with a view to relaxation, visited England and the Continent, where he remained for about two years. Upon his return he entered into the political campaign then pending, favoring with great earnestness the election of General Harrison to the presidency, and was chosen one of the senatorial electors from the State of Maryland. Upon the conclusion of the contest he settled in Philadelphia, resuming the practice of the law, remaining in that city until 1847, in the fall of which year he again visited Europe, with a view to the completion of the great work of his life, entitled Chronicles selected from the Originals of Cartaphilus, the Wandering Jew. During his residence in London he wrote a number of able articles, explaining the political and social economy of the U. S. government and people, which were published in the London Times, and were highly esteemed as truthful and reliable expositions of the subjects which they treated. The first volumes of the Cartaphilus were published in London, in 1853, by Bosworth, in an original style. The design and object of the work was to represent, in as compact and interesting view as possible, the History of the World, from the time of our Lord to the present; at the same time leading the mind of the reader into a more full understanding and consideration of the position of the different nations, their modes of government, and many other interesting subjects, but more particularly showing the condition of the different religious sects-their rise, causes, success, and the events which followed-altogether forming a view of the most important changes in the positions of the nations since the commencement of the Christian era. This end is supposed to have been attained through the agency of Cartaphilus (the Wandering Jew). The tradition is taken up by the author, and carried successfully through the whole work. The book was originally intended to occupy six quarto volumes, two of which, as before mentioned, had been published, and the third printed in proof save about one hundred and twenty pages, of which the manuscript was prepared and ready for the press at the time of the death of Mr. H. These three volumes include the first series, the second volume bringing the "chronicles" down to the year of grace

573.

FAME AND AUTHORSHIP-FROM THE INTRODUCTION TO

"VIATOR.

In the following pages my readers will find I have, in some degree, consulted the prevalent taste, by endeavouring, occasionally, to convey my moral, or instruction, as the case may be, in something after the fashion of a tale! and, when this is not the case, by imparting to each theme as much of life and ease as may consist with the nature of my topics-and of my own nature. And yet truly, I have never seen any reason why the gravest, nay, even the most recondite subjects, may not be popularly, and sometimes even sportively handled; and I believe that the writings of the philosophers, of the school-men, and even of the early fathers of the "mother church," might be thus dealt with, and profitably withal, yet without the least disparagement of their dignityand that when so taken up, our surface readers may thus gain some knowledge of facts and opinions in forgotten literature and science, that otherwise might never have reached them! Be this as it may, I shall complete my series, in my own way, both as to matter and manner, justly hoping, but not ardently craving, that if in the present day and generation, very many should be disposed humourously to say of me—

Our author thus with stuff'd sufficiency,

Of all omnigenous omnisciency,
Began (as who would not begin,
That had, like him, so much within?)
To let it out in books of all sorts,

In duodecimos, large and small sorts!

the generation after it may possibly exclaim, “Oh Vandal age, now gone by! it was not given to thee, whilst in the cartilage, to be nourished on the pith and marrow of that author; but we, who are now in the musele and bone of maturity, profit by his counsels, and take just pride in his old-fashioned wisdom." And thus is it that authors do sometimes take comfort unto themselves, even at the moment that some Zoilus would deprive them of this most benign self-complacency.

But, you all remember how, some thirty centuries ago, a powerful monarch, and the wisest of men, thus chronicles a lesson of humility for all authors-one that is, and will be, equally true in all past, present, and future ages-“my son be admonished-OF MAKING BOOKS there is no end-much study is a weariness of the flesh." And yet it would seem strange that in his day, when printing, stereotypes, and steam-presses were wholly unknown, Solomon should have had reason to feel so strongly the vanity, and absolute nothingness of authorship! Where are now the works, nay even the names of the myriads who then toiled for fame, if, for a bubble so perishable, they did toil, which hath ever seemed to me a most unphilosophical libel against the whole fraternity of authors, from Solomon's to the present day? I cannot harbour the thought that the love of fame ever guided the pen of any author, be he a maker of primers or of folios, and whether he were a Parley or a Shakespeare, a Pinnock or a Milton, a Boz or a Bacon, a Jack Downing or a Newton!--but contrariwise, I do verily opine, that nearly every other conceivable motive, rather than the love of praise, either present or posthumous, has attended them throughout their labours of the pen! To recount the incitements that may prompt and nourish authorship, would itself require a volume, in which fame, however, would occupy but an insignificant section. Even in Lord Byron, it was the dread of ennui, an indomitable imagination, a partial misanthropy, or rather a disgust towards some men and things, a strong love of satire, an arrogant contempt of ignorance and of folly-and, in fine, a thousand other motives which stimulated his pen more constantly and fervently, than any regard for “golden opinions." And though the noble author has said,

'Tis pleasant sure to see one's name in print; A book's a book, although there's nothing in't; yet all know the spirit with which this couplet was written, and that no one was less inclined than his lordship, to practise what he so much condemned in others. The truth is, fame is the last and least of all the motives that lead to authorship of any kind— and if the lives of Voltaire-of Lope de Vega-of Bacon-of Sir Walter Scott, nay of all other voluminous writers, be closely examined, I cannot but think it would be found that much stronger, and more numerous incitements, than the praises of men, led them on from small beginnings to great results, in authorship. Young, in his epistle to Pope, has recorded some of the motives; and he might have easily filled his poetical letter with them.

Some write confin'd by physic; some by debt;
Some, for 'tis Sunday; some because 'tis wet;
Another writes because his father writ,
And proves himself a bastard by his wit.

And I may add, some write because they are the merriest crickets that chirp; others, lest they should be drowned in their own gall, did they not periodically vent their spleen; some write from mere repletion of learning; others from doubts whether they possess any! With some, composition is scarce an intellectual toil, but affords them the highest mental gratification; with others, it is a labour essential to the fixation of their thoughts, and to the ascertainment of their own resources; some, without the least alloy of selfishness, are actuated solely by the hope of benefiting their readers; others are prompted by every other selfish consideration, save that of fame. Be the motive, however, what it may, no author, in our day, judging from the past, can repose with much confidence, on securing the grateful remembrance of future ages. Dr. Johnson was the idol of his day, and for half a generation after! but his Dic

tionary, which made him, now reposes on many shelves, as mere dead lumber; and even our scholars seem to delight in demonstrating his etymological ignorances! Who, of this nineteenth century, now reads the Rambler?-not one in ten thousand! Who, as in former days, now with delight pore over his truly admirable Lives of the Poets? Not one, in as many hundred-his poetry? one here and therehis Miscellaneous Works? scarce any! And so of Milton, Pope, Bolingbroke, Goldsmith, with the exception of his Vicar of Wakefield; and Hume, likewise, excepting his History of England. Who now reads Spenser-Chaucer-Ben Jonson-DavenantGlover Marvell-Daniel-Cartwright-HurdisChamberlayne-Sir Philip Sidney-Sir John Suckling, or even the best among the early English dramatic writers?-few, very few! And, may we not with truth ask, are not the plays, even of the immortal bard of Avon, comparatively but little read, and still less often enacted; and have they not recently sought more genial realms, and become more familiar to German, than even to English ears? Well hath Spenser exclaimed

How many great ones may remembered be,
Which in their days most famously did flourish,
Of whom no word we hear, nor sign now see,
But as things wip'd with sponge do perish!

GULIAN C. VERPLANCK.

GULIAN CROMMELIN VERPLANCK, a name which in itself indicated its owner's descent from the founders of the Empire State, was born in the city of New York. He was one of the class of 1801, of Columbia College, and afterwards devoted himself to the law.

After being admitted to the Bar, Mr. Verplanck passed several years in Europe. On his return, he became interested in politics, and was elected a member of the State Legislature. In 1818 he delivered the first of the series of public addresses on which his literary reputation is mainly founded. In this discourse, pronounced on the anniversary of the New York Historical Society, after lamenting the lack of interest in the history of their own country manifested by his fellowcountrymen, he announces as his theme The Early European Friends of America. In pursuance of this subject he introduces well sketched portraits of Las Casas, Williams, Lord Baltimore, Penn, Locke, Oglethorpe, Berkeley, and Hollis. From these names he passes to a tribute to the virtues of the Dutch and the Huguenots, and an enforcement of their claims to American gratitude. The comment which this portion of the discourse occasioned, furnishes sufficient evidence of the popular ignorance on the subject, and the need of the orator's exertions to arouse his fellowtownsmen to an assertion of the at least equal claims of their progenitors to those of any other portion of the Union, to the honor of having established the principles and the prosperity, the wise theory and successful practice of our confederacy. Mr. Verplanck's address passed through several editions, and secured him the respect of the friends of American history throughout the land. In the following year a little volume of political verse, The State Triumvirate, a Political Tale, and The Epistles of Brevet Major Pindar Puff, appeared anonymously. Its authorship has never been claimed, but Mr. Verplanck has usually received the credit of having had the chief hand in its production. The satire is prin

cipally levelled at the laudation of De Witt Clinton by his party friends, and contains a close review of the governor's literary pretensions. The volume is plentifully garnished with prolegomena, notes, and other scholastic trimmings by Scriblerus Busby, LL.D. Among the squibs of the town wits of this period is a clever brochure, attributed to Verplanck, on the inauguration of Dr. Hosack as President of the New York Historical Society. It is entitled, Procès Verbal of the Ceremony of Installation. The distinguished. political and other local celebrities of the day are introduced as a committee of arrangement, severally taking part in the grand ceremonial. General Jacob Morton, Dr. Valentine Mott, the learned Dr. Graham, and other city magnates, tender various addresses in doggrel Latin. Mr. Simpson, of the Park Theatre, acts as stage manager for the ceremony. At an important stage of the proceedings, after a course of applause, music, and punch, the oath of office is thus ludicrously administered in the investiture of the new incumbent, who was the successor of Clinton, upon whom much of the satire turns, in the office

Juras Clinton adorare,

Piff-paff-puffere, et laudare. To which the President shall reply,— Juro Clinton adorare,

Piff-paff-puffere, et laudare.

This was printed anonymously, "for the use of the members," in 1820.* In the same year, Mr. Verplanck was chairman of the Committee on Education, in the legislature. He soon after accepted the professorship of the Evidences of Christianity in the General Protestant Episcopal Seminary, and, in 1824, published Essays on the Nature and Uses of the Various Evidences of Revealed Religion.†

In this work, in addition to the usual historical argument of the authenticity of the Scriptures from the testimony of mankind, the agreement of prophecy with the events which have occurred since its promulgation, the harmony of the four Evangelists, and other points of a like character, the author brings in evidence the adaptation of the Christian religion to the felt requirements of the mind of man, two lines of argument which have generally been separately urged, but which our author rightly regards as mutually aiding one another. This work, while close in its argument, is written in a fluent and elegant manner. It was followed in the succeeding year by An Essay on the Doctrine of Contracts. The

The clique of wits did not enjoy the joke entirely by themselves. A sharp volley had been previously fired into their camp in a pamphlet, also anonymous, from the other side, bearing the title, "An Account of Abimelech Coody and other Celebrated Writers of New York in a Letter from a Traveller to his Friend in South Carolina." This bears date January, 1815. It was a defence of the grave and honorable pursuits of the members of the Historical and Literary and Philosophical Society, and of Clinton in particular, who was understood to be its author, and who had at least an equal talent with his opponents in the satirical line, as his newspaper management of the celebrated "forty thieves" witnessed. New York, Chas. Wiley. 1824. 8vo. pp. 267.

An Essay on the Doctrine of Contracts; being an Inquiry how Contracts are Affected in Law and Morals by Concealment, Error, or Inadequate Price. By Gulian C. Verplanck. Quod SEMPER Equum et Bonum, Jus dicitur. Digest, 1. 11. de Just, et Jure. New York: G. & C. Carvill, 1825. 8vo.

pp. 254.

author's object ir. this treatise is to settle, so far as may be," the nature and degree of equality required in contracts of mutual interest, as well in reference to inadequacy of price, as to the more perplexing difficulty of inequality of knowledge." The usually received maxim of caveat emptor he conceives to be unsound, and urges that the laws regulating insurance, by which the owner of the property is bound to furnish the underwriter with the fullest information touching its character and hazards, should be extended to cases of bargain and sale, in which the avowed interest of both parties is to furnish an equivalent in value. In the sale of articles whose value is not determinable, or where the buyer receives no guarantee and purchases on that condition, such information is not obligatory on the seller, nor is he bound to refund in case of a sudden rise or fall in the article after the sale, which neither anticipated with certainty at the time. The essay was occasioned by a desire to check the spirit of speculation which has so often run riot over the American community, and the author, at its outset, makes special reference to a purchase of tobacco in New Orleans, by a party who had possession of the fact of a treaty of peace having been signed between the United States and Great Britain, at the depressed market price of the commodity. As soon as the news on which the purchaser traded was known to the seller, he brought suit to recover the property. The sale was finally pronounced valid by Chief-justice Marshall.

In 1825 Mr. Verplanck was elected Member of Congress from the city of New York. He remained in the House of Representatives for eight years, and, though seldom appearing as a speaker, was prominent in many measures of importance, and especially in the advocacy of the bill extending the term of copyright from twenty-eight to forty-two years. At the close of the session (that of 1830-1) in which this measure was passed, Mr. Verplanck received the well merited compliment of a public dinner from "a number of citizens distinguished for the successful cultivation of letters and the arts."* The theme of his speech on the occasion was The Law of Literary Property. It is included in his collected discourses. In this he maintains that the right in the product of intellectual is the same as in that of manual labor.

In 1827 Verplanck, Sands, and Bryant united in the production of an Annual, called The Talisman. It was illustrated with engravings from pictures by American artists, and continued for three successive years. In 1833 the volumes were republished with the title of Miscellanies first published under the name of The Talisman, by G. C. Verplanck, W. C. Bryant, and Robert C. Sands.t These volumes contain some of the choicest productions of their distinguished authors. Many have since appeared in the collected writings of Bryant and Sands. One of the pleasant papers which may be readily from subject and style traced to Verplanck's pen, is devoted to Reminiscences of New York, always

• Note in Discourses and Addresses, by G. C. Verplanck, p. 216. + 3 vols. 18mo. Elam Bliss: New York, 1833.

an inviting theme in his hands. In 1833 a volume of Discourses and Addresses on Subjects of American History, Arts, and Literature, by Gulian C. Verplanck, appeared from the press of the Harpers.* It contains, in addition to the Addresses already spoken of, an eulogy of Lord Baltimore; an address on the Fine Arts; a Tribute to the Memory of Daniel H. Barnes a well known schoolmaster of New York, in which he does justice to the calling as well as the individual; an address at Columbia College on the distinguished graduates of that institution, among whom he particularizes Hamilton, Jay, Robert R. Livingston, De Witt Clinton, Gouverneur Morris, and Dr. Mason. The volume closes with an address before the Mercantile Library Association, somewhat similar in purpose to a lecture delivered near the close of the same year before the Mechanics' Institute, which contains an admirable enforcement of the mutual dependence of art and science, the toil of the brain and the toil of the muscle, on one another, and the importance to the business and working man of literature as a rational recreation as well as practical instructor in his career.

In 1833, Mr. Verplanck also delivered a discourse, The Right Moral Influence and Use of Liberal Studies, at the commencement of Geneva College, Aug. 7, 1833; and in 1834, on a similar occasion at Union College, spoke on the Influence of Moral Causes upon Opinion, Science, and Literature. In 1836, he delivered one of the most celebrated of his discourses, The American Scholars at Union College. The object of this production is to show that the mental activity of America, the general dissemination of intelligence, the open path to every species of intellectual distinction, more than counterbalance the opportunities for scholastic retirement, in which the new is as yet inferior to the old world. The student is warned to build his career in reference to the sphere of its employment, and not risk his happiness and usefulness by an inordinate longing for, or imitation of, models formed under different circumstances of age, society, and soil.

In 1844, the first number of an edition of Shakespeare's Plays, edited by Mr. Verplanck,

⚫ 12mo. pp. 257.

In his remarks on Clinton he has a handsome allusion to forgetfulness of old difficulties:

The memory of De Witt Clinton, the first graduate of our Alma Mater after the peace of 1788, is another brilliant and treasured possession of this college. After the numerous tributes which have so recently been paid to his memory, and especially that luminous view of his character as a scholar and a statesman, as the promoter of good education and useful improvement, contained in the discourse lately delivered from this place by Professor Renwick, anything I could now say on the same subject would be but useless repetition. Else would I gladly pay the homage due to his eminent and lasting services, and honour that lofty ambition which taught him to look to designs of grand utility, and to their successful execution, as his arts of gaining or redeeming the confidence of a generous and public-spirited people. For whatever of party animosity might have ever blinded me to his merits, had died away long before his death; and I could now utter his honest praises without the imputation of hollow pretence from others, or the mortifying consciousness in my own breast, of rendering unwilling and tardy justice to noble designs and great public service."

Lecture Introductory to the Course of Scientific Lectures before the Mechanics' Institute of the City of New York, Nov. 27, 1883. By Gulian C. Verplanck. New York: 1833.

The Advantages and the Dangers of the American Scholar. A Discourse delivered on the day preceding the Annual Commencement of Union College, July 26, 1836. By Gulian C. Verplanck. New York: Wiley and Long, 1836.

appeared. The publication was completed in 1847, forming three large octavo volumes.* The object of the publishers was to combine in the pictorial department, the attractions of the careful historical drawings of scenes and costumes of Planché and Harvey with the imaginative designs of Kenny Meadows, which had recently appeared in the London editions of Knight and Tyas. Mr. Verplanck's labors consist of a revision of the text, in which he has, in some cases, introduced readings varying from those of the ordinary editions, of selections from the notes of former editors, and the addition of others from his own pen. An excellent and novel feature of the latter is found in the care with which he has pointed out in the text several of the colloquial expressions often called Americanisms, which, out of use in England, have been preserved in this country. Mr. Verplanck has also given original prefaces to the plays, which, like the notes, have the ease and finish common to all his productions. His comments are judicious, and he has drawn his information from the best sources.

Mr. Verplanck has for many years divided his time between the city of New York and his ancestral homestead at Fishkill Landing on the Hudson, a well preserved old mansion, in which the Society of the Cincinnati was founded.

He

What else is there in the whole of our social system of such extensive and powerful operation on the national character? There is one other influence more powerful, and but one. It is that of the MOTHER. The forms of a free government, the provisions of wise legislation, the schemes of the statesman, the sacrifices of the patriot, are as nothing compared with these. If the future citizens of our republic are to be worthy of their rich inheritance, they must be made so principally through the virtue and intelligence of their Mothers. It is in the

school of maternal tenderness that the kind affections must be first roused and made habitual-the early sentiment of piety awakened and rightly directed— the sense of duty and moral responsibility unfolded and enlightened. But next in rank and in efficacy to that pure and holy source of moral influence is that of the Schoolmaster. It is powerful already. What would it be if in every one of those School districts which we now count by annually increasing thousands, there were to be found one teacher well-informed without pedantry, religious without bigotry or fanaticism, proud and fond of his profes

Shakespeare's Plays: with his Life. Illustrated with many hundred Wood-cuts, executed by H. W. Hewet, after designs by Kenny Meadows, Harvey, and oth rs. Edited by Gulian C. Verplanck, LL.D., with Critical Introduction, Notes, etc., original and selected. In 3 vols. Harper & Brothers. 1847.

From the Tribute to the Memory of Daniel H. Barnes.

sion, and honoured in the discharge of its duties? How wide would be the intellectual, the moral influence of such a body of men? Many such we have already amongst us-men humbly wise and obscurely useful, whom poverty cannot depress, nor neglect degrade. But to raise up a body of such men, as numerous as the wants and the dignity of the country demand, their labours must be fitly remunerated, and themselves and their calling cherished and honoured.

The schoolmaster's occupation is laborious and ungrateful; its rewards are scanty and precarious. He may indeed be, and he ought to be, animated by the consciousness of doing good, that best of all consolations, that noblest of all motives. But that too must be often clouded by doubt and uncertainty. Obscure and inglorious as his daily occupation may appear to learned pride or worldly ambition, yet to be truly successful and happy, he must be animated by the spirit of the same great principles which inspired the most illustrious benefactors of mankind. ment, he must be content to look into distant years If he bring to his task high talent and rich acquirefor the proof that his labours have not been wasted -that the good seed which he daily scatters abroad does not fall on stony ground and wither away, or among thorns, to be choked by the cares, the delusions, or the vices of the world. He must solace his toils with the same prophetic faith that enabled the greatest of modern philosophers,* amidst the neglect or contempt of his own times, to regard himself as sowing the seeds of truth for posterity and the care of Heaven. He must arm himself against disappointment and mortification, with a portion of that same noble confidence which soothed the greatest of modern poets when weighed down by care and danger, by poverty, old age, and blindness, still

-In prophetic dream he saw
The youth unborn, with pious awe,
Imbibe each virtue from his sacred page.

He must know and he must love to teach his pupils, not the meagre elements of knowledge, but the secret and the use of their own intellectual strength, exciting and enabling them hereafter to raise for themselves the veil which covers the majestic form of Truth. He must feel deeply the reverence due to the youthful mind fraught with mighty though undeveloped energies and affections, and mysterious and eternal destinies. Thence he must have learnt to reverence himself and his profession, and to look upon its otherwise ill-requited toils as their own exceeding great reward.

If such are the difficulties and the discouragements-such, the duties, the motives, and the consolations of teachers who are worthy of that name and trust, how imperious then the obligation upon every enlightened citizen who knows and feels the value of such men to aid them, to cheer them, and to honour them!

SAMUEL WOODWORTH,

THE author of the Old Oaken Bucket, was the youngest son of a farmer and revolutionary soldier, and was born at Scituate, Mass., January 13, 1785. He had but few educational advantages, as, according to the memoir prefixed to his poems in 1816, no school was taught in the village, except during the three winter months; and as a mistaken idea of economy always governed the selection of a teacher, he was generally as ignorant as his pupils.

* Bacon." Serere posteris ac Deo immortali.”